1
|
Li T, Liu X, Xiang H, Zhu H, Lu X, Feng B. Two-Phase Fermentation Systems for Microbial Production of Plant-Derived Terpenes. Molecules 2024; 29:1127. [PMID: 38474639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid-a crucial precursor to artemisinin-is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ximeng Liu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Haoyu Xiang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Hehua Zhu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raghavan I, Juman R, Wang ZQ. The non-mevalonate pathway requires a delicate balance of intermediates to maximize terpene production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:245. [PMID: 38421431 PMCID: PMC10904526 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Terpenes are valuable industrial chemicals whose demands are increasingly being met by bioengineering microbes such as E. coli. Although the bioengineering efforts commonly involve installing the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in E. coli for terpene production, the less studied methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is a more attractive target due to its higher energy efficiency and theoretical yield, despite its tight regulation. In this study, we integrated an additional copy of the entire MEP pathway into the E. coli genome for stable, marker-free terpene production. The genomically integrated strain produced more monoterpene geraniol than a plasmid-based system. The pathway genes' transcription was modulated using different promoters to produce geraniol as the reporter of the pathway flux. Pathway genes, including dxs, idi, and ispDF, expressed from a medium-strength promoter, led to the highest geraniol production. Quantifying the MEP pathway intermediates revealed that the highest geraniol producers had high levels of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), but moderate levels of the pathway intermediates upstream of these two building blocks. A principal component analysis demonstrated that 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), the product of the first enzyme of the pathway, was critical for determining the geraniol titer, whereas MEP, the product of DXP reductoisomerase (Dxr or IspC), was the least essential. This work shows that an intricate balance of the MEP pathway intermediates determines the terpene yield in engineered E. coli. The genetically stable and intermediate-balanced strains created in this study will serve as a chassis for producing various terpenes. KEY POINTS: • Genome-integrated MEP pathway afforded higher strain stability • Genome-integrated MEP pathway produced more terpene than the plasmid-based system • High monoterpene production requires a fine balance of MEP pathway intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Raghavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 653 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York, NY14260, USA
| | - Rosheena Juman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 653 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York, NY14260, USA
| | - Zhen Q Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 653 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York, NY14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suenaga-Hiromori M, Mogi D, Kikuchi Y, Tong J, Kurisu N, Aoki Y, Amano H, Furutani M, Shimoyama T, Waki T, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Comprehensive identification of terpene synthase genes and organ-dependent accumulation of terpenoid volatiles in a traditional medicinal plant Angelica archangelica L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:391-404. [PMID: 37283614 PMCID: PMC10240917 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Angelica archangelica L. is a traditional medicinal plant of Nordic origin that produces an unusual amount and variety of terpenoids. The unique terpenoid composition of A. archangelica likely arises from the involvement of terpene synthases (TPSs) with different specificities, none of which has been identified. As the first step in identifying TPSs responsible for terpenoid chemodiversity in A. archangelica, we produced a transcriptome catalogue using the mRNAs extracted from the leaves, tap roots, and dry seeds of the plant; 11 putative TPS genes were identified (AaTPS1-AaTPS11). Phylogenetic analysis predicted that AaTPS1-AaTPS5, AaTPS6-AaTPS10, and AaTPS11 belong to the monoterpene synthase (monoTPS), sesquiterpene synthase (sesquiTPS), and diterpene synthase clusters, respectively. We then performed in vivo enzyme assays of the AaTPSs using recombinant Escherichia coli systems to examine their enzymatic activities and specificities. Nine recombinant enzymes (AaTPS2-AaTPS10) displayed TPS activities with specificities consistent with their phylogenetics; however, AaTPS5 exhibited a strong sesquiTPS activity along with a weak monoTPS activity. We also analyzed terpenoid volatiles in the flowers, immature and mature seeds, leaves, and tap roots of A. archangelica using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; 14 monoterpenoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were identified. The mature seeds accumulated the highest levels of monoterpenoids, with β-phellandrene being the most prominent. α-Pinene and β-myrcene were abundant in all organs examined. The in vivo assay results suggest that the AaTPSs functionally identified in this study are at least partly involved in the chemodiversity of terpenoid volatiles in A. archangelica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Mogi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yohei Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jiali Tong
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kurisu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Amano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furutani
- R&D Center, Sekisui Chemical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Takefumi Shimoyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Yang H, Xia Y, Shen W, Liu L, Li Q, Chen X. Engineering the oleaginous yeast Candida tropicalis for α-humulene overproduction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:59. [PMID: 35619177 PMCID: PMC9137083 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
α-Humulene is a plant-derived monocyclic sesquiterpenoid with multiple pharmacological activities, and far-reaching potential for the development of new drugs. Currently, the production of α-humulene is typically achieved via plant extraction, which is not sustainable and limited by low yields. The oleaginous yeast Candida tropicalis has recently emerged as a valuable host for producing high-value-added chemicals. However, the potential of C. tropicalis for terpenoid production has not been exploited.
Results
In this study, C. tropicalis was engineered for de novo synthesis of α-humulene from glucose. To improve α-humulene production, the codon-optimised α-humulene synthase gene and the entire endogenous farnesyl diphosphate synthesis pathway were co-overexpressed. Furthermore, bottlenecks in the α-humulene synthase pathway were identified and relieved by overexpressing α-humulene synthase, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and NADH-dependent HMG-CoA reductase. Combined with fermentation medium optimisation, the engineered strain produced 195.31 mg/L of α-humulene in shake flasks and 4115.42 mg/L in a bioreactor through fed-batch fermentation, a 253- and 5345-fold increase over the initial production, respectively.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the potential of C. tropicalis for α-humulene production, and presents a platform for the biosynthesis of other terpenoids.
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh HB, Kang MK, Kwon M, Kim SW. Developing methylotrophic microbial platforms for a methanol-based bioindustry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1050740. [PMID: 36507257 PMCID: PMC9727194 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol, a relatively cheap and renewable single-carbon feedstock, has gained considerable attention as a substrate for the bio-production of commodity chemicals. Conventionally produced from syngas, along with emerging possibilities of generation from methane and CO2, this C1 substrate can serve as a pool for sequestering greenhouse gases while supporting a sustainable bio-economy. Methylotrophic organisms, with the inherent ability to use methanol as the sole carbon and energy source, are competent candidates as platform organisms. Accordingly, methanol bioconversion pathways have been an attractive target for biotechnological and bioengineering interventions in developing microbial cell factories. This review summarizes the recent advances in methanol-based production of various bulk and value-added chemicals exploiting the native and synthetic methylotrophic organisms. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of streamlining these methylotrophic platforms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hawaibam Birla Singh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Division of Life Science, ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Moonhyuk Kwon, ; Seon-Won Kim,
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Moonhyuk Kwon, ; Seon-Won Kim,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Q, Li YW, Yan F, Li K, Wang YT, Ye C, Shi TQ, Huang H. Dual cytoplasmic-peroxisomal engineering for high-yield production of sesquiterpene α-humulene in Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2819-2830. [PMID: 35798689 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene α-humulene is an important plant natural product, which has been used in pharmaceutical industry due to the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Although phytoextraction and chemical synthesis have previously been applied into α-humulene production, the low efficiency and high costs limit the development. In this study, Y. lipolytica was engineered as the robust cell factory for sustainable α-humulene production. First, a chassis with high α-humulene output in the cytoplasm was constructed by integrating α-humulene synthases with high catalytic activity, optimizing the flux of MVA and acetyl-CoA pathways. Subsequently, the strategy of dual cytoplasmic-peroxisomal engineering was adopted in Y. lipolytica, the best strain GQ3006 generated by introducing 31 copies of 12 different genes could produce 2280.3 ± 38.2 mg/L (98.7 ± 4.2 mg/g DCW) α-humulene, a 100-fold improvement relative to the baseline strain. In order to further improve the titer, a novel strategy for downregulation of squalene biosynthesis based on Cu2+ -repressible promoters was firstly established, which significantly improved the α-humulene titer by 54.2 % to 3516.6 ± 34.3 mg/L. Finally, the engineered strain could produce 21.7 g/L α-humulene in 5-L bioreactor, 6.8-fold higher than the highest α-humulene titer reported prior to this study. Overall, system metabolic engineering strategies used in this study provide a valuable reference for highly sustainable production of terpenoids in Y. lipolytica. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Wu S, Fu X, Lai C, Guo D. De novo biosynthesis of τ-cadinol in engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:29. [PMID: 38647768 PMCID: PMC10991332 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
τ-Cadinol is a sesquiterpene that is widely used in perfume, fine chemicals and medicines industry. In this study, we established a biosynthetic pathway for the first time in engineered Escherichia coli for production of τ-cadinol from simple carbon sources. Subsequently, we further improved the τ-cadinol production to 35.9 ± 4.3 mg/L by optimizing biosynthetic pathway and overproduction of rate-limiting enzyme IdI. Finally, the titer was increased to 133.5 ± 11.2 mg/L with a two-phase organic overlay-culture medium system. This study shows an efficient method for the biosynthesis of τ-cadinol in E. coli with the heterologous hybrid MVA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shaoting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chongde Lai
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Daoyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo Q, Shi TQ, Peng QQ, Sun XM, Ji XJ, Huang H. Harnessing Yarrowia lipolytica Peroxisomes as a Subcellular Factory for α-Humulene Overproduction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13831-13837. [PMID: 34751575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene α-humulene has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, which has led to its vast application potential in medicine. However, α-humulene production methods including phytoextraction and chemical synthesis currently were limited to low yield, high costs, and expensive catalysts, which cannot meet the increasing market demand. In this study, Yarrowia lipolytica was developed as a robust cell factory for α-humulene production. The peroxisome in Y. lipolytica was first engineered to boost the synthesis of the sesquiterpene α-humulene. By compartmentalization of the α-humulene biosynthesis pathway, improving ATP and acetyl-CoA supply, and optimizing the gene copy numbers of rate-limiting enzymes, the engineered strain GQ2012 could produce 3.2 g/L α-humulene in a 5 L bioreactor, the highest α-humulene titer reported so far. Our study provides a valuable reference for highly sustainable production of terpenoids by peroxisome engineering in Y. lipolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Peng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan H, Wang J, Wu H, Li Z, Lian J. Synthetic biology toolkit for engineering Cupriviadus necator H16 as a platform for CO 2 valorization. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:212. [PMID: 34736496 PMCID: PMC8570001 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CO2 valorization is one of the effective methods to solve current environmental and energy problems, in which microbial electrosynthesis (MES) system has proved feasible and efficient. Cupriviadus necator (Ralstonia eutropha) H16, a model chemolithoautotroph, is a microbe of choice for CO2 conversion, especially with the ability to be employed in MES due to the presence of genes encoding [NiFe]-hydrogenases and all the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle enzymes. The CO2 valorization strategy will make sense because the required hydrogen can be produced from renewable electricity independently of fossil fuels. MAIN BODY In this review, synthetic biology toolkit for C. necator H16, including genetic engineering vectors, heterologous gene expression elements, platform strain and genome engineering, and transformation strategies, is firstly summarized. Then, the review discusses how to apply these tools to make C. necator H16 an efficient cell factory for converting CO2 to value-added products, with the examples of alcohols, fatty acids, and terpenoids. The review is concluded with the limitation of current genetic tools and perspectives on the development of more efficient and convenient methods as well as the extensive applications of C. necator H16. CONCLUSIONS Great progress has been made on genetic engineering toolkit and synthetic biology applications of C. necator H16. Nevertheless, more efforts are expected in the near future to engineer C. necator H16 as efficient cell factories for the conversion of CO2 to value-added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haoliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takemura M, Kubo A, Watanabe A, Sakuno H, Minobe Y, Sahara T, Murata M, Araki M, Harada H, Terada Y, Yaoi K, Ohdan K, Misawa N. Pathway engineering for high-yield production of lutein in Escherichia coli. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab012. [PMID: 34712837 PMCID: PMC8546607 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is an industrially important carotenoid pigment, which is essential for photoprotection and photosynthesis in plants. Lutein is crucial for maintaining human health due to its protective ability from ocular diseases. However, its pathway engineering research has scarcely been performed for microbial production using heterologous hosts, such as Escherichia coli, since the engineering of multiple genes is required. These genes, which include tricky key carotenoid biosynthesis genes typically derived from plants, encode two sorts of cyclases (lycopene ε- and β-cyclase) and cytochrome P450 CYP97C. In this study, upstream genes effective for the increase in carotenoid amounts, such as isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) gene, were integrated into the E. coli JM101 (DE3) genome. The most efficient set of the key genes (MpLCYe, MpLCYb and MpCYP97C) was selected from among the corresponding genes derived from various plant (or bacterial) species using E. coli that had accumulated carotenoid substrates. Furthermore, to optimize the production of lutein in E. coli, we introduced several sorts of plasmids that contained some of the multiple genes into the genome-inserted strain and compared lutein productivity. Finally, we achieved 11 mg/l as lutein yield using a mini jar. Here, the high-yield production of lutein was successfully performed using E. coli through approaches of pathway engineering. The findings obtained here should be a base reference for substantial lutein production with microorganisms in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Applied Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Watanabe
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hanayo Sakuno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Minobe
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sahara
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisashi Harada
- Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Terada
- Mechanism-Based Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohdan
- Applied Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takemura M, Sahara T, Misawa N. Violaxanthin: natural function and occurrence, biosynthesis, and heterologous production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6133-6142. [PMID: 34338805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Violaxanthin is biosynthesized from zeaxanthin with zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) by way of antheraxanthin only in photosynthetic eukaryotes including higher plants and involved in the xanthophyll cycle to eliminate excessive light energy. Violaxanthin and antheraxanthin have commercially been unavailable, in contrast to commercial production of other carotenoids contained in higher plants, e.g., lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and capsanthin. One of the reasons is considered that resource plants or other resource organisms do not exist for enabling efficient supply of the epoxy-carotenoids, which are expected to be produced through (metabolic) pathway engineering with heterologous microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this Mini-Review, we show heterologous production of violaxanthin with the two microorganisms that have exhibited significant advances these days. We further describe natural function and occurrence, and biosynthesis involving violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and their derivatives that include auroxanthin and mutatoxanthin. KEY POINTS: • A comprehensive review on epoxy-carotenoids violaxanthin and antheraxanthin. • Pathway engineering for the epoxy-carotenoids in heterologous microbes. • Our new findings on violaxanthin production with the budding yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sahara
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, 921-8836, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harada H, Senda D, Shima T, Nakane C. Carboxylesterases for the hydrolysis of acetoacetate esters and their applications in terpenoid production using Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5821-5832. [PMID: 34324009 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathway engineering is a useful technology for producing desired compounds on a large scale by modifying the biosynthetic pathways of host organisms using genetic engineering. We focused on acetoacetate esters as novel low-cost substrates and established an efficient terpenoid production system using pathway-engineered recombinant Escherichia coli. Functional analysis using recombinant E. coli proteins of 18 carboxylesterases identified from the microbial esterases and lipases database showed that the p-nitrobenzyl esterase (PnbA) from Bacillus subtilis specifically hydrolyzed two acetoacetate esters: methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA). We generated a plasmid (pAC-Mev/Scidi/Aacl/PnbA) co-expressing PnbA and six enzymes of the mevalonate pathway gene cluster from Streptomyces, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase type I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A ligase from Rattus norvegicus. The plasmid pAC-Mev/Scidi/Aacl/PnbA was introduced into E. coli along with plasmid expressing carotenoid (lycopene) or sesquiterpene (β-bisabolene) biosynthesis genes, and the terpenoid production was evaluated following the addition of acetoacetate esters as substrates. These recombinant E. coli strains used MAA and EAA as substrates for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and produced almost equivalent concentrations of target compounds compared with the previous production system that used mevalonolactone and lithium acetoacetate. The findings of this study will enable the production of useful terpenoids from low-cost substrates, which may facilitate their commercial production on an industrial scale in the future. KEY POINTS: • PnbA from Bacillus subtilis exhibits acetoacetate hydrolysis activity. • A plasmid enabling terpenoid synthesis from acetoacetate esters was constructed. • Acetoacetate esters as substrates enable a low-cost production of terpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Harada
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Daiki Senda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Chika Nakane
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu CL, Xue K, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Lee TS, Bai Z, Tan T. Metabolic engineering strategies for sesquiterpene production in microorganism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:73-92. [PMID: 34256675 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are a large variety of terpene natural products, widely existing in plants, fungi, marine organisms, insects, and microbes. Value-added sesquiterpenes are extensively used in industries such as: food, drugs, fragrances, and fuels. With an increase in market demands and the price of sesquiterpenes, the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by microbial fermentation methods from renewable feedstocks is acquiring increasing attention. Synthetic biology provides robust tools of sesquiterpene production in microorganisms. This review presents a summary of metabolic engineering strategies on the hosts and pathway engineering for sesquiterpene production. Advances in synthetic biology provide new strategies on the creation of desired hosts for sesquiterpene production. Especially, metabolic engineering strategies for the production of sesquiterpenes such as: amorphadiene, farnesene, bisabolene, and caryophyllene are emphasized in: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other microorganisms. Challenges and future perspectives of the bioprocess for translating sesquiterpene production into practical industrial work are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Panich J, Fong B, Singer SW. Metabolic Engineering of Cupriavidus necator H16 for Sustainable Biofuels from CO 2. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:412-424. [PMID: 33518389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Decelerating global warming is one of the predominant challenges of our time and will require conversion of CO2 to usable products and commodity chemicals. Of particular interest is the production of fuels, because the transportation sector is a major source of CO2 emissions. Here, we review recent technological advances in metabolic engineering of the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16, a chemolithotroph that naturally consumes CO2 to generate biomass. We discuss recent successes in biofuel production using this organism, and the implementation of electrolysis/artificial photosynthesis approaches that enable growth of C. necator using renewable electricity and CO2. Last, we discuss prospects of improving the nonoptimal growth of C. necator in ambient concentrations of CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Panich
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Bonnie Fong
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Navale GR, Dharne MS, Shinde SS. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:457-475. [PMID: 33394155 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, often called terpenoids, are the most abundant and highly diverse family of natural organic compounds. In plants, they play a distinct role in the form of photosynthetic pigments, hormones, electron carrier, structural components of membrane, and defence. Many isoprenoids have useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and chemical industries. They are synthesized by various isoprenoid synthase enzymes by several consecutive steps. Recent advancement in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has enabled the production of these isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems like Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both heterologous systems have been engineered for large-scale production of value-added isoprenoids. This review article will provide the detailed description of various approaches used for engineering of methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathway for synthesizing isoprene units (C5) and ultimate production of diverse isoprenoids. The review particularly highlighted the efforts taken for the production of C5-C20 isoprenoids by metabolic engineering techniques in E. coli and S. cerevisiae over a decade. The challenges and strategies are also discussed in detail for scale-up and engineering of isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems.Key points• Isoprenoids are beneficial and valuable natural products.• E. coli and S. cerevisiae are the promising host for isoprenoid biosynthesis.• Emerging techniques in synthetic biology enabled the improved production.• Need to expand the catalogue and scale-up of un-engineered isoprenoids. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Navale
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 001, India
| | - Mahesh S Dharne
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 001, India.
| | - Sandip S Shinde
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India. .,Department Industrial and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai Marathwada Campus, Jalna, 431213, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pathway Engineering Using Escherichia coli to Produce Commercialized Carotenoids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:191-199. [PMID: 33783741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of commercialized carotenoids (e.g., lycopene, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin) using recombinant microorganisms is one of the reasonable and cost-effective alternatives to extraction from natural sources and chemical synthesis. Among heterologous hosts, Escherichia coli is one of the most useful and manageable. To date, many approaches using recombinant E. coli are available to produce various carotenoids. Here we outline the latest carotenoid production research using recombinant E. coli produced through pathway engineering and its future prospects.
Collapse
|
17
|
Improved cis-Abienol production through increasing precursor supply in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16791. [PMID: 33033333 PMCID: PMC7545193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Abienol, a natural diterpene-diol isolated from balsam fir (Abies balsamea), can be employed as precursors for the semi-synthesis of amber compounds, which are sustainable replacement for ambergris and widely used in the fragmented industry. This study combinatorially co-expressed geranyl diphosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, Labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate synthase and diterpene synthase, with the best combination achieving ~ 0.3 mg/L of cis-abienol. An additional enhancement of cis-abienol production (up to 8.6 mg/L) was achieved by introducing an exogenous mevalonate pathway which was divided into the upper pathway containing acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase/HMG-CoA reductase and HMG-CoA synthase and the lower pathway containing mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, pyrophosphate mevalonate decarboxylase and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. The genetically modified strain carrying chromosomal copy of low genes of the mevalonate with the trc promoter accumulated cis-abienol up to 9.2 mg/L in shake flask. Finally, cis-abienol titers of ~ 220 mg/L could be achieved directly from glucose using this de novo cis-abienol-producing E. coli in high-cell-density fermentation. This study demonstrates a microbial process to apply the E. coli cell factory in the biosynthesis of cis-abienol.
Collapse
|
18
|
Helfrich EJN, Lin GM, Voigt CA, Clardy J. Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2889-2906. [PMID: 31839835 PMCID: PMC6902898 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest and structurally most diverse class of natural products. They possess potent and specific biological activity in multiple assays and against diseases, including cancer and malaria as notable examples. Although the number of characterized terpenoid molecules is huge, our knowledge of how they are biosynthesized is limited, particularly when compared to the well-studied thiotemplate assembly lines. Bacteria have only recently been recognized as having the genetic potential to biosynthesize a large number of complex terpenoids, but our current ability to associate genetic potential with molecular structure is severely restricted. The canonical terpene biosynthetic pathway uses a single enzyme to form a cyclized hydrocarbon backbone followed by modifications with a suite of tailoring enzymes that can generate dozens of different products from a single backbone. This functional promiscuity of terpene biosynthetic pathways renders terpene biosynthesis susceptible to rational pathway engineering using the latest developments in the field of synthetic biology. These engineered pathways will not only facilitate the rational creation of both known and novel terpenoids, their development will deepen our understanding of a significant branch of biosynthesis. The biosynthetic insights gained will likely empower a greater degree of engineering proficiency for non-natural terpene biosynthetic pathways and pave the way towards the biotechnological production of high value terpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J N Helfrich
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, United States
| | - Geng-Min Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu M, Sandmann G, Chen F, Huang J. Enhanced Coproduction of Cell-Bound Zeaxanthin and Secreted Exopolysaccharides by Sphingobium sp. via Metabolic Engineering and Optimized Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12228-12236. [PMID: 31638826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin is a value-added carotenoid with wide applications. This study aims to manipulate a generally recognized as safe and carotenoid-producing bacterium, Sphingobium sp., for enhanced production of zeaxanthin and exopolysaccharides. First, whole-genome sequencing and analysis of pathway genes were applied to define the carotenoid pathway in Sphingobium sp. Second, a Sphingobium transformation system was established to engineer metabolite flux into zeaxanthin. By a combination of chemical mutagenesis and removal of bottlenecks of carotenoid biosynthesis via overexpression of three rate-limiting enzymes, the genetically modified Sphingobium DIZ strain produced 21.26 mg/g dry cell weight of zeaxanthin, which was about 4-fold higher than the wild type. Upon optimization of culture conditions, the DIZ strain produced 479.5 mg/L of zeaxanthin with the productivity of 4.99 mg/L/h and 21.9 g/L of exopolysaccharides using a fed-batch fermentation strategy. This study represents the first genetic manipulation of Sphingobium sp., a biotechnologically important bacterium, for high-yield production of value-added metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience , J.W. Goethe Universitat , Max von Laue Str. 9 , Frankfurt 60438 , Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Takemura M, Kubo A, Higuchi Y, Maoka T, Sahara T, Yaoi K, Ohdan K, Umeno D, Misawa N. Pathway engineering for efficient biosynthesis of violaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9393-9399. [PMID: 31673744 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally synthesized in some species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi (including yeasts) as well as all photosynthetic organisms. Escherichia coli has been the most popular bacterial host for the heterologous production of a variety of carotenoids, including even xanthophylls unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes such as lutein, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin. However, conversion efficiency of these epoxy-xanthophylls (antheraxanthin and violaxanthin) from zeaxanthin remained substantially low. We here examined several factors affecting their productivity in E. coli. Two sorts of plasmids were introduced into the bacterial host, i.e., a plasmid to produce zeaxanthin due to the presence of the Pantoea ananatis crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, and crtZ genes in addition to the Haematococcus pluvialis IDI gene, and one containing each of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) genes originated from nine photosynthetic eukaryotes. It was consequently found that paprika (Capsicum annuum) ZEP (CaZEP) showed the highest conversion activity. Next, using the CaZEP gene, we performed optimization experiments in relation to E. coli strains as the production hosts, expression vectors, and ribosome-binding site (RBS) sequences. As a result, the highest productivity of violaxanthin (231 μg/g dry weight) was observed, when the pUC18 vector was used with CaZEP preceded by a RBS sequence of score 5000 in strain JM101(DE3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, 555-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Higuchi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
- Division of Food Function and Chemistry, Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, 606-0805, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sahara
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohdan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, 555-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chemo-enzymatic routes towards the synthesis of bio-based monomers and polymers. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
22
|
Zhang W, Song M, Yang Q, Dai Z, Zhang S, Xin F, Dong W, Ma J, Jiang M. Current advance in bioconversion of methanol to chemicals. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:260. [PMID: 30258494 PMCID: PMC6151904 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methanol has become an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications due to its abundance and low-price. Chemicals production from methanol could alleviate the environmental concerns, costs, and foreign dependency associated with the use of petroleum feedstock. Recently, a growing fraction of research has focused on metabolites production using methanol as sole carbon and energy source or as co-substrate with carbohydrates by native or synthetic methylotrophs. In this review, we summarized the recent significant progress in native and synthetic methylotrophs and their application for methanol bioconversion into various products. Moreover, strategies for improvement of methanol metabolism and new perspectives on the generation of desired products from methanol were also discussed, which will benefit for the development of a methanol-based economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang C, Liu J, Zhao F, Lu C, Zhao GR, Lu W. Production of sesquiterpenoid zerumbone from metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2018; 49:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Hattan JI, Shindo K, Sasaki T, Ohno F, Tokuda H, Ishikawa K, Misawa N. Identification of novel sesquiterpene synthase genes that mediate the biosynthesis of valerianol, which was an unknown ingredient of tea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12474. [PMID: 30127518 PMCID: PMC6102311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven cDNA clones encoding terpene synthases (TPSs), their structures closely related to each other, were isolated from the flower of Camellia hiemalis (‘Kantsubaki’). Their putative TPS proteins were phylogenetically positioned in a sole clade with the TPSs of other Camellia species. The obtained Tps genes, one of which was designated ChTps1 (ChTps1a), were introduced into mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the genes for utilizing acetoacetate as a substrate, and cultured in a medium including lithium acetoacetate. Volatile products generated in the E. coli cells transformed with ChTps1 were purified from the cell suspension culture, and analyzed by NMR. Consequently, the predominant product with ChTPS1 was identified as valerianol, indicating that the ChTps1 gene codes for valerianol synthase. This is the first report on a gene that can mediate the synthesis of valerianol. We next synthesized a Tps ortholog encoding ChTPS1variant R477H (named CsiTPS8), whose sequence had been isolated from a tea tree (Camellia sinensis), carried out similar culture experiment with the E. coli transformant including CsiTps8, and consequently found valerianol production equally. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of several teas revealed that valerianol had been an unknown ingredient in green tea and black tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Harukuni Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishikawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda-shi, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Duan X, Gao J, Zhou YJ. Advances in engineering methylotrophic yeast for biosynthesis of valuable chemicals from methanol. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Krieg T, Sydow A, Faust S, Huth I, Holtmann D. CO 2 to Terpenes: Autotrophic and Electroautotrophic α-Humulene Production with Cupriavidus necator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1879-1882. [PMID: 29232490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We show that CO2 can be converted by an engineered "Knallgas" bacterium (Cupriavidus necator) into the terpene α-humulene. Heterologous expression of the mevalonate pathway and α-humulene synthase resulted in the production of approximately 10 mg α-humulene per gram cell dry mass (CDW) under heterotrophic conditions. This first example of chemolithoautotrophic production of a terpene from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen is a promising starting point for the production of different high-value terpene compounds from abundant and simple raw materials. Furthermore, the production system was used to produce 17 mg α-humulene per gram CDW from CO2 and electrical energy in microbial electrosynthesis (MES) mode. Given that the system can convert CO2 by using electrical energy from solar energy, it opens a new route to artificial photosynthetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krieg
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Sydow
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Faust
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ina Huth
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krieg T, Sydow A, Faust S, Huth I, Holtmann D. CO2to Terpenes: Autotrophic and Electroautotrophic α-Humulene Production withCupriavidus necator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krieg
- Industrial Biotechnology; DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Anne Sydow
- Industrial Biotechnology; DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sonja Faust
- Industrial Biotechnology; DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ina Huth
- Industrial Biotechnology; DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial Biotechnology; DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hattan JI, Shindo K, Sasaki T, Misawa N. Isolation and Functional Characterization of New Terpene Synthase Genes from Traditional Edible Plants. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1235-1246. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | | | | | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shindo K. A modern purification method for volatile sesquiterpenes produced by recombinant Escherichia coli carrying terpene synthase genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:935-939. [PMID: 29191086 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1403882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most volatile sesquiterpenes had been purified from plants using distillation and preparative gas chromatography, which is not applicable to many laboratories that do not possess a needed facility. Thus, this review focuses on a modern purification method for volatile sesquiterpenes using Escherichia coli cells that functionally express terpene synthase (Tps) genes. It was recently developed that recombinant E. coli cells carrying Tps genes were cultured in two-layer media (n-octane/TB medium) without harming the cells, and the volatile hydrophobic compounds trapped in the n-octane were purified by two-phase partition (alkane/alkaline 50% MeOH), silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (if necessary). Consequently, it was found that the volatile sesquiterpenes are easily purified, the structures of which can then be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, [α]D and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The antioxidant activities of several volatile sesquiterpenes are also presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Shindo
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shindo K, Hattan JI, Kato M, Sato M, Ito T, Shibuya Y, Watanabe A, Sugiyama M, Nakamura Y, Misawa N. Purification and structural analysis of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by Escherichia coli carrying unidentified terpene synthase genes from edible plants of the family Araliaceae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:978-985. [PMID: 29161962 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1386085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method to purify volatile sesquiterpenes from recombinant Escherichia coli was developed using the cells that carried known sesquiterpene synthase (Tps) genes ZzZss2 (ZSS2) and ZoTps1. This method was applied for the purification and structural analyses of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by E. coli cells that carried unidentified Tps genes, which were isolated from the Aralia-genus edible plants belonging to the family Araliaceae. Recombinant cells carrying each Tps gene were cultured in the two-layer medium (n-octane/TB medium), and volatile sesquiterpenes trapped in n-octane were purified through two-phase partition, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, if necessary. Further, their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, [α]D, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Herein, the products of E. coli cells that carried two Tps gene (named AcTps1 and AcTps2) in Araria cordata "Udo" and a Tps gene (named AeTps1) in Aralia elata "Taranoki" were studied resulting in identifying functionalities of these cryptic Tps genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Shindo
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Hattan
- b Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology , Ishikawa Prefectural University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Mariko Kato
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Miho Sato
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yurika Shibuya
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Arisa Watanabe
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- b Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology , Ishikawa Prefectural University , Ishikawa , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang C, Zada B, Wei G, Kim SW. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches driving isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:430-438. [PMID: 28599221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise the largest family of natural organic compounds with many useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and industrial fields. Rapid developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have facilitated the engineering of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli to induce high levels of production of many different isoprenoids. In this review, the stem pathways for synthesizing isoprene units as well as the branch pathways deriving diverse isoprenoids from the isoprene units have been summarized. The review also highlights the metabolic engineering efforts made for the biosynthesis of hemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, carotenoids, retinoids, and coenzyme Q10 in E. coli. Perspectives and future directions for the synthesis of novel isoprenoids, decoration of isoprenoids using cytochrome P450 enzymes, and secretion or storage of isoprenoids in E. coli have also been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bakht Zada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pathway engineering for the production of β-amyrin and cycloartenol in Escherichia coli—a method to biosynthesize plant-derived triterpene skeletons in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6615-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Brown ME, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD. Engineering Bacteria to Catabolize the Carbonaceous Component of Sarin: Teaching E. coli to Eat Isopropanol. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1485-1496. [PMID: 27403844 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an engineered strain of Escherichia coli that catabolizes the carbonaceous component of the extremely toxic chemical warfare agent sarin. Enzymatic decomposition of sarin generates isopropanol waste that, with this engineered strain, is then transformed into acetyl-CoA by enzymatic conversion with a key reaction performed by the acetone carboxylase complex (ACX). We engineered the heterologous expression of the ACX complex from Xanthobacter autotrophicus PY2 to match the naturally occurring subunit stoichiometry and purified the recombinant complex from E. coli for biochemical analysis. Incorporating this ACX complex and enzymes from diverse organisms, we introduced an isopropanol degradation pathway in E. coli, optimized induction conditions, and decoupled enzyme expression to probe pathway bottlenecks. Our engineered E. coli consumed 65% of isopropanol compared to no-cell controls and was able to grow on isopropanol as a sole carbon source. In the process, reconstitution of this large ACX complex (370 kDa) in a system naïve to its structural and mechanistic requirements allowed us to study this otherwise cryptic enzyme in more detail than would have been possible in the less genetically tractable native Xanthobacter system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Brown
- Biological
Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Biological
Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Biological
Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle, DK2970-Hørsholm, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kato T, Lee JB, Taura F, Kurosaki F. Enhanced Production of δ-Guaiene, a Bicyclic Sesquiterpene Accumulated in Agarwood, by Coexpression of δ-Guaiene Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes involved in δ-guaiene biosynthesis in Aquilaria microcarpa, δ-guaiene synthase (GS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), were overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the concentration of GS-translated protein was rather low in the cells transformed by solely GS while appreciable accumulation of the recombinant protein was observed when GS was coexpressed with FPS GS-transformed cells liberated only a trace amount of δ-guaiene (0.004 μg/mL culture), however, the concentration of the compound elevated to 0.08 μg/mL culture in the cells transformed by GS plus FPS δ-Guaiene biosynthesis was markedly activated when E. coli cells coexpressing GS and FPS were incubated in enriched Terrific broth, and the content of the compound increased to approximately 0.6 μg/mL culture. These results suggest that coexpression of FPS and GS in E. coli is required for efficient 6-guaiene production in the bacterial cells, and the sesquiterpene-producing activity of the transformant is appreciably enhanced in the nutrients-enriched medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hattan JI, Shindo K, Ito T, Shibuya Y, Watanabe A, Tagaki C, Ohno F, Sasaki T, Ishii J, Kondo A, Misawa N. Identification of a novel hedycaryol synthase gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla flowers and floral scent of Camellia cultivars. PLANTA 2016; 243:959-72. [PMID: 26744017 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel terpene synthase (Tps) gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla was identified as hedycaryol synthase, which was shown to be expressed specifically in flowers. Camellia plants are very popular because they bloom in winter when other plants seldom flower. Many ornamental cultivars of Camellia have been bred mainly in Japan, although the fragrance of their flowers has not been studied extensively. We analyzed floral scents of several Camellia cultivars by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found that Camellia brevistyla produced various sesquiterpenes in addition to monoterpenes, whereas Camellia japonica and its cross-lines produced only monoterpenes, including linalool as the main product. From a flower of C. brevistyla, we isolated one cDNA encoding a terpene synthase (TPS) comprised of 554 amino acids, which was phylogenetically positioned to a sole gene clade. The cDNA, designated CbTps1, was expressed in mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the Streptomyces mevalonate-pathway gene cluster in addition to the acetoacetate-CoA ligase gene. A terpene product was purified from recombinant E. coli cultured with lithium acetoacetate, and analyzed by (1)H-nulcear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR) and GC-MS. It was shown that a sesquiterpene hedycaryol was produced, because (1)H-NMR signals of the purified product were very broad, and elemol, a thermal rearrangement product from hedycaryol, was identified by GC-MS analysis. Spectroscopic data of elemol were also determined. These results indicated that the CbTps1 gene encodes hedycaryol synthase. Expression analysis of CbTps1 showed that it was expressed specifically in flowers, and hedycaryol is likely to be one of the terpenes that attract insects for pollination of C. brevistyla. A linalool synthase gene, which was isolated from a flower of Camellia saluenensis, is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yurica Shibuya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Arisa Watanabe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Chie Tagaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schifrin A, Khatri Y, Kirsch P, Thiel V, Schulz S, Bernhardt R. A single terpene synthase is responsible for a wide variety of sesquiterpenes in Sorangium cellulosum Soce56. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3385-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 is a prolific producer of volatile sesquiterpenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schifrin
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Philine Kirsch
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Verena Thiel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kurosaki F, Kato T, Misawa N, Taura F. Efficient Production of δ-Guaiene, an Aroma Sesquiterpene Compound Accumulated in Agarwood, by Mevalonate Pathway-Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2016.711042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
38
|
Schifrin A, Litzenburger M, Ringle M, Ly TTB, Bernhardt R. New Sesquiterpene Oxidations with CYP260A1 and CYP264B1 fromSorangium cellulosumSo ce56. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2624-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schifrin
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Thuy T. B. Ly
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST); 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sonntag F, Kroner C, Lubuta P, Peyraud R, Horst A, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J. Engineering Methylobacterium extorquens for de novo synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid α-humulene from methanol. Metab Eng 2015; 32:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
This review article focuses mainly on the scientific developments concerning the enzyme-mediated synthesis of sesquiterpenes which have been reported in the academic and patent literature during the last twenty years. Nevertheless, this is not a comprehensive description of every single biotransformation involving sesquiterpenes. Only synthetic approaches that have represented a new and innovative perspective from a scientific standpoint are reported. More specifically, the review describes in depth how the use of metabolic engineering of the microbial biotransformations and of the isolated enzymes were exploited in order to perform chemo- and stereoselective chemical transformations of interest for sesquiterpenes synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Serra
- C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang J, Guo L. Biosynthesis of β-carotene in engineered E. coli using the MEP and MVA pathways. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:160. [PMID: 25403509 PMCID: PMC4239400 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background β-carotene is a carotenoid compound that has been widely used not only in the industrial production of pharmaceuticals but also as nutraceuticals, animal feed additives, functional cosmetics, and food colorants. Currently, more than 90% of commercial β-carotene is produced by chemical synthesis. Due to the growing public concern over food safety, the use of chemically synthesized β-carotene as food additives or functional cosmetic agents has been severely controlled in recent years. This has reignited the enthusiasm for seeking natural β-carotene in large-scale fermentative production by microorganisms. Results To increase β-carotene production by improving the isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and geranyl diphospate (GPP) concentration in the cell, the optimized MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway containing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (FNI) from Bacillus subtilis, geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2) from Abies grandis have been co-expressed in an engineered E. coli strain. To further enhance the production of β-carotene, the hybrid MVA (mevalonate) pathway has been introduced into an engineered E. coli strain, co-expressed with the optimized MEP pathway and GPPS2. The final genetically modified strain, YJM49, can accumulate 122.4±6.2 mg/L β-carotene in flask culture, approximately 113-fold and 1.7 times greater than strain YJM39, which carries the native MEP pathway, and YJM45, which harbors the MVA pathway and the native MEP pathway, respectively. Subsequently, the fermentation process was optimized to enhance β-carotene production with a maximum titer of 256.8±10.4 mg/L. Finally, the fed-batch fermentation of β-carotene was evaluated using the optimized culture conditions. After induction for 56 h, the final engineered strain YJM49 accumulated 3.2 g/L β-carotene with a volumetric productivity of 0.37 mg/(L · h · OD600) in aerobic fed-batch fermentation, and the conversion efficiency of glycerol to β-carotene (gram to gram) reached 2.76%. Conclusions In this paper, by using metabolic engineering techniques, the more efficient biosynthetic pathway of β-carotene was successfully assembled in E. coli BL21(DE3) with the optimized MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, the gene for GPPS2 from Abies grandis, the hybrid MVA (mevalonate) pathway and β-carotene synthesis genes from Erwinia herbicola. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0160-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Yang
- Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reyes LH, Gomez JM, Kao KC. Improving carotenoids production in yeast via adaptive laboratory evolution. Metab Eng 2013; 21:26-33. [PMID: 24262517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution is an important tool for the engineering of strains for industrially relevant phenotypes. Traditionally, adaptive laboratory evolution has been implemented to improve robustness of industrial strains under diverse operational conditions; however due to the required coupling between growth and survival, its application for increased production of secondary metabolites generally results in decreased production due to the metabolic burden imposed by, or toxicity of, the produced compound. In this study, adaptive laboratory evolution was successfully applied to improve carotenoids production in an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae producer strain by exploiting the antioxidant properties of carotenoids. Short-term evolution experiment using periodic hydrogen peroxide shocking schemes resulted in a 3-fold increase in carotenoids production (from 6 mg/g dry cell weight to up to 18 mg/g dry cell weight). Subsequent transcriptome analysis was used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for increased carotenoids production. Upregulation of genes related with lipid biosynthesis and mevalonate biosynthesis pathways were commonly observed in the carotenoids hyper-producers analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Reyes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Jose M Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Katy C Kao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nishimura H, Azami Y, Miyagawa M, Hashimoto C, Yoshimura T, Hemmi H. Biochemical evidence supporting the presence of the classical mevalonate pathway in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Biochem 2013; 153:415-20. [PMID: 23378249 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of the classical mevalonate (MVA) pathway was examined in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. The pathway is considered uncommon among archaea because the genes of the orthologues of phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) and/or diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (DMD) are absent in the genomes of most archaea. Instead, the modified MVA pathway, which involves isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK), has been proposed to exist in the archaea that lack the classical pathway. However, some archaea including S. solfataricus possess the genes of the orthologues of both IPK and all enzymes of the classical pathway. Biochemical characterization using recombinant proteins showed that the orthologues of the enzymes catalyzing the late steps of the classical pathway, i.e. MVA kinase, PMK and DMD, are all active. Moreover, in vitro conversion of the intermediates in the classical and modified pathways by cell-free extract from S. solfataricus indicated that only the classical pathway likely works in the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Nishimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Tens of thousands of terpenoids are present in both terrestrial and marine plants, as well as fungi. In the last 5-10 years, however, it has become evident that terpenes are also produced by numerous bacteria, especially soil-dwelling Gram-positive organisms such as Streptomyces and other Actinomycetes. Although some microbial terpenes, such as geosmin, the degraded sesquiterpene responsible for the smell of moist soil, the characteristic odor of the earth itself, have been known for over 100 years, few terpenoids have been identified by classical structure- or activity-guided screening of bacterial culture extracts. In fact, the majority of cyclic terpenes from bacterial species have only recently been uncovered by the newly developed techniques of "genome mining". In this new paradigm for biochemical discovery, bacterial genome sequences are first analyzed with powerful bioinformatic tools, such as the BLASTP program or Profile Hidden Markov models, to screen for and identify conserved protein sequences harboring a characteristic set of universally conserved functional domains typical of all terpene synthases. Of particular importance is the presence of variants of two universally conserved domains, the aspartate-rich DDXX(D/E) motif and the NSE/DTE triad, (N/D)DXX(S/T)XX(K/R)(D/E). Both domains have been implicated in the binding of the essential divalent cation, typically Mg(2+), that is required for cyclization of the universal acyclic terpene precursors, such as farnesyl and geranyl diphosphate. The low level of overall sequence similarity among terpene synthases, however, has so far precluded any simple correlation of protein sequence with the structure of the cyclized terpene product. The actual biochemical function of a cryptic bacterial (or indeed any) terpene synthase must therefore be determined by direct experiment. Two common approaches are (i) incubation of the expressed recombinant protein with acyclic allylic diphosphate substrates and identification of the resultant terpene hydrocarbon or alcohol and (ii) in vivo expression in engineered bacterial hosts that can support the production of terpene metabolites. One of the most attractive features of the coordinated application of genome mining and biochemical characterization is that the discovery of natural products is directly coupled to the simultaneous discovery and exploitation of the responsible biosynthetic genes and enzymes. Bacterial genome mining has proved highly rewarding scientifically, already uncovering more than a dozen newly identified cyclic terpenes (many of them unique to bacteria), as well as several novel cyclization mechanisms. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis has identified more than 120 presumptive genes for bacterial terpene synthases that are now ripe for exploration. In this Account, we review a particularly rich vein we have mined in the genomes of two model Actinomycetes, Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces avermitilis, from which the entire set of terpenoid biosynthetic genes and pathways have now been elucidated. In addition, studies of terpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters have revealed a wealth of previously unknown oxidative enzymes, including cytochromes P450, non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenases, and flavin monooxygenases. We have shown that these enzymes catalyze a variety of unusual biochemical reactions, including two-step ketonization of methylene groups, desaturation-epoxidation of secondary methyl groups, and pathway-specific Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of cyclic ketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-ku, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Toward biosynthetic design and implementation of Escherichia coli-derived paclitaxel and other heterologous polyisoprene compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2497-504. [PMID: 22287010 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07391-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli offers unparalleled engineering capacity in the context of heterologous natural product biosynthesis. However, as with other heterologous hosts, cellular metabolism must be designed or redesigned to support final compound formation. This task is at once complicated and aided by the fact that the cell does not natively produce an abundance of natural products. As a result, the metabolic engineer avoids complicated interactions with native pathways closely associated with the outcome of interest, but this convenience is tempered by the need to implement the required metabolism to allow functional biosynthesis. This review focuses on engineering E. coli for the purpose of polyisoprene formation, as it is related to isoprenoid compounds currently being pursued through a heterologous approach. In particular, the review features the compound paclitaxel and early efforts to design and overproduce intermediates through E. coli.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Terpenoid compounds are generally considered to be plant or fungal metabolites, although a small number of odorous terpenoid metabolites of bacterial origin have been known for many years. Recently, extensive bacterial genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of deduced bacterial proteins using a profile hidden Markov model have revealed more than a hundred distinct predicted terpene synthase genes. Although some of these synthase genes might be silent in the parent microorganisms under normal laboratory culture conditions, the controlled overexpression of these genes in a versatile heterologous host has made it possible to identify the biochemical function of cryptic genes and isolate new terpenoid metabolites.
Collapse
|
47
|
Harada H, Misawa N. Novel approach in the biosynthesis of functional carotenoids in Escherichia coli. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 892:133-141. [PMID: 22623299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-879-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many carotenoid pigments are present in a small quantity in nature or low yielding from their natural sources, despite these vivid colorations. Thus, the synthesis of useful carotenoids with metabolic pathway-engineered microorganisms should offer an alternative and promising approach for their efficient production. Here, we describe a novel method for an efficient production of such carotenoids, using E. coli cells that carry heterologous mevalonate pathway-based genes. This method also enables relevant researchers to efficiently identify the function of an isolated carotenogenic gene candidate. For example, the recombinant E. coli cells, which harbor a lycopene-producing plasmid, can synthesize 12.5 mg/g dry cell weight of lycopene with the addition of lithium acetoacetate to the medium. This level corresponded to an 11.8-fold increase of that of E. coli cells carrying only the lycopene-producing plasmid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Harada
- KNC Bio-Research Center, KNC Laboratories Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Misawa N. Pathway engineering for functional isoprenoids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:627-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Cunningham FX, Gantt E. Elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3055-69. [PMID: 21862704 PMCID: PMC3180810 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.086827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A few species in the genus Adonis are the only land plants known to produce the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in abundance. Here, we ascertain the pathway that leads from the β-rings of β-carotene, a carotenoid ubiquitous in plants, to the 3-hydroxy-4-keto-β-rings of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) in the blood-red flowers of Adonis aestivalis, an ornamental and medicinal plant commonly known as summer pheasant's eye. Two gene products were found to catalyze three distinct reactions, with the first and third reactions of the pathway catalyzed by the same enzyme. The pathway commences with the activation of the number 4 carbon of a β-ring in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid β-ring 4-dehydrogenase (CBFD), continues with the further dehydrogenation of this carbon to yield a carbonyl in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid 4-hydroxy-β-ring 4-dehydrogenase, and concludes with the addition of an hydroxyl group at the number 3 carbon in a reaction catalyzed by the erstwhile CBFD enzyme. The A. aestivalis pathway is both portable and robust, functioning efficiently in a simple bacterial host. Our elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in A. aestivalis provides enabling technology for development of a biological production process and reveals the evolutionary origin of this unusual plant pathway, one unrelated to and distinctly different from those used by bacteria, green algae, and fungi to synthesize astaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Cunningham
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rad SA, Zahiri HS, Noghabi KA, Rajaei S, Heidari R, Mojallali L. Type 2 IDI performs better than type 1 for improving lycopene production in metabolically engineered E. coli strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|