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Zou S, Ma Y, Ding W, Jiang Y, Chen X, Chen J, Gao H, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Efficient production of R-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid by Beauveria bassiana using biofilm-based two-stage fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130588. [PMID: 38490460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a novel biofilm-based fermentation of Beauveria bassiana was employed to convert R-2- phenoxypropionic acid (R-PPA) to R-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid (R-HPPA). The biofilm culture model of Beauveria bassiana produced a significantly higher R-HPPA titer than the traditional submerged fermentation method. Mannitol dosage, tryptone dosage, and initial pH were the factors that played a significant role in biofilm formation and R-HPPA synthesis. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum R-HPPA titer and productivity approached 22.2 g/L and 3.2 g/(L·d), respectively. A two-stage bioreactor combining agitation and static incubation was developed to further increase R-HPPA production. The process was optimized to achieve 100 % conversion of R-PPA, with a maximum R-HPPA titer of 50 g/L and productivity of 3.8 g/(L·d). This newly developed biofilm-based two-stage fermentation process provides a promising strategy for the industrial production of R-HPPA and related hydroxylated aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yizhi Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yongkang Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hailing Gao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yaping Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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2
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Ma X, Li S, Tong X, Liu K. An overview on the current status and future prospects in Aspergillus cellulase production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117866. [PMID: 38061590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase is a new research point besides glucoamylase, amylase, and protease in the enzyme industry. Cellulase can decompose lignocellulosic biomass into small-molecule sugars, which facilitates microbial utilization; thus, it has a vast market potential in the field of feed, food, energy, and chemistry. The Aspergillus was the first strain used in cellulase preparation because of its safety and non-toxicity, strong growth ability, and high enzyme yield. This review provides the latest research and advances on preparing cellulase from Aspergillus. The metabolic mechanisms of cellulase secretion by Aspergillus, the selection of fermentation substrates, the comparison of the fermentation modes, and the effect of fermentation conditions have been discussed in this review. Also, the subsequent separation and purification techniques of Aspergillus cellulase, including salting out, organic solvent precipitation, ultrafiltration, and chromatography, have been declared. Further, bottlenecks in Aspergillus cellulase preparation and corresponding feasible approaches, such as genetic engineering, mixed culture, and cellulase immobilization, have also been proposed in this review. This paper provides theoretical support for the efficient production and application of Aspergillus cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengpin Li
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxia Tong
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China.
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Caamal-Herrera I, Erreguin-Isaguirre MB, León-Buitimea A, Morones-Ramírez JR. Synthesis and Design of a Synthetic-Living Material Composed of Chitosan, Calendula officinalis Hydroalcoholic Extract, and Yeast with Applications as a Biocatalyst. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12716-12729. [PMID: 37065078 PMCID: PMC10099135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Design and development of materials that couple synthetic and living components allow taking advantage of the complexity of biological systems within a controlled environment. However, their design and fabrication represent a challenge for material scientists since it is necessary to synthesize synthetic materials with highly specialized biocompatible and physicochemical properties. The design of synthetic-living materials (vita materials) requires materials capable of hosting cell ingrowth and maintaining cell viability for extended periods. Vita materials offer various advantages, from simplifying product purification steps to controlling cell metabolic activity and improving the resistance of biological systems to external stress factors, translating into reducing bioprocess costs and diversifying their industrial applications. Here, chitosan sponges, functionalized with Calendula officinalis hydroalcoholic extract, were synthesized using the freeze-drying method; they showed small pore sizes (7.58 μm), high porosity (97.95%), high water absorption (1695%), and thermal stability, which allows the material to withstand sterilization conditions. The sponges allowed integration of 58.34% of viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and the cell viability was conserved 12 h post-process (57.14%) under storage conditions [refrigerating temperature (4 °C) and without a nutrient supply]. In addition, the synthesized vita materials conserved their biocatalytic activity after 7 days of the integration process, which was evaluated through glucose consumption and ethanol production. The results in this paper describe the synthesis of complex vita materials and demonstrate that biochemically modified chitosan sponges can be used as a platform material to host living and metabolically active yeast with diverse applications as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel
O. Caamal-Herrera
- School
of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo
Leon (UANL), San Nicolas de los
Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
- Applied
Microbiology Department, NanoBiotechnology Research Group, Research
Center on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, PIIT, Km 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Mariano
Escobedo, Apodaca, Nuevo
Leon 66629, Mexico
| | - Mariana B. Erreguin-Isaguirre
- School
of Chemical Engineering Pharmaceutics, Technological
University of San Juan del Rio, Av. La Palma No. 125, Col. Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Rio, Queretaro 76800, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- School
of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo
Leon (UANL), San Nicolas de los
Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
- Applied
Microbiology Department, NanoBiotechnology Research Group, Research
Center on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, PIIT, Km 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Mariano
Escobedo, Apodaca, Nuevo
Leon 66629, Mexico
| | - José R. Morones-Ramírez
- School
of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo
Leon (UANL), San Nicolas de los
Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
- Applied
Microbiology Department, NanoBiotechnology Research Group, Research
Center on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, PIIT, Km 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Mariano
Escobedo, Apodaca, Nuevo
Leon 66629, Mexico
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Rengifo LR, Rosas P, Méndez N, Ludeña Y, Sirvas S, Samolski I, Villena GK. Comparison of Pigment Production by Filamentous Fungal Strains under Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation (SAF). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010048. [PMID: 36675869 PMCID: PMC9861739 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic colorants are widely used in many industries due to their high stability at different conditions in industrial processes, evidence of its negative impact on health and the environment is undeniable. Filamentous fungi are well known for their use as alternative sources to produce natural pigments. However, an adequate comparison of the productivity parameters between the fermentation systems could be limited to their heterogeneous conditions. Even though Solid-State Fermentations (SSF) on natural substrates are widely used for pigments production, complex media, and non-controlled variables (T, pH, medium composition), these systems could not only hamper the finding of accurate productivity parameters, but also mathematical modeling and genomics-based optimization. In this context, the present study screened five pigment-producing fungi by comparing Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation [biofilm (BF) and Solid-State (SSF)] with defined media and controlled variables. For this purpose, we used the same defined media with sucrose as the carbon source for pigment production on SmF, BF, and SSF, and BF and SSF were carried out on inert supports. Five molecularly identified Penicillium and Talaromyces strains isolated from the Peruvian rainforest were selected for their ability to produce yellowish-orange colorants. Highest productivities were obtained from T. brunneus LMB-HP43 in SmF (0.18 AU/L/h) and SSF (0.17 AU/L/h), and P. mallochii LMB-HP37 in SSF (0.18 AU/L/h). Both strains also exhibited the highest yields (AU/g biomass) in the three fermentation systems, reaching values greater than 18-folds in SSF compared to the other strains. Conversely, T. wortmannii LMB-HP14 and P. maximae LMB-HP33 showed no ability to produce pigments in the SSF system. The performed experiments accurately compared the effect of the fermentation system on yield and productivity. From this, further genomics approaches can be considered for an extensive analysis of pigment synthesis pathways and a genomics-driven optimization in the best fermentation system.
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A Combined Study on Optimization, In Silico Modeling, and Genetic Modification of Large Scale Microbial Cellulase Production. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:4598937. [PMID: 36589721 PMCID: PMC9797302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4598937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase is a biocatalyst that hydrolyzes cellulosic biomass and is considered a major group of industrial enzymes for its applications. Extensive work has been done on microbial cellulase but fungi are considered a novel strain for their maximum cellulase production. Production cost and novel microbial strains are major challenges for its improvement where cheap agro wastes can be essential sources of cellulose as substrates. The researcher searches for more cellulolytic microbes from natural sources but the production level of isolated strains is comparatively low. So genetic modification or mutation can be employed for large-scale cellulase production before optimization. After genetic modification than in silico molecular modeling can be evaluated for substrate molecule's binding affinity. In this review, we focus not only on the conventional methods of cellulase production but also on modern biotechnological approaches applied to cellulase production by a sequential study on common cellulase-producing microbes, modified microbes, culture media, carbon sources, substrate pretreatment process, and the importance of optimum pH and temperature on fermentation. In this review, we also compare different cellulase activity determination methods. As a result, this review provides insights into the interrelationship between the characteristics of optimizing different culture conditions, genetic modification, and in silico enzyme modeling for the production of cellulase enzymes, which may aid in the advancement of large-scale integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes.
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Shailaja A, Bruce TF, Gerard P, Powell RR, Pettigrew CA, Kerrigan JL. Comparison of cell viability assessment and visualization of Aspergillus niger biofilm with two fluorescent probe staining methods. Biofilm 2022; 4:100090. [PMID: 36389263 PMCID: PMC9646680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous and frequent components of biofilms. A means to visualize them and quantify their viability is essential for understanding their development and disruption. However, quantifying filamentous fungal biofilms poses challenges because, unlike yeasts and bacteria, they are not composed of discrete cells of similar size. This research focused on filamentous fungal biofilms that are representative of those in the built environment. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid method to examine biofilm structure and quantify live (metabolically active/ membrane undamaged) and dead (inactive/ membrane damaged) cells in Aspergillus niger biofilms utilizing a fluorescent probe staining method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). For this, we compared two commercially available probe staining kits that have been developed for bacterial and yeast systems. One method utilized the classic cell stain FUN 1 that exhibits orange-red fluorescent intravacuolar structures in metabolically active cells, while dead cells are fluoresced green. The second method utilized a combination of SYTO9 and propidium iodide (PI), and stains cells based on their membrane morphology. SYTO9 is a green fluorescent stain with the capacity to penetrate the living cell walls, and PI is a red fluorescent stain that can only penetrate dead or dying cells with damaged cell membranes. Following staining, the biofilms were imaged using CLSM and biofilm volumes and thickness were quantified using COMSTAT, a computer program that measures biofilm accumulation from digital image stacks. The results were compared to independent measurements of live-dead cell density, as well as a classic cell viability assay-XTT. The data showed that the combination of SYTO9 and PI is optimal for staining filamentous fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Shailaja
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Terri F. Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Rhonda R. Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Julia L. Kerrigan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Leggieri PA, Valentine MT, O'Malley MA. Biofilm disruption enhances growth rate and carbohydrate-active enzyme production in anaerobic fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127361. [PMID: 35609749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) are lignocellulose degraders that naturally form biofilms in the rumen of large herbivores and in standard culture techniques. While biofilm formation enhances biomass degradation and carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) production in some bacteria and aerobic fungi, gene expression and metabolism in AGF biofilms have not been compared to non-biofilm cultures. Here, using the tunable morphology of the non-rhizoidal AGF, Caecomyces churrovis, the impacts of biofilm formation on AGF gene expression, metabolic flux, growth rate, and xylan degradation rate are quantified to inform future industrial scale-up efforts. Contrary to previous findings, C. churrovis upregulated catabolic CAZymes in stirred culture relative to biofilm culture. Using a de novo transcriptome, 197 new transcripts with predicted CAZyme function were identified. Stirred cultures grew and degraded xylan significantly faster than biofilm-forming cultures with negligible differences in primary metabolic flux, offering a way to accelerate AGF biomass valorization without altering the fermentation product profile. The rhizoidal AGF, Neocallimastix lanati, also grew faster with stirring on a solid plant substrate, suggesting that the advantages of stirred C. churrovis cultures may apply broadly to other AGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Leggieri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Michelle A O'Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Pompa-Monroy DA, Iglesias AL, Dastager SG, Thorat MN, Olivas-Sarabia A, Valdez-Castro R, Hurtado-Ayala LA, Cornejo-Bravo JM, Pérez-González GL, Villarreal-Gómez LJ. Comparative Study of Polycaprolactone Electrospun Fibers and Casting Films Enriched with Carbon and Nitrogen Sources and Their Potential Use in Water Bioremediation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:327. [PMID: 35323802 PMCID: PMC8951516 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Augmenting bacterial growth is of great interest to the biotechnological industry. Hence, the effect of poly (caprolactone) fibrous scaffolds to promote the growth of different bacterial strains of biological and industrial interest was evaluated. Furthermore, different types of carbon (glucose, fructose, lactose and galactose) and nitrogen sources (yeast extract, glycine, peptone and urea) were added to the scaffold to determinate their influence in bacterial growth. Bacterial growth was observed by scanning electron microscopy; thermal characteristics were also evaluated; bacterial cell growth was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry at 600-nm. Fibers produced have an average diameter between 313 to 766 nm, with 44% superficial porosity of the scaffolds, a glass transition around ~64 °C and a critical temperature of ~338 °C. The fibrous scaffold increased the cell growth of Escherichia coli by 23% at 72 h, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus increased by 36% and 95% respectively at 48 h, when compared to the normal growth of their respective bacterial cultures. However, no significant difference in bacterial growth between the scaffolds and the casted films could be observed. Cell growth depended on a combination of several factors: type of bacteria, carbon or nitrogen sources, casted films or 3D scaffolds. Microscopy showed traces of a biofilm formation around 3 h in culture of P. aeruginosa. Water bioremediation studies showed that P. aeruginosa on poly (caprolactone)/Glucose fibers was effective in removing 87% of chromium in 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Alejandra Pompa-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Baja California, Mexico; (D.A.P.-M.); (A.L.I.); (G.L.P.-G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Baja California, Mexico; (L.A.H.-A.); (J.M.C.-B.)
| | - Ana Leticia Iglesias
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Baja California, Mexico; (D.A.P.-M.); (A.L.I.); (G.L.P.-G.)
| | - Syed Gulam Dastager
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganism (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 41008, Maharashtra, India; (S.G.D.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Meghana Namdeo Thorat
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganism (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 41008, Maharashtra, India; (S.G.D.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Amelia Olivas-Sarabia
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (A.O.-S.); (R.V.-C.)
| | - Ricardo Valdez-Castro
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (A.O.-S.); (R.V.-C.)
| | - Lilia Angélica Hurtado-Ayala
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Baja California, Mexico; (L.A.H.-A.); (J.M.C.-B.)
| | - José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Baja California, Mexico; (L.A.H.-A.); (J.M.C.-B.)
| | - Graciela Lizeth Pérez-González
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Baja California, Mexico; (D.A.P.-M.); (A.L.I.); (G.L.P.-G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Baja California, Mexico; (L.A.H.-A.); (J.M.C.-B.)
| | - Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Baja California, Mexico; (D.A.P.-M.); (A.L.I.); (G.L.P.-G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Baja California, Mexico; (L.A.H.-A.); (J.M.C.-B.)
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Valorization of Agro-industrial Discards in Fermentation for the Production of Cellulase Enzyme. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are commercially important enzymes with application in various industries such as biofuel, detergent, food processing, brewery, pulp and paper. To make its production cost-effective, a preferred method is to use solid-state fermentation and with use of inexpensive substrates. Solid-state fermentation is an alternative culturing method and yields higher enzymes compared to submerged fermentation. In the current study, Aspergillus niger was isolated and further developed as inoculum for solid-state fermentation. Agroindustrial discards like banana pseudostem, jackfruit waste were used as the substrates. The substrates were pretreated by acid and were characterized by FTIR analysis to confirm the presence of cellulosic content. Different concentrations of the substrates were attempted for fermentation and the yield of the enzyme was compared. The solid-state fermentation was stable for enzyme production as well as microbial growth. The cellulase activity per gram of the substrate (U/g) was obtained maximum for jackfruit waste-based media (17±1.1 U/g). Both the lignocellulosic substrates were potential substrates for the production of cellulase enzyme. With further optimization and scale-up, this could be a cheap and sustainable process. This study has validated agro-industrial waste’s bioconversion into value-added products that have a remarkable environmental and economic advantage.
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao H, Mou L, Wu M, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Biofilm application in the microbial biochemicals production process. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107724. [PMID: 33640404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms can be naturally formed through the attachment of microorganisms on the supporting materials. However, natural biofilms formed in the environment may cause some detrimental effects, such as the equipment contamination and food safety issues et al. On the contrary, biofilms mediated microbial fermentation provides a promising approach for the efficient biochemicals production owing to the properties of self-immobilization, high resistance to toxic reactants and maintenance of long-term cells activity. While few reviews have specifically addressed the biological application of biofilms in the microbial fermentation process. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the biofilms formation mechanism and potential functions in the microbial fermentation process. Furthermore, the construction strategies for the formation of stable biofilms through synthetic biology technology or the modification of suitable supporting materials will be also discussed. The application of biofilms mediated fermentation will provide an outlook for the biorefinery platform in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yansong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Hao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Lu Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Mengdi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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Gene Expression Analysis of Non-Clinical Strain of Aspergillus fumigatus (LMB-35Aa): Does Biofilm Affect Virulence? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040376. [PMID: 33352977 PMCID: PMC7766361 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus LMB-35Aa, a saprophytic fungus, was used for cellulase production through biofilms cultures. Since biofilms usually favor virulence in clinical strains, the expression of the related genes of the LMB 35-Aa strain was analyzed by qPCR from the biomass of planktonic cultures and biofilms developed on polyester cloth and polystyrene microplates. For this, virulence-related genes reported for the clinical strain Af293 were searched in A. fumigatus LMB 35-Aa genome, and 15 genes were identified including those for the synthesis of cell wall components, hydrophobins, invasins, efflux transporters, mycotoxins and regulators. When compared with planktonic cultures at 37 °C, invasin gene calA was upregulated in both types of biofilm and efflux transporter genes mdr4 and atrF were predominantly upregulated in biofilms on polystyrene, while aspHs and ftmA were upregulated only in biofilms formed on polyester. Regarding the transcription regulators, laeA was downregulated in biofilms, and medA did not show a significant change. The effect of temperature was also evaluated by comparing the biofilms grown on polyester at 37 vs. 28 °C. Non-significant changes at the expression level were found for most genes evaluated, except for atrF, gliZ and medA, which were significantly downregulated at 37 °C. According to these results, virulence appears to depend on the interaction of several factors in addition to biofilms and growth temperature.
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Barcelos MCS, Ramos CL, Kuddus M, Rodriguez-Couto S, Srivastava N, Ramteke PW, Mishra PK, Molina G. Enzymatic potential for the valorization of agro-industrial by-products. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1799-1827. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Salgado-Bautista D, Volke-Sepúlveda T, Figueroa-Martínez F, Carrasco-Navarro U, Chagolla-López A, Favela-Torres E. Solid-state fermentation increases secretome complexity in Aspergillus brasiliensis. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:723-734. [PMID: 32690254 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus is used for the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids, mainly by submerged fermentation (SmF). However, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages over SmF. Although differences related to lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition, as well as higher extracellular enzyme production in SSF compared to SmF have been shown, the mechanisms undelaying such differences are still unknown. To explain some differences among SSF and SmF, the secretome of Aspergillus brasiliensis obtained from cultures in a homogeneous physiological state with high glucose concentrations was analyzed. Of the regulated proteins produced by SmF, 74% were downregulated by increasing the glucose concentration, whereas all those produced by SSF were upregulated. The most abundant and upregulated protein found in SSF was the transaldolase, which could perform a moonlighting function in fungal adhesion to the solid support. This study evidenced that SSF: (i) improves the kinetic parameters in relation to SmF, (ii) prevents the catabolite repression, (iii) increases the branching level of hyphae and oxidative metabolism, as well as the concentration and diversity of secreted proteins, and (iv) favors the secretion of typically intracellular proteins that could be involved in fungal adhesion. All these differences can be related to the fact that molds are more specialized to growth in solid materials because they mimic their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salgado-Bautista
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Tania Volke-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Figueroa-Martínez
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ulises Carrasco-Navarro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alicia Chagolla-López
- Laboratorio de Proteómica- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Brethauer S, Shahab RL, Studer MH. Impacts of biofilms on the conversion of cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5201-5212. [PMID: 32337627 PMCID: PMC7275028 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Lignocellulose is a widely available renewable carbon source and a promising feedstock for the production of various chemicals in biorefineries. However, its recalcitrant nature is a major hurdle that must be overcome to enable economic conversion processes. Deconstruction of lignocellulose is part of the global carbon cycle, and efficient microbial degradation systems have evolved that might serve as models to improve commercial conversion processes. Biofilms—matrix encased, spatially organized clusters of microbial cells and the predominating lifestyle in nature—have been recognized for their essential role in the degradation of cellulose in nature, e.g., in soils or in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals. Cellulolytic biofilms allow for a high concentration of enzymes at the boundary layer between the solid substrate and the liquid phase and the more complete capture of hydrolysis products directly at the hydrolysis site, which is energetically favorable. Furthermore, enhanced expression of genes for carbohydrate active enzymes as a response to the attachment on solid substrate has been demonstrated for cellulolytic aerobic fungi and anerobic bacteria. In natural multispecies biofilms, the vicinity of different microbial species allows the creation of efficient food webs and synergistic interactions thereby, e.g., avoiding the accumulation of inhibiting metabolites. In this review, these topics are discussed and attempts to realize the benefits of biofilms in targeted applications such as the consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose are highlighted. Key Points Multispecies biofilms enable efficient lignocellulose destruction in the biosphere. Cellulose degradation by anaerobic bacteria often occurs by monolayered biofilms. Fungal biofilms immobilize enzymes and substrates in an external digestion system. Surface attached cultures typically show higher expression of cellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brethauer
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Biofuels and Biochemicals, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Shahab
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Biofuels and Biochemicals, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Studer
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Biofuels and Biochemicals, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland.
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15
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Modulation of fungal biofilm physiology and secondary product formation based on physico-chemical surface properties. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1935-1946. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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The influence of salt-enhanced cultivation on the micromechanical behaviour of filamentous pellets. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Bhatt SM, Bhat S. Role of Solid-State Fermentation to Improve Cost Economy of Cellulase Production. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14726-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Lopez-Ramirez N, Volke-Sepulveda T, Gaime-Perraud I, Saucedo-Castañeda G, Favela-Torres E. Effect of stirring on growth and cellulolytic enzymes production by Trichoderma harzianum in a novel bench-scale solid-state fermentation bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 265:291-298. [PMID: 29909359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel bench-scale stirred bioreactor for solid-state fermentation was used to determine the effect of the stirring rate on growth and enzymes production by Trichoderma harzianum PBLA. Lab-scale static tubular bioreactors were first used to assess the effect of bioreactor diameter on heat accumulation, growth, and production of cellulases and xylanases. The increased diameters (1.8-4.2 cm) led to increases in temperature up to 36 °C (at a rate of 1.08 °C/cm), which negatively affected the growth and enzyme production. Afterward, in the bench-scale bioreactor operated at rates up to 3.0 rpm, maximum xylanases production (107 ± 0.3 U/g dm) was attained at rates of 0.5 and 1.0 rpm, reaching a maximum of 34 ± 0.3 °C. Cellulases production was reduced (up to 79%) due to stirring. Therefore, the production of xylanases by T. harzianum can be performed in this cross-flow stirred SSF bioreactor at rates up to 1.0 rpm, avoiding heat accumulation and damage on metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lopez-Ramirez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - T Volke-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - I Gaime-Perraud
- Equipe_Eco technologies et Bioremédiation, Aix Marseille Université, IMBE-UMR CNRS-7263/IRD-237, Case 421, Campus Etoile, Faculté St JérÔme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - G Saucedo-Castañeda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - E Favela-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico.
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19
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Tamayo-Ramos JA, Rumbo C, Caso F, Rinaldi A, Garroni S, Notargiacomo A, Romero-Santacreu L, Cuesta-López S. Analysis of Polycaprolactone Microfibers as Biofilm Carriers for Biotechnologically Relevant Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32773-32781. [PMID: 30168313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric electrospun fibers are becoming popular in microbial biotechnology because of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics, biodegradability, surface-to-volume ratio, and compatibility with biological systems, which give them a great potential as microbial supports to be used in production processes or environmental applications. In this work, we analyzed and compared the ability of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Brevundimonas diminuta, and Sphingobium fuliginis to develop biofilms on different types of polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers. These bacterial species are relevant in the production of biobased chemicals, enzymes, and proteins for therapeutic use and bioremediation. The obtained results demonstrated that all selected species were able to attach efficiently to the PCL microfibers. Also, the ability of pure cultures of S. fuliginis (former Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551, a very relevant strain in the bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds) to form dense biofilms was observed for the first time, opening the possibility of new applications for this microorganism. This material showed to have a high microbial loading capacity, regardless of the mesh density and fiber diameter. A comparative analysis between PCL and polylactic acid (PLA) electrospun microfibers indicated that both surfaces have a similar bacterial loading capacity, but the former material showed higher resistance to microbial degradation than PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
| | - Federica Caso
- Nanofaber srl. , Via Anguillarese 301 , 00123 Rome , Italy
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , Casaccia Research Centre , Via Anguillarese 301 , 00123 Rome , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
| | - Andrea Notargiacomo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology , CNR , Via Cineto Romano 42 , 00156 Rome , Italy
| | - Lorena Romero-Santacreu
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology, Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154 , University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n , Burgos , 09001 , Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Santiago Cuesta-López
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM , University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n , 09001 Burgos , Spain
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology, Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154 , University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n , Burgos , 09001 , Castilla y León, Spain
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20
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Schlafer S, Kamp A, Garcia JE. A confocal microscopy based method to monitor extracellular pH in fungal biofilms. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4978430. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schlafer
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anja Kamp
- AIAS, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Javier E Garcia
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Xiros C, Studer MH. A Multispecies Fungal Biofilm Approach to Enhance the Celluloyltic Efficiency of Membrane Reactors for Consolidated Bioprocessing of Plant Biomass. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1930. [PMID: 29067006 PMCID: PMC5641325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The constraints and advantages in cellulolytic enzymes production by fungal biofilms for a consolidated bioconversion process were investigated during this study. The biofilm cultivations were carried out in reactors designed for consolidated bioprocessing Multispecies Biofilm Membrane reactors, (MBM) where an aerobic fungal biofilm produces the lignocellulolytic enzymes while a fermenting microorganism forms the fermentation product at anaerobic conditions. It was shown that although mycelial growth was limited in the MBM reactors compared to submerged cultivations, the secretion of cellulolytic enzymes per cell dry weight was higher. When Trichoderma reesei was used as the sole enzyme producer, cellobiose accumulated in the liquid medium as the result of the deficiency of β-glucosidase in the fungal secretome. To enhance β-glucosidase activity, T. reesei was co-cultivated with A. phoenicis which is a β-glucosidase overproducer. The two fungi formed a multispecies biofilm which produced a balanced cellulolytic cocktail for the saccharification of plant biomass. The mixed biofilm reached a 2.5 fold increase in β-glucosidase production, compared to the single T. reesei biofilm. The enzymatic systems of single and mixed biofilms were evaluated regarding their efficiency on cellulosic substrates degradation. Washed solids from steam pretreated beechwood, as well as microcrystalline cellulose were used as the substrates. The enzymatic system of the multispecies biofilm released four times more glucose than the enzymatic system of T. reesei alone from both substrates and hydrolyzed 78 and 60% of the cellulose content of washed solids from beechwood and microcrystalline cellulose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Xiros
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Studer
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Paul S, Ludeña Y, Villena GK, Yu F, Sherman DH, Gutiérrez-Correa M. High-quality draft genome sequence of a biofilm forming lignocellulolytic Aspergillus niger strain ATCC 10864. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:37. [PMID: 28725336 PMCID: PMC5514509 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger has high industrial value due to their lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and ATCC 10864 is one of the few type strains of A. niger which has a unique biofilm forming capability. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of A. niger ATCC 10864 strain. The genome of A. niger ATCC 10864 is 36,172,237 bp long and comprise of 310 scaffolds with 49.5% average GC content. A total of 10,804 protein-coding genes were predicted among which 10,761 genes were with putative functions. A. niger ATCC 10864 genome coded for 709 putative carbohydrate active enzyme families distributed in six functional categories and among them glycoside hydrolases (GHs) represent the most number of families (279). Genes that include pepA, brlA, exgA, LaeA, rodA, GCN have also been identified in this study, which may play a role in biofilm formation. This high-quality draft genome sequence will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms behind fungal biofilm formation and higher lignocellulolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Paul
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, 12 Lima, Peru
| | - Yvette Ludeña
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, 12 Lima, Peru
| | - Gretty K Villena
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, 12 Lima, Peru
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - Marcel Gutiérrez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, 12 Lima, Peru
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Xue D, Lin D, Gong C, Peng C, Yao S. Expression of a bifunctional cellulase with exoglucanase and endoglucanase activities to enhance the hydrolysis ability of cellulase from a marine Aspergillus niger. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Xue DS, Liang LY, Zheng G, Lin DQ, Zhang QL, Yao SJ. Expression of Piromyces rhizinflata cellulase in marine Aspergillus niger to enhance halostable cellulase activity by adjusting enzyme-composition. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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M. S, Singh S, Tiwari R, Goel R, Nain L. Do cultural conditions induce differential protein expression: Profiling of extracellular proteome of Aspergillus terreus CM20. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Sato VS, Jorge JA, Guimarães LHS. Characterization of a Thermotolerant Phytase Produced by Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus Biofilm on an Inert Support Using Sugarcane Bagasse as Carbon Source. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:610-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Li PJ, Xia JL, Shan Y, Nie ZY. Comparative study of multi-enzyme production from typical agro-industrial residues and ultrasound-assisted extraction of crude enzyme in fermentation with Aspergillus japonicus PJ01. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2013-22. [PMID: 26260269 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Aspergillus japonicus PJ01 for multi-enzyme complexes (MEC) production were comparatively studied. The results showed that orange peel and wheat bran were the best substrates for MEC production in SmF and SSF, respectively. After 72 h of cultivation under SmF, the maximal pectinase, CMCase, and xylanase activities reached 2610, 85, and 335 U/gds (units/gram dry substrate), respectively; while after 72 h of cultivation under SSF, these three enzymes' activities reached 966, 58, and 1004 U/gds, respectively. Effects of ultrasound on extraction of crude enzymes from SSF medium were determined, the maximal activities of pectinase, CMCase, and xylanase increased to 1.20, 1.48, and 1.30-fold, respectively. Apparent different mycelia growths of SSF and SmF were observed by scanning electron microscopy; and different isoforms of the crude enzyme extracts from SSF and SmF were presented by zymogram analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-jun Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jin-lan Xia
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Zhen-yuan Nie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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28
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Morrell-Falvey JL, Elkins JG, Wang ZW. Determination of the cellulase activity distribution in Clostridium thermocellum and Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis cultures using a fluorescent substrate. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 34:212-218. [PMID: 26257364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study took advantage of resorufin cellobioside as a fluorescent substrate to determine the distribution of cellulase activity in cellulosic biomass fermentation systems. Cellulolytic biofilms were found to express nearly four orders greater cellulase activity compared to planktonic cultures of Clostridium thermocellum and Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis, which can be primarily attributed to the high cell concentration and surface attachment. The formation of biofilms results in cellulases being secreted close to their substrates, which appears to be an energetically favorable stategy for insoluble substrate utilization. For the same reason, cellulases should be closely associated with the surfaces of suspended cell in soluble substrate-fed culture, which has been verified with cellobiose-fed cultures of C. thermocellum and C. obsidiansis. This study addressed the importance of cellulase activity distribution in cellulosic biomass fermentation, and provided theoretical foundation for the leading role of biofilm in cellulose degradation. System optimization and reactor designs that promote biofilm formation in cellulosic biomass hydrolysis may promise an improved cellulosic biofuel process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrell-Falvey
- BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - James G Elkins
- BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Zhi-Wu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The Ohio State University ATI, 1328 Dover Rd, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Bastos RG, Morais DV, Volpi MPC. INFLUENCE OF SOLID MOISTURE AND BED HEIGHT ON CULTIVATION OF Aspergillus niger FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE WITH VINASSE. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20150322s00003423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brown NA, Dos Reis TF, Goinski AB, Savoldi M, Menino J, Almeida MT, Rodrigues F, Goldman GH. The Aspergillus nidulans signalling mucin MsbA regulates starvation responses, adhesion and affects cellulase secretion in response to environmental cues. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1103-1120. [PMID: 25294314 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the heterogeneous semi-solid environment naturally occupied by lignocellulolytic fungi the majority of nutrients are locked away as insoluble plant biomass. Hence, lignocellulolytic fungi must actively search for, and attach to, a desirable source of nutrients. During growth on lignocellulose a period of carbon deprivation provokes carbon catabolite derepression and scavenging hydrolase secretion. Subsequently, starvation and/or contact sensing was hypothesized to play a role in lignocellulose attachment and degradation. In Aspergillus nidulans the extracellular signalling mucin, MsbA, influences growth under nutrient-poor conditions including lignocellulose. Cellulase secretion and activity was affected by MsbA via a mechanism that was independent of cellulase transcription. MsbA modulated both the cell wall integrity and filamentous growth MAPK pathways influencing adhesion, biofilm formation and secretion. The constitutive activation of MsbA subsequently enhanced cellulase activity by increasing the secretion of the cellobiohydrolase, CbhA, while improved substrate attachment and may contribute to an enhanced starvation response. Starvation and/or contact sensing therefore represents a new dimension to the already multifaceted regulation of cellulase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Malavazi I, Goldman GH, Brown NA. The importance of connections between the cell wall integrity pathway and the unfolded protein response in filamentous fungi. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 13:456-70. [PMID: 25060881 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the external environment, or within a host organism, filamentous fungi experience sudden changes in nutrient availability, osmolality, pH, temperature and the exposure to toxic compounds. The fungal cell wall represents the first line of defense, while also performing essential roles in morphology, development and virulence. A polarized secretion system is paramount for cell wall biosynthesis, filamentous growth, nutrient acquisition and interactions with the environment. The unique ability of filamentous fungi to secrete has resulted in their industrial adoption as fungal cell factories. Protein maturation and secretion commences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains ER functionality during exposure to secretion and cell wall stress. UPR, therefore, influences secretion and cell wall homeostasis, which in turn impacts upon numerous fungal traits important to pathogenesis and biotechnology. Subsequently, this review describes the relevance of the cell wall and UPR systems to filamentous fungal pathogens or industrial microbes and then highlights interconnections between the two systems. Ultimately, the possible biotechnological applications of an enhanced understanding of such regulatory systems in combating fungal disease, or the removal of natural bottlenecks in protein secretion in an industrial setting, are discussed.
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Winkelströter LK, Teixeira FBDR, Silva EP, Alves VF, De Martinis ECP. Unraveling microbial biofilms of importance for food microbiology. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:35-46. [PMID: 24370864 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms is a relevant risk factors in the food industry due to the potential contamination of food products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The majority of bacteria are able to adhere and to form biofilms, where they can persist and survive for days to weeks or even longer, depending on the microorganism and the environmental conditions. The biological cycle of biofilms includes several developmental phases such as: initial attachment, maturation, maintenance, and dispersal. Bacteria in biofilms are generally well protected against environmental stress, consequently, extremely difficult to eradicate and detect in food industry. In the present manuscript, some techniques and compounds used to control and to prevent the biofilm formation are presented and discussed. Moreover, a number of novel techniques have been recently employed to detect and evaluate bacteria attached to surfaces, including real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Better knowledge on the architecture, physiology and molecular signaling in biofilms can contribute for preventing and controlling food-related spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The present study highlights basic and applied concepts important for understanding the role of biofilms in bacterial survival, persistence and dissemination in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizziane Kretli Winkelströter
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kilikian B, Afonso L, Souza T, Ferreira R, Pinheiro I. Filamentous fungi and media for cellulase production in solid state cultures. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:279-86. [PMID: 24948946 PMCID: PMC4059312 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase production was evaluated in two reference strains (T. reesei Rut-C30 and T. reesei QM9414), two strains isolated from a sugarcane cultivation area (Trichoderma sp. IPT778 and T. harzianum rifai IPT821) and one strain isolated in a program for biodiversity preservation in São Paulo state (Myceliophthora thermophila M77). Solid state cultures were performed using sugarcane bagasse (C), wheat bran (W) and/or soybean bran (S). The highest FPA was 10.6 U/gdm for M77 in SC (10:90) at 80% moisture, which was 4.4 times higher than production in pure W. C was a strong inducer of cellulase production, given that the production level of 6.1 U/gdm in WC (40:60) was 2.5 times higher than in pure W for strain M77; T. reesei Rut-C30 did not respond as strongly with about 1.6-fold surplus production. S advantageously replaced W, as the surplus production on SC (20:80) was 2.3 times relative to WC (20:80) for M77.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.V. Kilikian
- Departamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - L.C. Afonso
- Departamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - T.F.C. Souza
- Departamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - R.G. Ferreira
- Departamento de Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - I.R. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Engenharia RuralCentro de Ciências AgráriasUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoGuararemaESBrazil
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Szcepanowska H, Mathia TG, Belin P. Morphology of fungal stains on paper characterized with multi-scale and multi-sensory surface metrology. SCANNING 2014; 36:76-85. [PMID: 23630072 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation of paper induced by fungi is one of the most complex phenomenons because it involves living organisms growing on a heterogeneous paper substrate. A novel approach to the study of interfaces of fungi and paper in black stains produced by pigmented Dematiaceous fungi with meristematic growth was undertaken applying surface metrology techniques: confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) white-light, confocal chromatic aberration profilometer (LCA) and scanning electron microscope in variable pressure (SEM-VP); fungal morphology was examined with transmitted light microscopy (TLM). The role of paper topography and surface morphology in fungi-induced biodeterioration was investigated elucidating some of the dynamic interactions of fungi with paper, spatial distribution of biological deposits, inclusions in paper matrix, and patterns of fungal growth on paper thus contributing to a better understanding of biodeterioration of paper-based cultural heritage. So far, to the authors' knowledge, there are no published reports on the investigation of interfaces of bio-stains and paper utilizing surface metrology techniques.
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Lipolysis within single culture and co-culture biofilms of dairy origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Teh KH, Flint S, Palmer J, Andrewes P, Bremer P, Lindsay D. Proteolysis produced within biofilms of bacterial isolates from raw milk tankers. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gutiérrez-Correa M, Ludeña Y, Ramage G, Villena GK. Recent Advances on Filamentous Fungal Biofilms for Industrial Uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1235-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramage G, Rajendran R, Gutierrez-Correa M, Jones B, Williams C. Aspergillus biofilms: clinical and industrial significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 324:89-97. [PMID: 22092808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biofilm phenotype is an increasingly important concept in mycological research. Recently, there has been a developing interest in whether Aspergillus species are truly able to form biofilms or not. Industrial mycologists have long been aware of biofilms and their benefit in fermentation processes, whereas clinically their role is uncertain. This review provides an update on the impact that Aspergillus biofilms have medically and industrially, and will discuss biofilm development, and our current understanding of its molecular basis. The role of exopolymeric substance and how this substance relates to antimicrobial recalcitrance will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Cellulase and xylanase activity in relation to biofilm formation by two intertidal filamentous fungi in a novel polymethylmethacrylate conico-cylindrical flask. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:1087-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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