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Factors affecting the quality of therapeutic proteins in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107831. [PMID: 34480988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used mammalian host cells for the commercial production of therapeutic proteins. Fed-batch culture is widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, because of its operational simplicity and high product titer. Despite technical advances in the development of culture media and cell cultures, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity in fed-batch cultures while also ensuring good product quality. In this review, factors that affect the quality attributes of therapeutic proteins in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell culture, such as glycosylation, charge variation, aggregation, and degradation, are summarized and categorized into three groups: culture environments, chemical additives, and host cell proteins accumulated in culture supernatants. Understanding the factors that influence the therapeutic protein quality in rCHO cell culture will facilitate the development of large-scale, high-yield fed-batch culture processes for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
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Torres M, Altamirano C, Dickson AJ. Process and metabolic engineering perspectives of lactate production in mammalian cell cultures. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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High Performance Agent-Based Modeling to Simulate Mammalian Cell Culture Bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64241-7.50237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Reimonn TM, Park SY, Agarabi CD, Brorson KA, Yoon S. Effect of amino acid supplementation on titer and glycosylation distribution in hybridoma cell cultures-Systems biology-based interpretation using genome-scale metabolic flux balance model and multivariate data analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1163-1173. [PMID: 27452371 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale flux balance analysis (FBA) is a powerful systems biology tool to characterize intracellular reaction fluxes during cell cultures. FBA estimates intracellular reaction rates by optimizing an objective function, subject to the constraints of a metabolic model and media uptake/excretion rates. A dynamic extension to FBA, dynamic flux balance analysis (DFBA), can calculate intracellular reaction fluxes as they change during cell cultures. In a previous study by Read et al. (2013), a series of informed amino acid supplementation experiments were performed on twelve parallel murine hybridoma cell cultures, and this data was leveraged for further analysis (Read et al., Biotechnol Prog. 2013;29:745-753). In order to understand the effects of media changes on the model murine hybridoma cell line, a systems biology approach is applied in the current study. Dynamic flux balance analysis was performed using a genome-scale mouse metabolic model, and multivariate data analysis was used for interpretation. The calculated reaction fluxes were examined using partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results indicate media supplementation increases product yield because it raises nutrient levels extending the growth phase, and the increased cell density allows for greater culture performance. At the same time, the directed supplementation does not change the overall metabolism of the cells. This supports the conclusion that product quality, as measured by glycoform assays, remains unchanged because the metabolism remains in a similar state. Additionally, the DFBA shows that metabolic state varies more at the beginning of the culture but less by the middle of the growth phase, possibly due to stress on the cells during inoculation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1163-1173, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Reimonn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell
| | - Cyrus D Agarabi
- Division II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER, FDA, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Kurt A Brorson
- Division II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER, FDA, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell.
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Kim CL, Bang YL, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee GM. Alleviation of proteolytic degradation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-4 by repeated batch culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Studies to Prevent Degradation of Recombinant Fc-Fusion Protein Expressed in Mammalian Cell Line and Protein Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060913. [PMID: 27294920 PMCID: PMC4926446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clipping of recombinant proteins is a major issue in animal cell cultures. A recombinant Fc-fusion protein, VEGFR1(D1–D3)-Fc expressed in CHOK1SV GS-KO cells was observed to be undergoing clippings in lab scale cultures. Partial cleaving of expressed protein initiated early on in cell culture and was observed to increase over time in culture and also on storage. In this study, a few parameters were explored in a bid to inhibit clipping in the fusion protein The effects of culture temperature, duration of culture, the addition of an anti-clumping agent, ferric citrate and use of protease inhibitor cocktail on inhibition of proteolysis of the Fc fusion were studied. Lowering of culture temperature from 37 to 30 °C alone appears to be the best solution for reducing protein degradation from the quality, cost and regulatory points of view. The obtained Fc protein was characterized and found to be in its stable folded state, exhibiting a high affinity for its ligand and also biological and functional activities.
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Zalai D, Koczka K, Párta L, Wechselberger P, Klein T, Herwig C. Combining mechanistic and data-driven approaches to gain process knowledge on the control of the metabolic shift to lactate uptake in a fed-batch CHO process. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1657-68. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Zalai
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
| | - Krisztina Koczka
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - László Párta
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - Patrick Wechselberger
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
| | - Tobias Klein
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
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Johari YB, Estes SD, Alves CS, Sinacore MS, James DC. Integrated cell and process engineering for improved transient production of a “difficult-to-express“ fusion protein by CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2527-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B. Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; ChELSI Institute; Mappin Street; Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Scott D. Estes
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Marty S. Sinacore
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; ChELSI Institute; Mappin Street; Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Mammalian cell-produced therapeutic proteins: heterogeneity derived from protein degradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Transient transfection of CHO cells using linear polyethylenimine is a simple and effective means of producing rainbow trout recombinant IFN-γ protein. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:987-93. [PMID: 24897997 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method was developed for the transient transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with 25 kDa linear polyethylenimine (PEI) then optimal culture conditions determined for the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IFN-γ recombinant protein. We found that culture temperature had a significant impact upon recombinant protein yield, with best results being obtained at 32 °C. However the amount of serum added to the culture medium had no effect upon recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) production. In this study maximal rIFN-γ yields and minimal PEI toxicity were achieved using a DNA/PEI ratio of 1:8, where the amount of PEI did not exceed 10 µg per 5 ml of RPMI1640 culture medium, with cells subsequently cultured at 32 °C for 7 days. Thus, linear PEI is a technically simple and cost-efficient method for the transient transfection of CHO cells and is compatible with serum-free operations.
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The impact of process temperature on mammalian cell lines and the implications for the production of recombinant proteins in CHO cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Gregoire S, Zhang S, Costanzo J, Wilson K, Fernandez EJ, Kwon I. Cis-suppression to arrest protein aggregation in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:462-74. [PMID: 24114411 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are implicated in numerous human diseases and significantly lower production yield of proteins expressed in mammalian cells. Despite the importance of understanding and suppressing protein aggregation in mammalian cells, a protein design and selection strategy to modulate protein misfolding/aggregation in mammalian cells has not yet been reported. In this work, we address the particular challenge presented by mutation-induced protein aggregation in mammalian cells. We hypothesize that an additional mutation(s) can be introduced in an aggregation-prone protein variant, spatially near the original mutation, to suppress misfolding and aggregation (cis-suppression). As a model protein, we chose human copper, zinc superoxide dismutase mutant (SOD1(A4V) ) containing an alanine to valine mutation at residue 4, associated with the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We used the program RosettaDesign to identify Phe20 in SOD1(A4V) as a key residue responsible for SOD1(A4V) conformational destabilization. This information was used to rationally develop a pool of candidate mutations at the Phe20 site. After two rounds of mammalian-cell based screening of the variants, three novel SOD1(A4V) variants with a significantly reduced aggregation propensity inside cells were selected. The enhanced stability and reduced aggregation propensity of the three novel SOD1(A4V) variants were verified using cell fractionation and in vitro stability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpson Gregoire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4741
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Gramer MJ. Product Quality Considerations for Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development and Manufacturing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:123-66. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Moldovan C, Iosub R, Codreanu C, Firtat B, Necula D, Brasoveanu C, Stan I. Miniaturized integrated platform for electrical and optical monitoring of cell cultures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:11372-90. [PMID: 23112661 PMCID: PMC3472889 DOI: 10.3390/s120811372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The following paper describes the design and functions of a miniaturized integrated platform for optical and electrical monitoring of cell cultures and the necessary steps in the fabrication and testing of a silicon microchip Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS)-based technology for cell data recording, monitoring and stimulation. The silicon microchip consists of a MEMS machined device containing a shank of 240 μm width, 3 mm long and 50 μm thick and an enlarged area of 5 mm × 5 mm hosting the pads for electrical connections. Ten platinum electrodes and five sensors are placed on the shank and are connected with the external electronics through the pads. The sensors aim to monitor the pH, the temperature and the impedance of the cell culture. The electrodes are bidirectional and can be used both for electrical potential recording and stimulation of cells. The fabrication steps are presented, along with the electrical and optical characterization of the system. The target of the research is to develop a new and reconfigurable platform according to the particular applications needs, as a tool for the biologist, chemists and medical doctors working is the field of cell culture monitoring in terms of growth, maintenance conditions, reaction to electrical or chemical stimulation (drugs, toxicants, etc.). HaCaT (Immortalised Human Keratinocyte) cell culture has been used for demonstration purposes in order to provide information on the platform electrical and optical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moldovan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Rodica Iosub
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Cecilia Codreanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Bogdan Firtat
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Daniel Necula
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Costin Brasoveanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126 Erou Iancu Nicolae, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mails: (R.I.); (C.C.); (B.F.); (D.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Ion Stan
- Romelgen SRL, Ion Berindei 11, Sector 2, Bucharest 077190, Romania; E-Mail:
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Gregoire S, Kwon I. A revisited folding reporter for quantitative assay of protein misfolding and aggregation in mammalian cells. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1297-307. [PMID: 22623352 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation play important roles in many physiological processes. These include pathological protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases and biopharmaceutical protein aggregation during production in mammalian cells. To develop a simple non-invasive assay for protein misfolding and aggregation in mammalian cells, the folding reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) system, originally developed for bacterial cells, was evaluated. As a folding reporter, GFP was fused to the C-terminus of a panel of human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutants with varying misfolding/aggregation propensities. Flow cytometric analysis of transfected HEK293T and NSC-34 cells revealed that the mean fluorescence intensities of the cells expressing GFP fusion of SOD1 variants exhibited an inverse correlation with the misfolding/aggregation propensities of the four SOD1 variants. Our results support the hypothesis that the extent of misfolding/aggregation of a target protein in mammalian cells can be quantitatively estimated by measuring the mean fluorescence intensity of the cells expressing GFP fusion. The assay method developed herein will facilitate the understanding of aggregation process of SOD1 variants and the identification of aggregation inhibitors. The method also has great promise for misfolding/aggregation studies of other proteins in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpson Gregoire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Gregoire S, Irwin J, Kwon I. Techniques for Monitoring Protein Misfolding and Aggregation in Vitro and in Living Cells. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012; 29:693-702. [PMID: 23565019 PMCID: PMC3615250 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-012-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation have been considered important in understanding many neurodegenerative diseases and recombinant biopharmaceutical production. Therefore, various traditional and modern techniques have been utilized to monitor protein aggregation in vitro and in living cells. Fibril formation, morphology and secondary structure content of amyloidogenic proteins in vitro have been monitored by molecular probes, TEM/AFM, and CD/FTIR analyses, respectively. Protein aggregation in living cells has been qualitatively or quantitatively monitored by numerous molecular folding reporters based on either fluorescent protein or enzyme. Aggregation of a target protein is directly correlated to the changes in fluorescence or enzyme activity of the folding reporter fused to the target protein, which allows non-invasive monitoring aggregation of the target protein in living cells. Advances in the techniques used to monitor protein aggregation in vitro and in living cells have greatly facilitated the understanding of the molecular mechanism of amyloidogenic protein aggregation associated with neurodegenerative diseases, optimizing culture conditions to reduce aggregation of biopharmaceuticals expressed in living cells, and screening of small molecule libraries in the search for protein aggregation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpson Gregoire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904
| | - Jacob Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904
- Institutes on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904
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