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Deschamps C, Denis S, Humbert D, Priymenko N, Chalancon S, De Bodt J, Van de Wiele T, Ipharraguerre I, Alvarez-Acero I, Achard C, Apper E, Blanquet-Diot S. Canine Mucosal Artificial Colon: development of a new colonic in vitro model adapted to dog sizes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:166. [PMID: 38261090 PMCID: PMC10806056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Differences in dog breed sizes are an important determinant of variations in digestive physiology, mainly related to the large intestine. In vitro gut models are increasingly used as alternatives to animal experiments for technical, cost, societal, and regulatory reasons. Up to now, only one in vitro model of the canine colon incorporates the dynamics of different canine gut regions, yet no adaptations exist to reproduce size-related digestive parameters. To address this limitation, we developed a new model of the canine colon, the CANIne Mucosal ARtificial COLon (CANIM-ARCOL), simulating main physiochemical (pH, transit time, anaerobiosis), nutritional (ileal effluent composition), and microbial (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) parameters of this ecosystem and adapted to three dog sizes (i.e., small under 10 kg, medium 10-30 kg, and large over 30 kg). To validate the new model regarding microbiota composition and activities, in vitro fermentations were performed in bioreactors inoculated with stools from 13 dogs (4 small, 5 medium, and 4 large). After a stabilization period, microbiota profiles clearly clustered depending on dog size. Bacteroidota and Firmicutes abundances were positively correlated with dog size both in vitro and in vivo, while opposite trends were observed for Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. As observed in vivo, microbial activity also increased with dog size in vitro, as evidenced from gas production, short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, and bile acid dehydroxylation. In line with the 3R regulation, CANIM-ARCOL could be a relevant platform to assess bilateral interactions between food and pharma compounds and gut microbiota, capturing inter-individual or breed variabilities. KEY POINTS: • CANIM-ARCOL integrates main canine physicochemical and microbial colonic parameters • Gut microbiota associated to different dog sizes is accurately maintained in vitro • The model can help to move toward personalized approach considering dog body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deschamps
- UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Nathalie Priymenko
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Chalancon
- UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jana De Bodt
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Inma Alvarez-Acero
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Li C, Peng K, Xiao S, Long Y, Yu Q. The role of Lactobacillus in inflammatory bowel disease: from actualities to prospects. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:361. [PMID: 37773196 PMCID: PMC10541886 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a chronic nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disease, is comprised of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). IBD is closely related to a systemic inflammatory reaction and affects the progression of many intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. As one of the representative bacteria for probiotic-assisted therapy in IBD, multiple strains of Lactobacillus have been proven to alleviate intestinal damage and strengthen the intestinal immunological barrier, epithelial cell barrier, and mucus barrier. Lactobacillus also spares no effort in the alleviation of IBD-related diseases such as Colitis-associated Colorectal cancer (CAC), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Depression, Anxiety, Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), and so on via gut-brain axis and gut-liver axis. This article aims to discuss the role of Lactobacillus in IBD and IBD-related diseases, including its underlying mechanisms and related curative strategies from the present to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Kaixin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.
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Kessler C, Hou J, Neo O, Buckner MMC. In situ, in vivo, and in vitro approaches for studying AMR plasmid conjugation in the gut microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 47:6807411. [PMID: 36341518 PMCID: PMC9841969 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat, with evolution and spread of resistance to frontline antibiotics outpacing the development of novel treatments. The spread of AMR is perpetuated by transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) between bacteria, notably those encoded by conjugative plasmids. The human gut microbiome is a known 'melting pot' for plasmid conjugation, with ARG transfer in this environment widely documented. There is a need to better understand the factors affecting the incidence of these transfer events, and to investigate methods of potentially counteracting the spread of ARGs. This review describes the use and potential of three approaches to studying conjugation in the human gut: observation of in situ events in hospitalized patients, modelling of the microbiome in vivo predominantly in rodent models, and the use of in vitro models of various complexities. Each has brought unique insights to our understanding of conjugation in the gut. The use and development of these systems, and combinations thereof, will be pivotal in better understanding the significance, prevalence, and manipulability of horizontal gene transfer in the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Kessler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection College of Medical and Dental Sciences Biosciences Building University Road West University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingping Hou
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection College of Medical and Dental Sciences Biosciences Building University Road West University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Onalenna Neo
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection College of Medical and Dental Sciences Biosciences Building University Road West University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Corresponding author: Biosciences Building, University Road West, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0)121 415 8758; E-mail:
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Hong NTX, Linh NTH, Baruah K, Thuy DTB, Phuoc NN. The Combined Use of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Fructooligosaccharide Improves Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Resistance of Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826151. [PMID: 35283820 PMCID: PMC8914372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus supplemented at different inclusion levels in a control diet [basal diet containing 0.5% fructooligosaccharide (FOS)] on the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, immune response, and the disease resistance of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A control diet with 0.5% FOS but without P. pentosaceus supplementation (Control) was prepared. In addition, three other test diets were also formulated: control diet supplemented with P. pentosaceus at (i) 1 × 106 cfu g-1 diet (P1), (ii) 1 × 107 cfu g-1 diet (P2), or (iii) 1 × 108 cfu g-1 diet (P3). After a 60-day feeding trial, the experimental shrimps were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. The results showed that dietary supplementation of P. pentosaceus significantly improved the growth performance and immune responses of L. vannamei juveniles. The juveniles that were fed with a P2 or P3 diet recorded the maximum increase in the final body weight, final length, weight gain, and survival rate. The total hemocyte counts, phenoloxidase, and lysozyme activity of shrimp fed with either of these two diets were significantly enhanced. The results also showed that juveniles fed with a P2 or P3 diet exhibited significantly lower mortality when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Overall results suggested that a combination of P. pentosaceus at the inclusion level of 1 × 107 cfu g-1 diet (P2) and 0.5% FOS could be considered as a potential synbiotic formulation for improving the growth, health, and robustness of L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Xuan Hong
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hue Linh
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Aquaculture Nutraceuticals Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Do Thi Bich Thuy
- Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Phuoc
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
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Araújo RS, Cristina Oliveira M, Cardoso VN, Keefe DMK, Stringer AM. The effect of free and encapsulated cisplatin into long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes on IEC-6 cells during wound healing in the presence of host-microbiota. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:711-717. [PMID: 34791381 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To circumvent cisplatin (CDDP) toxic effects and improve the antitumoural effect, our research group developed long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes containing CDDP (SpHL-CDDP). This study aimed to evaluate whether SpHL-CDDP is associated with intestinal protection under in-vitro conditions in the presence of host-microbiota, compared with free CDDP. METHODS The cytotoxicity of CDDP and SpHL-CDDP were evaluated by colorimetric MTT and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. Epithelial proliferation was assessed by using an in-vitro wounding model in the presence of host-microbiota with intestinal epithelial cell line 6 (IEC-6) monolayers. Cytokines were determined by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS Reduced cytotoxicity of SpHL-CDDP in IEC-6 cells (minimum of 1.3-fold according to the IC50 values) was observed when compared with CDDP. The presence of microbiota or CDDP reduced the wound healing. The association of microbiota and SpHL-CDDP improved the wound healing and cell number in IEC-6 cells when compared with control. These beneficial results can be associated with increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels induced by SpHL-CDDP which were affected by the presence of microbiota. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the presence of microbiota associated with SpHL-CDDP provided less intestinal cellular damages compared with CDDP and constitutes a promising candidate for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Araújo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dorothy M K Keefe
- Department of Medicine, Mucositis Research Group, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Braschi G, D’Alessandro M, Gottardi D, Siroli L, Patrignani F, Lanciotti R. Effects of Sub-Lethal High Pressure Homogenization Treatment on the Adhesion Mechanisms and Stress Response Genes in Lactobacillus acidophilus 08. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651711. [PMID: 34122365 PMCID: PMC8193580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and adhesion are very important phenotypical traits for probiotics that confer them a competitive advantage for the resilience in the human gastrointestinal tract. This study was aimed to understand the effects over time of a 50 MPa hyperbaric treatment on the surface properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus 08 including CSH, autoaggregation, and in vitro adhesion (mucin layer and Caco-2 cells). Moreover, a link between the hurdle applied and the expression of genes involved in the general stress response (groEL and clpP) and adhesion processes (efTu and slpA) was evaluated. High pressure homogenization (HPH) at 50 MPa significantly increased the CSH percentage (H%), autoaggregation and in vitro adhesion on mucin of L. acidophilus 08 cells compared with the untreated cells. Moreover, the hyperbaric hurdle induced an upregulation of the stress response genes groEL and ef-TU together with a down regulation of the clpP and S-layer slpA genes. Looking at the protein profile, HPH-treatment showed an increase in the number or intensity of protein bands at high and low molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Braschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | - Davide Gottardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Siroli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Kong C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Akkerman R. Impact of dietary fibers in infant formulas on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune barrier. Food Funct 2021; 11:9445-9467. [PMID: 33150902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for the nutrition of infants. An important component of HM is human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which play an important role in gut microbiota colonization and gut immune barrier establishment, and thereby contribute to the maturation of the immune system in early life. Guiding these processes is important as disturbances have life-long health effects and can lead to the development of allergic diseases. Unfortunately, not all infants can be exclusively fed with HM. These infants are routinely fed with infant formulas that contain hMO analogs and other non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) to mimic the effects of hMOs. Currently, the hMO analogs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and pectins are added to infant formulas; however, these NDCs cannot mimic all hMO functions and therefore new NDCs and NDC mixtures need to become available for specific groups of neonates like preterm and disease-prone neonates. In this review, we discuss human data on the beneficial effects of infant formula supplements such as the specific hMO analog 2'-FL and NDCs as well as their mechanism of effects like stimulation of microbiota development, maturation of different parts of the gut immune barrier and anti-pathogenic effects. Insights into the structure-specific mechanisms by which hMOs and NDCs exert their beneficial functions might contribute to the development of new tailored NDCs and NDC mixtures. We also describe the needs for new in vitro systems that can be used for research on hMOs and NDCs. The current data suggest that "tailored infant formulas" for infants of different ages and healthy statuses are needed to ensure a healthy development of the microbiota and the gut immune system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Deschamps C, Fournier E, Uriot O, Lajoie F, Verdier C, Comtet-Marre S, Thomas M, Kapel N, Cherbuy C, Alric M, Almeida M, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S. Comparative methods for fecal sample storage to preserve gut microbial structure and function in an in vitro model of the human colon. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10233-10247. [PMID: 33085024 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro gut models, such as the mucosal artificial colon (M-ARCOL), provide timely and cost-efficient alternatives to in vivo assays allowing mechanistic studies to better understand the role of human microbiome in health and disease. Using such models inoculated with human fecal samples may require a critical step of stool storage. The effects of preservation methods on microbial structure and function in in vitro gut models have been poorly investigated. This study aimed to assess the impact of three commonly used preserving methods, compared with fresh fecal samples used as a control, on the kinetics of lumen and mucus-associated microbiota colonization in the M-ARCOL model. Feces from two healthy donors were frozen 48 h at - 80 °C with or without cryoprotectant (10% glycerol) or lyophilized with maltodextrin and trehalose prior to inoculation of four parallel bioreactors (e.g., fresh stool, raw stool stored at - 80 °C, stool stored at - 80 °C with glycerol and lyophilized stool). Microbiota composition and diversity (qPCR and 16S metabarcoding) as well as metabolic activity (gases and short chain fatty acids) were monitored throughout the fermentation process (9 days). All the preservative treatments allowed the maintaining inside the M-ARCOL of a complex and functional microbiota, but considering stabilization time of microbial profiles and activities (and not technical constraints associated with the supply of frozen material), our results highlighted 48 h freezing at - 80 °C without cryoprotectant as the most efficient method. These results will help scientists to determine the most accurate method for fecal storage prior to inoculation of in vitro gut microbiome models. KEY POINTS: • In vitro ARCOL model reproduces luminal and mucosal human microbiome. • Short-term storage of fecal sample influences microbial stabilization and activity. • 48 h freezing at - 80°C: most efficient method to preserve microbial ecosystem. • Scientific and technical requirements: influencers of preservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deschamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elora Fournier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ophélie Uriot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédérique Lajoie
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Verdier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Comtet-Marre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Laboratoire de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1139, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Monique Alric
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathieu Almeida
- MetaGénoPolis, INRAe, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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CAO LI, WU XIAOHONG, WANG XUEYANG, LI GEGE. Comparative evaluation of Lactobacillus strains with different adhesion ability on growth performance and immunomodulatory activity in broiler chickens. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i9.93781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to assess the effect of 2 Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus kefiri 1.3207 and Lactobacillus plantarum 1.2567) with different adherence ability on growth performance and immunomodulatory activity in broiler. The BW and FCR were higher in L. kefiri 1.3207 and L. plantarum 1.2567 groups compared to control group at 42 days of age, and BW of broilers in L. kefiri 1.3207 group was significantly higher than that in L. plantarum 1.2567 group. IgA and IgG contents and the spleen and bursa of Fabricius indices in significantly increased in the L. kefiri 1.3207 group, but not in the L. plantarum 1.2567-treated group. L. kefiri 1.3207 had more significant effect on growth performance, plasma IgA and IgG levels and immune organs indices because it had better adhesion ability.
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Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, Blanquet-Diot S. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:457-489. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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De Paepe K, Verspreet J, Rezaei MN, Hidalgo Martinez S, Meysman F, Van de Walle D, Dewettinck K, Raes J, Courtin C, Van de Wiele T. Isolation of wheat bran-colonizing and metabolizing species from the human fecal microbiota. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6293. [PMID: 30701133 PMCID: PMC6348960 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Undigestible, insoluble food particles, such as wheat bran, are important dietary constituents that serve as a fermentation substrate for the human gut microbiota. The first step in wheat bran fermentation involves the poorly studied solubilization of fibers from the complex insoluble wheat bran structure. Attachment of bacteria has been suggested to promote the efficient hydrolysis of insoluble substrates, but the mechanisms and drivers of this microbial attachment and colonization, as well as subsequent fermentation remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that an individually dependent subset of gut bacteria is able to colonize the wheat bran residue. Here, we isolated these bran-attached microorganisms, which can then be used to gain mechanistic insights in future pure culture experiments. Four healthy fecal donors were screened to account for inter-individual differences in gut microbiota composition. A combination of a direct plating and enrichment method resulted in the isolation of a phylogenetically diverse set of species, belonging to the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. A comparison with 16S rRNA gene sequences that were found enriched on wheat bran particles in previous studies, however, showed that the isolates do not yet cover the entire diversity of wheat-bran colonizing species, comprising among others a broad range of Prevotella, Bacteroides and Clostridium cluster XIVa species. We, therefore, suggest several modifications to the experiment set-up to further expand the array of isolated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Paepe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Current affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Naser Rezaei
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Silvia Hidalgo Martinez
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Filip Meysman
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Davy Van de Walle
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering (FTE), Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering (FTE), Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Courtin
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
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De Paepe K, Verspreet J, Verbeke K, Raes J, Courtin CM, Van de Wiele T. Introducing insoluble wheat bran as a gut microbiota niche in an in vitro
dynamic gut model stimulates propionate and butyrate production and induces colon region specific shifts in the luminal and mucosal microbial community. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3406-3426. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven, Rega Institute; Leuven Belgium
- VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease; Leuven Belgium
- Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences; Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Huynh TG, Cheng AC, Chi CC, Chiu KH, Liu CH. A synbiotic improves the immunity of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Metabolomic analysis reveal compelling evidence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:284-293. [PMID: 29778843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the synergistic effects of a diet-administered synbiotic comprising galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 7-40 on immune responses, immune-related gene expressions, and disease resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. To unravel the regulatory role of the synbiotic in activating the immune system of shrimp, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic analysis were used to investigate hepatopancreas metabolites, then significantly altered metabolites were confirmed in both the hepatopancreas and plasma by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and spectrophotometric analysis. Shrimp were fed four experimental diets for 60 days, including a basal diet with no GOS or probiotic (control), 0.4% GOS (PRE), probiotic (PRO), and 0.4% GOS in combination with the probiotic (SYN). Results showed that the SYN diet significantly increased survival of L. vannamei 24 h after a V. alginolyticus injection. Immune parameters such as phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, phagocytic activity and gene expressions, including prophenoloxidase I, serine proteinase, and peroxinectin, of shrimp fed the SYN diet significantly increased, compared to the other treatments and control. In addition, results from the 1H NMR analysis revealed that 22 hepatopancreas metabolites were matched and identified between the SYN and control groups, among which three metabolites, i.e., inosine monophosphate (IMP), valine, and betaine, significantly increased in the SYN group. Confirmation using RP-HPLC and spectrophotometric methods showed that IMP presented high amounts in the hepatopancreas, but not in the plasma of shrimp; in contrast, valine and betaine metabolites were in high concentrations in both the hepatopancreas and plasma. Our results suggested that GOS and the probiotic had a synergistic effect on enhancing immunity and disease resistance of L. vannamei against V. alginolyticus infection through inducing syntheses of a nucleotide (IMP), a branched amino acid (valine), and a methyl group donor (betaine) in the hepatopancreas, which were then released into the plasma and directly taken up by hemocytes, resulting in a triggering of melanization and phagocytosis processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Ann-Chang Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chi
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
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14
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Metabolism of Caprine Milk Carbohydrates by Probiotic Bacteria and Caco-2:HT29⁻MTX Epithelial Co-Cultures and Their Impact on Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070949. [PMID: 30041482 PMCID: PMC6073262 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maturation of the neonatal intestine is generally influenced by diet and commensal bacteria, the composition of which, in turn, can be influenced by the diet. Colonisation of the neonatal intestine by probiotic Lactobacillus strains can strengthen, preserve, and improve barrier integrity, and adherence of probiotics to the intestinal epithelium can be influenced by the available carbon sources. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of probiotic lactobacilli strains alone or together with a carbohydrate fraction (CF) from caprine milk on barrier integrity of a co-culture model of the small intestinal epithelium. Barrier integrity (as measured by trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER)), was enhanced by three bacteria/CF combinations (Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, L. plantarum 299v, and L. casei Shirota) to a greater extent than CF or bacteria alone. Levels of occludin mRNA were increased for all treatments compared to untreated co-cultures, and L. plantarum 299v in combination with CF had increased mRNA levels of MUC4, MUC2 and MUC5AC mucins and MUC4 protein abundance. These results indicate that three out of the four probiotic bacteria tested, in combination with CF, were able to elicit a greater increase in barrier integrity of a co-culture model of the small intestinal epithelium compared to that for either component alone. This study provides additional insight into the individual or combined roles of microbe–diet interactions in the small intestine and their beneficial contribution to the intestinal barrier.
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15
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Zhang Z, Lv J, Pan L, Zhang Y. Roles and applications of probiotic Lactobacillus strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8135-8143. [PMID: 30032432 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacilli are recognized as probiotics on account of their health-promoting effects in the host. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of the adaption factors and main functions of lactobacilli that exert health-promoting effects in the host and to discuss important applications in animal and human health. The adaption mechanisms of lactobacilli facilitate interactions with the host and directly contribute to the beneficial nutritional, physiological, microbiological, and immunological effects in the host. Besides, the application of probiotic lactobacilli will increase our understanding of practical uses based on the roles of these organisms in immunoregulation, antipathogenic activities, and enhancement of the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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16
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Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP. Efficacy and safety concerns over the use of mucus modulating agents for drug delivery using nanoscale systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:184-192. [PMID: 29247764 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the mucus covered mucosae is fraught with difficulties and many different approaches have been developed to permeate the mucus barrier. Generally by modifying the delivery system to avoid interaction with the mucus. These modifications are reviewed here in terms of efficacy and safety. These are particular problems for oral delivery the pharmaceutical industry's favoured route for drug administration. For effective delivery through the gastrointestinal tract a drug must pass through three barriers in sufficient amounts to yield a biological effect. These barriers are the digestive barrier in the lumen, the mucus barrier, and the epithelial barrier. Other approaches involve mucolytic agents added with or prior to the delivery system or agents regulating mucus production and are reviewed here. In terms of safety, a key property of a mucus modulating delivery system is that it must not damage the protective function of the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Chater
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew D Wilcox
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Pearson
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK..
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17
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Huynh TG, Shiu YL, Nguyen TP, Truong QP, Chen JC, Liu CH. Current applications, selection, and possible mechanisms of actions of synbiotics in improving the growth and health status in aquaculture: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:367-382. [PMID: 28336489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotics, a conjunction between prebiotics and probiotics, have been used in aquaculture for over 10 years. However, the mechanisms of how synbiotics work as growth and immunity promoters are far from being unraveled. Here, we show that a prebiotic as part of a synbiotic is hydrolyzed to mono- or disaccharides as the sole carbon source with diverse mechanisms, thereby increasing biomass and colonization that is established by specific crosstalk between probiotic bacteria and the surface of intestinal epithelial cells of the host. Synbiotics may indirectly and directly promote the growth of aquatic animals through releasing extracellular bacterial enzymes and bioactive products from synbiotic metabolic processes. These compounds may activate precursors of digestive enzymes of the host and augment the nutritional absorptive ability that contributes to the efficacy of food utilization. In fish immune systems, synbiotics cause intestinal epithelial cells to secrete cytokines which modulate immune functional cells as of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and induce the ability of lipopolysaccharides to trigger tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor 2 gene transcription leading to increased respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production. In shellfish, synbiotics stimulate the proliferation and degranulation of hemocytes of shrimp due to the presence of bacterial cell walls. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are subsequently recognized and bound by specific pattern-recognition proteins, triggering melanization and phagocytosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Ya-Li Shiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Quoc-Phu Truong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Navarro JB, Mashburn-Warren L, Bakaletz LO, Bailey MT, Goodman SD. Enhanced Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus reuteri When Delivered as a Biofilm on Dextranomer Microspheres That Contain Beneficial Cargo. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:489. [PMID: 28396655 PMCID: PMC5366311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As with all orally consumed probiotics, the Gram-positive bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri encounters numerous challenges as it transits through the gastrointestinal tract of the host, including low pH, effectors of the host immune system, as well as competition with commensal and pathogenic bacteria, all of which can greatly reduce the availability of live bacteria for therapeutic purposes. Recently we showed that L. reuteri, when adhered in the form of a biofilm to a semi-permeable biocompatible dextranomer microsphere, reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis by 50% in a well-defined animal model following delivery of a single prophylactic dose. Herein, using the same semi-permeable microspheres, we showed that providing compounds beneficial to L. reuteri as diffusible cargo within the microsphere lumen resulted in further advantageous effects including glucosyltransferase-dependent bacterial adherence to the microsphere surface, resistance of bound bacteria against acidic conditions, enhanced adherence of L. reuteri to human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, and facilitated production of the antimicrobial compound reuterin and the anti-inflammatory molecule histamine. These data support continued development of this novel probiotic formulation as an adaptable and effective means for targeted delivery of cargo beneficial to the probiotic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Navarro
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Mashburn-Warren
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OH, USA; Wexner Medical Center, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA
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Changes in Composition and Function of Human Intestinal Microbiota Exposed to Chlorpyrifos in Oil as Assessed by the SHIME ® Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111088. [PMID: 27827942 PMCID: PMC5129298 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in food is a public health problem. Exposure to these substances in daily life could have serious effects on the intestine—the first organ to come into contact with food contaminants. The present study investigated the impact of a low dose (1 mg/day in oil) of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the community structure, diversity and metabolic response of the human gut microbiota using the SHIME® model (six reactors, representing the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract). The last three reactors (representing the colon) were inoculated with a mixture of feces from human adults. Three time points were studied: immediately before the first dose of CPF, and then after 15 and 30 days of CPF-oil administration. By using conventional bacterial culture and molecular biology methods, we showed that CPF in oil can affect the gut microbiota. It had the greatest effects on counts of culturable bacteria (with an increase in Enterobacteria, Bacteroides spp. and clostridia counts, and a decrease in bifidobacterial counts) and fermentative activity, which were colon-segment-dependent. Our results suggest that: (i) CPF in oil treatment affects the gut microbiota (although there was some discordance between the culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses); (ii) the changes are “SHIME®-compartment” specific; and (iii) the changes are associated with minor alterations in the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactate.
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20
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Arabinoxylans, inulin and Lactobacillus reuteri 1063 repress the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli from mucus in a mucosa-comprising gut model. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2016; 2:16016. [PMID: 28721250 PMCID: PMC5515265 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota that colonises the intestinal mucus may particularly affect human health given its proximity to the epithelium. For instance, the presence of the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in this mucosal microbiota has been correlated with Crohn's disease. Using short-term screening assays and a novel long-term dynamic gut model, which comprises a simulated mucosal environment (M-SHIME), we investigated how (potential) pro- and prebiotics may repress colonisation of AIEC from mucus. Despite that during the short-term screening assays, some of the investigated Lactobacillus strains adhered strongly to mucins, none of them competed with AIEC for mucin-adhesion. In contrast, AIEC survival and growth during co-culture batch incubations was decreased by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. reuteri 1063, which correlated with (undissociated) lactic acid and reuterin levels. Regarding the prebiotics, long-chain arabinoxylans (LC-AX) lowered the initial mucin-adhesion of AIEC, while both inulin (IN) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) limited AIEC survival and growth during batch incubations. L. reuteri 1063, LC-AX and IN were thus retained for a long-term study with the M-SHIME. All treatments repressed AIEC from mucus without affecting AIEC numbers in the luminal content. As a possible explanation, L. reuteri 1063 treatment increased lactobacilli levels in mucus, while LC-AX and IN additionally increased mucosal bifidobacteria levels, thus leading to antimicrobial effects against AIEC in mucus. Overall, this study shows that pro- and prebiotics can beneficially modulate the in vitro mucosal microbiota, thus limiting occurrence of opportunistic pathogens among those mucosal microbes which may directly interact with the host given their proximity to the epithelium.
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Tsilia V, Uyttendaele M, Kerckhof FM, Rajkovic A, Heyndrickx M, Van de Wiele T. Bacillus cereusAdhesion to Simulated Intestinal Mucus Is Determined by Its Growth on Mucin, Rather Than Intestinal Environmental Parameters. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:904-13. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Tsilia
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Williams C, Walton G, Jiang L, Plummer S, Garaiova I, Gibson G. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Tract Models. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 6:329-50. [PMID: 25705934 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.F. Williams
- Cultech, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, West Glamorgan SA12 7BZ, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - G.E. Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
| | - L. Jiang
- Cultech, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, West Glamorgan SA12 7BZ, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - S. Plummer
- Cultech, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, West Glamorgan SA12 7BZ, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - I. Garaiova
- Cultech, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, West Glamorgan SA12 7BZ, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - G.R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
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23
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Improved in vitro assay for determining the mucin adherence of bacteria sensitive to Triton X-100 treatment. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:435-42. [PMID: 25702162 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-associated microbiota are in relatively close contact with the intestinal epithelium and may thus have a more pronounced effect on host health. We have previously developed a simple mucin agar assay to simulate initial mucus colonization by intestinal microbial communities. Adherence of microbiota was estimated using flow cytometry after detachment with Triton X-100. In this study, the effect of this detergent on the cultivability of both virulent and commensal strains was investigated. Mucin attachment of selected strains was evaluated using the mucin adhesion assay. Bacteria were dislodged from the mucin surface by incubation with Triton or from the whole mucin agar layer using a stomacher. Mechanical extraction resulted in 1.24 ± 0.42, 2.69 ± 0.44, and 1.56 ± 0.85 log CFU/mL higher plate counts of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli strains, respectively, than the chemical method. The sensitivity of bacteria to Triton varied among microbial species and strains. Among others, Triton inhibited the growth of Salmonella enterica LMG 10396 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa LMG 8029 on laboratory media, although these bacteria maintained their viability during this treatment. Only Gram-positive strains, Enterococcus hirae LMG 6399 and L. rhamnosus GG, were not affected by this detergent. Therefore, the mechanical method is recommended for the extraction of mucin-adhered bacteria that are sensitive to Triton, especially when followed by traditional cultivation techniques. However, this approach can also be recommended for strains that are not affected by this detergent, because it resulted in higher recovery of adhered L. rhamnosus GG compared to the chemical extraction.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triggered by the growing knowledge on the link between the intestinal microbiome and human health, the interest in probiotics is ever increasing. The authors aimed to review the recent literature on probiotics, from definitions to clinical benefits, with emphasis on children. SOURCES Relevant literature from searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and recent consensus statements were reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS While a balanced microbiome is related to health, an imbalanced microbiome or dysbiosis is related to many health problems both within the gastro-intestinal tract, such as diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease, and outside the gastro-intestinal tract such as obesity and allergy. In this context, a strict regulation of probiotics with health claims is urgent, because the vast majority of these products are commercialized as food (supplements), claiming health benefits that are often not substantiated with clinically relevant evidence. The major indications of probiotics are in the area of the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal related disorders, but more data has become available on extra-intestinal indications. At least two published randomized controlled trials with the commercialized probiotic product in the claimed indication are a minimal condition before a claim can be sustained. Today, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are the best-studied strains. Although adverse effects have sporadically been reported, these probiotics can be considered as safe. CONCLUSIONS Although regulation is improving, more stringent definitions are still required. Evidence of clinical benefit is accumulating, although still missing in many areas. Misuse and use of products that have not been validated constitute potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology & BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées Alimentaires, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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McDonald JA, Fuentes S, Schroeter K, Heikamp-deJong I, Khursigara CM, de Vos WM, Allen-Vercoe E. Simulating distal gut mucosal and luminal communities using packed-column biofilm reactors and an in vitro chemostat model. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 108:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Development of an oral mucosa model to study host-microbiome interactions during wound healing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6831-46. [PMID: 24917376 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between the human host and its microbiota is reported to influence various diseases such as mucositis. Fundamental research in this area is however complicated by the time frame restrictions during which host-microbe interactions can be studied in vitro. The model proposed in this paper, consisting of an oral epithelium and biofilm, can be used to study microbe-host crosstalk in vitro in non-infectious conditions up to 72 h. Microbiota derived from oral swabs were cultured on an agar/mucin layer and challenged with monolayers of keratinocytes grown on plastic or collagen type I layers embedded with fibroblasts. The overall microbial biofilm composition in terms of diversity remained representative for the oral microbiome, whilst the epithelial cell morphology and viability were unaffected. Applying the model to investigate wound healing revealed a reduced healing of 30 % in the presence of microbiota, which was not caused by a reduction of the proliferation index (52.1-61.5) or a significantly increased number of apoptotic (1-1.13) or necrotic (32-30.5 %) cells. Since the model allows the separate study of the microbial and cellular exometabolome, the biofilm and epithelial characteristics after co-culturing, it is applicable for investigations within fundamental research and for the discovery and development of agents that promote wound healing.
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Marzorati M, Vanhoecke B, De Ryck T, Sadaghian Sadabad M, Pinheiro I, Possemiers S, Van den Abbeele P, Derycke L, Bracke M, Pieters J, Hennebel T, Harmsen HJ, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T. The HMI™ module: a new tool to study the Host-Microbiota Interaction in the human gastrointestinal tract in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:133. [PMID: 24884540 PMCID: PMC4039060 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent scientific developments have shed more light on the importance of the host-microbe interaction, particularly in the gut. However, the mechanistic study of the host-microbe interplay is complicated by the intrinsic limitations in reaching the different areas of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in vivo. In this paper, we present the technical validation of a new device - the Host-Microbiota Interaction (HMI) module - and the evidence that it can be used in combination with a gut dynamic simulator to evaluate the effect of a specific treatment at the level of the luminal microbial community and of the host surface colonization and signaling. Results The HMI module recreates conditions that are physiologically relevant for the GIT: i) a mucosal area to which bacteria can adhere under relevant shear stress (3 dynes cm−2); ii) the bilateral transport of low molecular weight metabolites (4 to 150 kDa) with permeation coefficients ranging from 2.4 × 10−6 to 7.1 × 10−9 cm sec−1; and iii) microaerophilic conditions at the bottom of the growing biofilm (PmO2 = 2.5 × 10−4 cm sec−1). In a long-term study, the host’s cells in the HMI module were still viable after a 48-hour exposure to a complex microbial community. The dominant mucus-associated microbiota differed from the luminal one and its composition was influenced by the treatment with a dried product derived from yeast fermentation. The latter - with known anti-inflammatory properties - induced a decrease of pro-inflammatory IL-8 production between 24 and 48 h. Conclusions The study of the in vivo functionality of adhering bacterial communities in the human GIT and of the localized effect on the host is frequently hindered by the complexity of reaching particular areas of the GIT. The HMI module offers the possibility of co-culturing a gut representative microbial community with enterocyte-like cells up to 48 h and may therefore contribute to the mechanistic understanding of host-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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De Weirdt R, Coenen E, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Van den Abbeele P, Van de Wiele T. A simulated mucus layer protects Lactobacillus reuteri from the inhibitory effects of linoleic acid. Benef Microbes 2013; 4:299-312. [PMID: 24311313 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri is a commensal, beneficial gut microbe that colonises the intestinal mucus layer, where it makes close contact with the human host and may significantly affect human health. Here, we investigated the capacity of linoleic acid (LA), the most common polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in a Western-style diet, to affect L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 prevalence and survival in a simulated mucus layer. Short-term (1 h) survival and mucin-agar adhesion assays of a log-phase L. reuteri suspension in intestinal water demonstrated that the simulated mucus layer protected L. reuteri against the inhibitory effects of LA by lowering its contact with the bacterial cell membrane. The protective effect of the simulated mucus layer was further evaluated using a more complex and dynamic model of the colon microbiota (SHIME®), in which L. reuteri survival was monitored during 6 days of daily exposure to LA in the absence (L-SHIME) and presence (M-SHIME) of a simulated mucus layer. After 6 days, luminal L- and M-SHIME L. reuteri plate counts had decreased by 3.1±0.5 and 2.6±0.9 log cfu/ml, respectively. Upon supplementation of 1.0 g/l LA, the decline in the luminal L. reuteri population started earlier than was observed for the control. In contrast, mucin-agar levels of L. reuteri (in the M-SHIME) remained unaffected throughout the experiment even in the presence of high concentrations of LA. Overall, the results of this study indicate the importance of the mucus layer as a protective environment for beneficial gut microbes to escape from stress by high loads of the antimicrobial PUFA LA to the colon, i.e. due to a Western-style diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Weirdt
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Coenen
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Product Quality (LANUPRO), Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - V Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Product Quality (LANUPRO), Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - P Van den Abbeele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Possemiers S, Pinheiro I, Verhelst A, Van den Abbeele P, Maignien L, Laukens D, Reeves SG, Robinson LE, Raas T, Schneider YJ, Van de Wiele T, Marzorati M. A dried yeast fermentate selectively modulates both the luminal and mucosal gut microbiota and protects against inflammation, as studied in an integrated in vitro approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9380-9392. [PMID: 24006902 DOI: 10.1021/jf402137r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
EpiCor, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been shown to have immunomodulating properties in human clinical trials and in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms behind its immune protection via the gut remain largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use an integrated in vitro approach to evaluate the metabolism of EpiCor by the intestinal microflora, its modulating effect on the gut microbiota, and its anti-inflammatory activity on human-derived cell lines. Using the SHIME model, in combination with a mucus adhesion assay, has shown that low doses of EpiCor have a prebiotic-like modulatory effect on the luminal- and mucosa-associated microbiota. These include gradual changes in general community structure, reduction of potential pathogens, quantitative increase in lactobacilli, and qualitative modulation of bifidobacteria. Moreover, by combination of the SHIME with Caco-2 cells and Caco-2/THP1 cocultures, a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed at the end of the treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Possemiers
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Struijs K, Van de Wiele T, Le TT, Debyser G, Dewettinck K, Devreese B, Van Camp J. Milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins prevent adhesion of the colonic microbiota and result in increased bacterial butyrate production. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Melgar-Lalanne G, Rivera-Espinoza Y, Reyes Méndez AI, Hernández-Sánchez H. In Vitro Evaluation of the Probiotic Potential of Halotolerant Lactobacilli Isolated from a Ripened Tropical Mexican Cheese. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2013; 5:239-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-013-9144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vigsnaes LK, van den Abbeele P, Sulek K, Frandsen HL, Steenholdt C, Brynskov J, Vermeiren J, van de Wiele T, Licht TR. Microbiotas from UC patients display altered metabolism and reduced ability of LAB to colonize mucus. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1110. [PMID: 23346367 PMCID: PMC3552269 DOI: 10.1038/srep01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared fecal microbial communities derived either from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients in remission (n = 4) or in relapse (n = 4), or from healthy subjects (n = 4). These communities were used for inoculation of a dynamic in vitro gut model, which contained integrated mucin-covered microcosms. We found that the microbiota of the ‘mucus’ largely differed from that of the ‘lumen’. This was partly due to decreased mucus-associated populations of lactic acid producing bacterial populations (LAB), as LAB originating from UC patients had a significantly decreased capacity to colonize the mucin-covered microcosms as compared to those originating from healthy subjects. We found significant differences between the metabolomes of UC patients in relapse and remission, respectively, while the metabolome of patients in remission resembled that of healthy subjects. These novel findings constitute an important contribution to the understanding of the complex etiology of UC.
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Horemans T, Kerstens M, Clais S, Struijs K, van den Abbeele P, Van Assche T, Maes L, Cos P. Evaluation of the anti-adhesive effect of milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins on Helicobacter pylori in the human NCI-N87 cell line and C57BL/6 mouse model. Helicobacter 2012; 17:312-8. [PMID: 22759332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interest in non-antibiotic therapies for Helicobacter pylori infections in man has considerably grown because increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant strains are being reported. Intervention at the stage of bacterial attachment to the gastric mucosa could be an approach to improve the control/eradication rate of this infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractions of purified milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic and direct antibacterial effect. The anti-adhesive effect on H. pylori was determined first in a cell model using the mucus-producing gastric epithelial cell line NCI-N87 and next in the C57BL/6 mouse model after dosing at 400 mg/kg protein once or twice daily from day -2 to day 4 post-infection. Bacterial loads were determined by using quantitative real-time PCR and the standard plate count method. RESULTS The milk fat globule membrane fractions did not show in vitro cytotoxicity, and a marginal antibacterial effect was demonstrated for defatted milk fat globule membrane at 256 μg/mL. In the anti-adhesion assay, the results varied from 56.0 ± 5.3% inhibition for 0.3% crude milk fat globule membrane to 79.3 ± 3.5% for defatted milk fat globule membrane. Quite surprisingly, in vivo administration of the same milk fat globule membrane fractions did not confirm the anti-adhesive effects and even caused an increase in bacterial load in the stomach. CONCLUSIONS The promising anti-adhesion in vitro results could not be confirmed in the mouse model, even after the highest attainable exposure. It is concluded that raw or defatted milk fat globule membrane fractions do not have any prophylactic or therapeutic potential against Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Horemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene-LMPH, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Martín R, Sánchez B, Suárez JE, Urdaci MC. Characterization of the adherence properties of human Lactobacilli strains to be used as vaginal probiotics. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 328:166-73. [PMID: 22224921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the adhesion of 43 human lactobacilli isolates to mucin has been studied. The most adherent strains were selected, and their capacities to adhere to three epithelial cell lines were studied. All intestinal strains and one vaginal isolate adhered to HT-29 cells. The latter was the most adherent to Caco-2 cells, although two of the intestinal isolates were also highly adherent. Moreover, five of the eight strains strongly adhered to HeLa cells. The binding of an Actinomyces neuii clinical isolate to HeLa cells was enhanced by two of the lactobacilli and by their secreted proteins, while those of another two strains almost abolished it. None of the strains were able to interfere with the adhesion of Candida albicans to HeLa cells. The components of the extracellular proteome of all strains were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. Among them, a collagen-binding A precursor and aggregation-promoting factor-like proteins are suggested to participate on adhesion to Caco-2 and HeLa cells, respectively. In this way, several proteins with LysM domains might explain the ability of some bacterial supernatants to block A. neuii adhesion to HeLa cell cultures. Finally, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) could explain the good adhesion of some strains to mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Institute of Biotechnology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Lactobacillus Strain with High Adhesion Stimulates Intestinal Mucin Expression in Broiler. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Barnett AM, Roy NC, McNabb WC, Cookson AL. The interactions between endogenous bacteria, dietary components and the mucus layer of the large bowel. Food Funct 2012; 3:690-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vermeiren J, Van den Abbeele P, Laukens D, Vigsnaes LK, De Vos M, Boon N, Van de Wiele T. Decreased colonization of fecal Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale species from ulcerative colitis patients in an in vitro dynamic gut model with mucin environment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:685-96. [PMID: 22092917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer in the colon, acting as a barrier to prevent invasion of pathogens, is thinner and discontinuous in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). A recent developed in vitro dynamic gut model, the M-SHIME, was used to compare long-term colonization of the mucin layer by the microbiota from six healthy volunteers (HV) and six UC patients and thus distinguish the mucin adhered from the luminal microbiota. Although under the same nutritional conditions, short-chain fatty acid production by the luminal communities from UC patients showed a tendency toward a lower butyrate production. A more in-depth community analysis of those microbial groups known to produce butyrate revealed that the diversity of the Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale and Clostridium leptum group, and counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were lower in the luminal fractions of the UC samples. Counts of Roseburia spp. were lower in the mucosal fractions of the UC samples. qPCR analysis for butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, responsible for butyrate production, displayed a lower abundance in both the luminal and mucosal fractions of the UC samples. The M-SHIME model revealed depletion in butyrate producing microbial communities not restricted to the luminal but also in the mucosal samples from UC patients compared to HV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Van den Abbeele P, Roos S, Eeckhaut V, MacKenzie DA, Derde M, Verstraete W, Marzorati M, Possemiers S, Vanhoecke B, Van Immerseel F, Van de Wiele T. Incorporating a mucosal environment in a dynamic gut model results in a more representative colonization by lactobacilli. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 5:106-15. [PMID: 21989255 PMCID: PMC3815277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid detrimental interactions with intestinal microbes, the human epithelium is covered with a protective mucus layer that traps host defence molecules. Microbial properties such as adhesion to mucus further result in a unique mucosal microbiota with a great potential to interact with the host. As mucosal microbes are difficult to study in vivo, we incorporated mucin-covered microcosms in a dynamic in vitro gut model, the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). We assessed the importance of the mucosal environment in this M-SHIME (mucosal-SHIME) for the colonization of lactobacilli, a group for which the mucus binding domain was recently discovered. Whereas the two dominant resident Lactobacilli, Lactobacillus mucosae and Pediococcus acidilactici, were both present in the lumen, L. mucosae was strongly enriched in mucus. As a possible explanation, the gene encoding a mucus binding (mub) protein was detected by PCR in L. mucosae. Also the strongly adherent Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) specifically colonized mucus upon inoculation. Short-term assays confirmed the strong mucin-binding of both L. mucosae and LGG compared with P.acidilactici. The mucosal environment also increased long-term colonization of L. mucosae and enhanced its stability upon antibiotic treatment (tetracycline, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin). Incorporating a mucosal environment thus allowed colonization of specific microbes such as L. mucosae and LGG, in correspondence with the in vivo situation. This may lead to more in vivo-like microbial communities in such dynamic, long-term in vitro simulations and allow the study of the unique mucosal microbiota in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van den Abbeele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Van den Abbeele P, Gérard P, Rabot S, Bruneau A, El Aidy S, Derrien M, Kleerebezem M, Zoetendal EG, Smidt H, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T, Possemiers S. Arabinoxylans and inulin differentially modulate the mucosal and luminal gut microbiota and mucin-degradation in humanized rats. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:2667-80. [PMID: 21883787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous gut microbiota affects the host in many ways. Prebiotics should favour beneficial intestinal microbes and thus improve host health. In this study, we investigated how a novel class of potential prebiotic long-chain arabinoxylans (LC-AX) and the well-established prebiotic inulin (IN) modulate the gut microbiota of humanized rats. Six weeks after axenic rats were inoculated with a human faecal microbiota, their colonic microbiota was similar to this inoculum (∼ 70%), whereas their caecal microbiota was enriched with Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes concomitant with lower abundance of Bacteroidetes. Moreover, different Bifidobacterium species colonized the lumen (B. adolescentis) and mucus (B. longum and B. bifidum). Both LC-AX and IN increased SCFA levels and induced a shift from acetate towards health-promoting propionate and butyrate respectively. By applying a high-resolution phylogenetic micro-array (HITChip) at the site of fermentation (caecum), IN and LC-AX were shown to stimulate bacterial groups with known butyrate-producers (Roseburia intestinalis, Eubacterium rectale, Anaerostipes caccae) and bifidobacteria (B. longum) respectively. Prebiotic administration also resulted in lower caecal abundances of the mucin-degrading Akkermansia muciniphila and potentially more mucin production by the host. Both factors might explain the increased caecal mucin levels for LC-AX (threefold) and IN (sixfold). These mucins were degraded along the colon, resulting in high faecal abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila for LC-AX and especially IN-treated rats. Finally, the microbial changes caused an adaptation period for the host with less weight gain, after which the host fine-tuned the interaction with this altered microbiota. Our results demonstrate that next to IN, LC-AX are promising prebiotic compounds by stimulating production of health-promoting metabolites by specific microbes in the proximal regions. Further, prebiotic supplementation shifted mucin degradation to distal regions, where mucin-degraders may produce beneficial metabolites (e.g. propionate by Akkermansia muciniphila), so that prebiotics may potentially improve gut health along the entire length of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van den Abbeele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Adherence and viability of intestinal bacteria to differentiated Caco-2 cells quantified by flow cytometry. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Macfarlane S, Bahrami B, Macfarlane GT. Mucosal biofilm communities in the human intestinal tract. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 75:111-43. [PMID: 21807247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387046-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex and highly variable site-dependent bacterial ecosystems exist throughout the length of the human gastrointestinal tract. Until relatively recently, the majority of our information on intestinal microbiotas has come from studies on feces, or from aspirates taken from the upper gut. However, there is evidence showing that mucosal bacteria growing in biofilms on surfaces lining the gut differ from luminal populations, and that due to their proximity to the epithelial surface, these organisms may be important in modulating the host's immune system and contributing to some chronic inflammatory diseases. Over the past decade, increasing interest in mucosal bacteria, coupled with advances in molecular approaches for assessing microbial diversity, has begun to provide some insight into the complexity of these mucosa-associated communities. In gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), it has been shown that a dysbiosis exists in microbial community structure, and that there is a reduction in putatively protective mucosal organisms such as bifidobacteria. Therefore, manipulation of mucosal communities may be beneficial in restoring normal functionality in the gut, thereby improving the immune status and general health of the host. Biofilm structure and function has been studied intensively in the oral cavity, and as a consequence, mucosal communities in the mouth will not be covered in this chapter. This review addresses our current knowledge of mucosal populations in the gastrointestinal tract, changes that can occur in community structure in disease, and therapeutic modulation of biofilm composition by antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Macfarlane
- Microbiology and Gut Biology Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Dague E, Le DTL, Zanna S, Marcus P, Loubière P, Mercier-Bonin M. Probing in vitro interactions between Lactococcus lactis and mucins using AFM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11010-11017. [PMID: 20540551 DOI: 10.1021/la101862n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work was devoted to the first AFM investigation of the adhesion force to pig gastric mucin (PGM) using Lactococcus lactis as the model for lactic acid bacteria. The PGM coating on polystyrene was characterized using a complementary set of multiscale analytical methods, including AFM (HarmoniX mode), XPS, and the sessile drop method. The PGM layer, which was mainly composed of C-O, C-N, COOH, CONH, and sulfur-related species (protein core and oligosaccharide side chains), was quite homogeneous and hydrophilic, with an estimated thickness of 3.4 nm. L. lactis cells were immobilized on the AFM tip (lacto probe) and used as a force probe to measure the interaction forces between bacteria and PGM-coated polystyrene on the nanoscale. After mucin adsorption, adhesion force levels were lower because of the interplay of electrostatic, hydrophilic, and steric repulsions. For example, the adhesion forces of the lacto probe to bare and PGM-coated polymer were 0.74 +/- 0.10 and 0.12 +/- 0.06 nN, respectively. The shape analysis of retraction force-distance curves highlighted the contribution of both nonspecific and specific forces (ligand/receptor bonding). The lacto probe concept and the associated AFM measurements may now provide a powerful framework for understanding interaction mechanisms between mucins and lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
Dietary polyphenols are components of many foods such as tea, fruit, and vegetables and are associated with several beneficial health effects although, so far, largely based on epidemiological studies. The intact forms of complex dietary polyphenols have limited bioavailability, with low circulating levels in plasma. A major part of the polyphenols persists in the colon, where the resident microbiota produce metabolites that can undergo further metabolism upon entering systemic circulation. Unraveling the complex metabolic fate of polyphenols in this human superorganism requires joint deployment of in vitro and humanized mouse models and human intervention trials. Within these systems, the variation in diversity and functionality of the colonic microbiota can increasingly be captured by rapidly developing microbiomics and metabolomics technologies. Furthermore, metabolomics is coming to grips with the large biological variation superimposed on relatively subtle effects of dietary interventions. In particular when metabolomics is deployed in conjunction with a longitudinal study design, quantitative nutrikinetic signatures can be obtained. These signatures can be used to define nutritional phenotypes with different kinetic characteristics for the bioconversion capacity for polyphenols. Bottom-up as well as top-down approaches need to be pursued to link gut microbial diversity to functionality in nutritional phenotypes and, ultimately, to bioactivity of polyphenols. This approach will pave the way for personalization of nutrition based on gut microbial functionality of individuals or populations.
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Microbial community development in a dynamic gut model is reproducible, colon region specific, and selective for Bacteroidetes and Clostridium cluster IX. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5237-46. [PMID: 20562281 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00759-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, multicompartment in vitro gastrointestinal simulators are often used to monitor gut microbial dynamics and activity. These reactors need to harbor a microbial community that is stable upon inoculation, colon region specific, and relevant to in vivo conditions. Together with the reproducibility of the colonization process, these criteria are often overlooked when the modulatory properties from different treatments are compared. We therefore investigated the microbial colonization process in two identical simulators of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME), simultaneously inoculated with the same human fecal microbiota with a high-resolution phylogenetic microarray: the human intestinal tract chip (HITChip). Following inoculation of the in vitro colon compartments, microbial community composition reached steady state after 2 weeks, whereas 3 weeks were required to reach functional stability. This dynamic colonization process was reproducible in both SHIME units and resulted in highly diverse microbial communities which were colon region specific, with the proximal regions harboring saccharolytic microbes (e.g., Bacteroides spp. and Eubacterium spp.) and the distal regions harboring mucin-degrading microbes (e.g., Akkermansia spp.). Importantly, the shift from an in vivo to an in vitro environment resulted in an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, whereas Clostridium cluster IX (propionate producers) was enriched compared to clusters IV and XIVa (butyrate producers). This was supported by proportionally higher in vitro propionate concentrations. In conclusion, high-resolution analysis of in vitro-cultured gut microbiota offers new insight on the microbial colonization process and indicates the importance of digestive parameters that may be crucial in the development of new in vitro models.
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