1
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Iacovelli R, He S, Sokolova N, Lokhorst I, Borg M, Fodran P, Haslinger K. Discovery and Heterologous Expression of Functional 4- O-Dimethylallyl-l-tyrosine Synthases from Lichen-Forming Fungi. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 39255066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Fungal aromatic prenyltransferases are a family of biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the prenylation of a range of aromatic substrates during the biosynthesis of bioactive indole alkaloids, diketopiperazines, and meroterpenoids. Their broad substrate scope and soluble nature make these enzymes particularly adept for applications in biocatalysis; for example, the enzymatic derivatization of aromatic drugs improves their bioactivity. Here, we investigated four putative aromatic prenyltransferases from lichen-forming fungi, an underexplored group of organisms that produce more than 1,000 unique metabolites. We successfully expressed two enzymes, annotated as dimethylallyltryptophan synthases, from two lichen species in the heterologous host A. oryzae. Based on their in vivo activity, we hypothesize that these enzymes are in fact 4-O-dimethylallyl-l-tyrosine synthases. Our extensive bioinformatic analysis further confirmed that these and related lichen aromatic prenyltransferases are likely not active on indoles but rather on aromatic polyketides and phenylpropanoids, major metabolites in lichens. Overall, our work provides new insights into fungal aromatic prenyltransferases at the family level and enables future efforts aimed at identifying new candidates for biocatalytic transformations of aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Iacovelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siqi He
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nika Sokolova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Lokhorst
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Borg
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Haslinger
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Chunkrua P, Leschonski KP, Gran-Scheuch AA, Vreeke GJC, Vincken JP, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH, de Bruijn WJC, Kabel MA. Prenylation of aromatic amino acids and plant phenolics by an aromatic prenyltransferase from Rasamsonia emersonii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:421. [PMID: 39023782 PMCID: PMC11258057 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases (DMATSs) are aromatic prenyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of a prenyl moiety from a donor to an aromatic acceptor during the biosynthesis of microbial secondary metabolites. Due to their broad substrate scope, DMATSs are anticipated as biotechnological tools for producing bioactive prenylated aromatic compounds. Our study explored the substrate scope and product profile of a recombinant RePT, a novel DMATS from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Among a variety of aromatic substrates, RePT showed the highest substrate conversion for L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine (> 90%), yielding two mono-prenylated products in both cases. Nine phenolics from diverse phenolic subclasses were notably converted (> 10%), of which the stilbenes oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, and resveratrol were the best acceptors (37-55% conversion). The position of prenylation was determined using NMR spectroscopy or annotated using MS2 fragmentation patterns, demonstrating that RePT mainly catalyzed mono-O-prenylation on the hydroxylated aromatic substrates. On L-tryptophan, a non-hydroxylated substrate, it preferentially catalyzed C7 prenylation with reverse N1 prenylation as a secondary reaction. Moreover, RePT also possessed substrate-dependent organic solvent tolerance in the presence of 20% (v/v) methanol or DMSO, where a significant conversion (> 90%) was maintained. Our study demonstrates the potential of RePT as a biocatalyst for the production of bioactive prenylated aromatic amino acids, stilbenes, and various phenolic compounds. KEY POINTS: • RePT catalyzes prenylation of diverse aromatic substrates. • RePT enables O-prenylation of phenolics, especially stilbenes. • The novel RePT remains active in 20% methanol or DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai P Leschonski
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro A Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J C Vreeke
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Gardner ED, Johnson BP, Dimas DA, McClurg HE, Severance ZC, Burgett AW, Singh S. Unlocking New Prenylation Modes: Azaindoles as a New Substrate Class for Indole Prenyltransferases. ChemCatChem 2023; 15:e202300650. [PMID: 37954549 PMCID: PMC10634513 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Aza-substitution, the replacement of aromatic CH groups with nitrogen atoms, is an established medicinal chemistry strategy for increasing solubility, but current methods of accessing functionalized azaindoles are limited. In this work, indole-alkylating aromatic prenyltransferases (PTs) were explored as a strategy to directly functionalize azaindole-substituted analogs of natural products. For this, a series of aza-l-tryptophans (Aza-Trp) featuring N-substitution of every aromatic CH position of the indole ring and their corresponding cyclic Aza-l-Trp-l-proline dipeptides (Aza-CyWP), were synthesized as substrate mimetics for the indole-alkylating PTs FgaPT2, CdpNPT, and FtmPT1. We then demonstrated most of these substrate analogs were accepted by a PT, and the regioselectivity of each prenylation was heavily influenced by the position of the N-substitution. Remarkably, FgaPT2 was found to produce cationic N-prenylpyridinium products, representing not only a new substrate class for indole PTs but also a previously unobserved prenylation mode. The discovery that nitrogenous indole bioisosteres can be accepted by PTs thus provides access to previously unavailable chemical space in the search for bioactive indolediketopiperazine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bryce P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Dustin A. Dimas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Heather E. McClurg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zachary C. Severance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Anthony W. Burgett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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4
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Hicks C, Witte TE, Sproule A, Hermans A, Shields SW, Colquhoun R, Blackman C, Boddy CN, Subramaniam R, Overy DP. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing and Secondary Metabolite Screening Confirm Fusarium graminearum C16 Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Products as Decalin-Containing Diterpenoid Pyrones. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:695. [PMID: 37504684 PMCID: PMC10381663 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a causal organism of Fusarium head blight in cereals and maize. Although a few secondary metabolites produced by F. graminearum are considered disease virulence factors, many molecular products of biosynthetic gene clusters expressed by F. graminearum during infection and their associated role in the disease are unknown. In particular, the predicted meroterpenoid products of the biosynthetic gene cluster historically designated as "C16" are likely associated with pathogenicity. Presented here are the results of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing experiments disrupting the polyketide synthase and terpene synthase genes associated with the C16 biosynthetic gene cluster in F. graminearum. Culture medium screening experiments using transformant strains were profiled by UHPLC-HRMS and targeted MS2 experiments to confirm the associated secondary metabolite products of the C16 biosynthetic gene cluster as the decalin-containing diterpenoid pyrones, FDDP-D and FDDP-E. Both decalin-containing diterpenoid pyrones were confirmed to be produced in wheat heads challenged with F. graminearum in growth chamber trials. The extent to which the F. graminearum C16 biosynthetic gene cluster is dispersed within the genus Fusarium is discussed along with a proposed role of the FDDPs as pathogen virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hicks
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thomas E Witte
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Samuel W Shields
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Ronan Colquhoun
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Chris Blackman
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Christopher N Boddy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David P Overy
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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5
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Martin A, Dierlamm N, Zocher G, Li SM. A basidomycetous hydroxynaphthalene-prenylating enzyme exhibits promiscuity toward prenyl donors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1. [PMID: 37326682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fungal prenyltransferase ShPT from Stereum hirsutum was believed to prenylate 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and thereby be involved in the vibralactone biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that hydroxynaphthalenes instead of benzyl alcohol or aldehyde were accepted by ShPT for regular C-prenylation in the presence of both dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphate. Although the natural substrate of ShPT remains unknown, our results provide one additional prenyltransferase from basidiomycetes, which are less studied, in comparison to those from other sources. Furthermore, this study expands the chemical toolbox for regioselective production of prenylated naphthalene derivatives. KEY POINTS: •Basidiomycetous prenyltransferase •Biochemical characterization •A DMATS prenyltransferase prenylating hydroxynaphthalene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Martin
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nele Dierlamm
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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6
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An T, Feng X, Li C. Prenylation: A Critical Step for Biomanufacturing of Prenylated Aromatic Natural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2211-2233. [PMID: 36716399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated aromatic natural products (PANPs) have received much attention due to their biomedical benefits for human health. The prenylation of aromatic natural products (ANPs), which is mainly catalyzed by aromatic prenyltransferases (aPTs), contributes significantly to their structural and functional diversity by providing higher lipophilicity and enhanced bioactivity. aPTs are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants and play a key role in the regiospecific prenylation of ANPs. Recent studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the characteristics and application of aPTs. In this review, we comment on research progress regarding sources, evolutionary relationships, structural features, reaction mechanism, engineering modification, and application of aPTs. Particular emphasis is also placed on recent advances, challenges, and prospects about applications of aPTs in microbial cell factories for producing PANPs. Generally, this review could provide guidance for using aPTs as robust biocatalytic tools to produce various PANPs with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting An
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Huang T, Howse FM, Stachenfeld NS, Usselman CW. Correlations between salivary- and blood-derived gonadal hormone assessments and implications for inclusion of female participants in research studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H33-H46. [PMID: 36426884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00399.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Even in the 21st century, female participants continue to be underrepresented in human physiology research. This underrepresentation is attributable in part to the perception that the inclusion of females is more time consuming, less convenient, and more expensive relative to males because of the need to account for the menstrual cycle in cardiovascular study designs. Accounting for menstrual cycle-induced fluctuations in gonadal hormones is important, given established roles in governing vascular function and evidence that failure to consider gonadal hormone fluctuations can result in misinterpretations of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Thus, for cardiovascular researchers, the inclusion of females in research studies implies a necessity to predict, quantify, and/or track indexes of menstrual cycle-induced changes in hormones. It is here that methodologies are lacking. Gold standard measurement requires venous blood samples, but this technique is invasive and can become both expensive and technically preclusive when serial measurements are required. To this end, saliva-derived measures of gonadal hormones provide a means of simple, noninvasive hormone tracking. To investigate the feasibility of this technique as a means of facilitating research designs that take the menstrual cycle into account, the purpose of this review was to examine literature comparing salivary and blood concentrations of the primary gonadal hormones that fluctuate across the menstrual cycle: estradiol and progesterone. The data indicate that there appear to be valid and promising applications of salivary gonadal hormone monitoring, which may aid in the inclusion of female participants in cardiovascular research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Huang
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fiona M Howse
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charlotte W Usselman
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Enzymatic formation of a prenyl β-carboline by a fungal indole prenyltransferase. J Nat Med 2022; 76:873-879. [PMID: 35767141 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CdpNPT from Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal indole prenyltransferase (IPT) with remarkable substrate promiscuity to generate prenylated compounds. Our first investigation of the catalytic potential of CdpNPT against a β-carboline, harmol (1), revealed that the enzyme also accepts 1 as the prenyl acceptor with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as the prenyl donor and selectively prenylates the C-6 position of 1 by the "regular-type" dimethylallylation to produce 6-(3-dimethylallyl)harmol (2). Furthermore, our X-ray crystal structure analysis of the C-His6-tagged CdpNPT (38-440) truncated mutant complexed with 1 and docking studies of DMAPP to the crystal structure of the CdpNPT (38-440) mutant suggested that CdpNPT could employ the two-step prenylation system to produce 2.
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9
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Yang K, Tian J, Keller NP. Post-translational modifications drive secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Aspergillus: a review. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2857-2881. [PMID: 35645150 PMCID: PMC9545273 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) are important for protein function and regulate multiple cellular processes and secondary metabolites (SMs) in fungi. Aspergillus species belong to a genus renown for an abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites, many important as toxins, pharmaceuticals and in industrial production. The genes required for secondary metabolites are typically co‐localized in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which often localize in heterochromatic regions of genome and are ‘turned off’ under laboratory condition. Efforts have been made to ‘turn on’ these BGCs by genetic manipulation of histone modifications, which could convert the heterochromatic structure to euchromatin. Additionally, non‐histone PTMs also play critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism. In this review, we collate the known roles of epigenetic and PTMs on Aspergillus SM production. We also summarize the proteomics approaches and bioinformatics tools for PTM identification and prediction and provide future perspectives on the emerging roles of PTM on regulation of SM biosynthesis in Aspergillus and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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10
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Xu Y, Li D, Wang W, Xu K, Tan G, Li J, Li SM, Yu X. Dearomative gem-diprenylation of hydroxynaphthalenes by an engineered fungal prenyltransferase. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27550-27554. [PMID: 36276050 PMCID: PMC9514087 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04837j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylation usually improves structural diversity and bioactivity in natural products. Unlike the discovered enzymatic gem-diprenylation of mono- and tri-cyclic aromatic systems, the enzymatic approach for gem-diprenylation of bi-cyclic hydroxynaphthalenes is new to science. Here we report an enzymatic example for dearomative C4 gem-diprenylation of α-hydroxynaphthalenes, by the F253G mutant of a fungal prenyltransferase CdpC3PT. Experimental evidence suggests a sequential electrophilic substitution mechanism. We also explained the alteration of catalytic properties on CdpC3PT after mutation on F253 by modeling. This study provides a valuable addition to the synthetic toolkit for compound prenylation and it also contributes to the mechanistic study of prenylating enzymes. A new catalyst for regiospecific dearomative gem-diprenylation of α-hydroxynaphthalenes from the F253G mutant of the fungal prenyltransferase CdpC3PT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China
| | - Guishan Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xia Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China
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11
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Isogai S, Okahashi N, Asama R, Nakamura T, Hasunuma T, Matsuda F, Ishii J, Kondo A. Synthetic production of prenylated naringenins in yeast using promiscuous microbial prenyltransferases. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 12:e00169. [PMID: 33868922 PMCID: PMC8040282 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of prenylflavonoids using the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and prenyltransferases (PTs) in microbes can be a promising attractive alternative to plant-based production or chemical synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that promiscuous microbial PTs can be a substitute for regiospecific but mostly unidentified botanical PTs. To test the prenylations of naringenin, we constructed a yeast strain capable of producing naringenin from l-phenylalanine by genomic integration of six exogenous genes encoding components of the naringenin biosynthetic pathway. Using this platform strain, various microbial PTs were tested for prenylnaringenin production. In vitro screening demonstrated that the fungal AnaPT (a member of the tryptophan dimethylallyltransferase family) specifically catalyzed C-3′ prenylation of naringenin, whereas SfN8DT-1, a botanical PT, specifically catalyzed C-8 prenylation. In vivo, the naringenin-producing strain expressing the microbial AnaPT exhibited heterologous microbial production of 3′-prenylnaringenin (3′-PN), in contrast to the previously reported in vivo production of 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) using the botanical SfN8DT-1. These findings provide strategies towards expanding the production of a variety of prenylated compounds, including well-known prenylnaringenins and novel prenylflavonoids. These results also suggest the opportunity for substituting botanical PTs, both known and unidentified, that display relatively strict regiospecificity of the prenyl group transfer. Promiscuous microbial prenyltransferases replaced regiospecific botanical enzymes. A stable yeast strain that produced naringenin from l-phenylalanine was constructed. A fungal prenyltransferase (AnaPT) catalyzed C-3′ prenylation of naringenin. AnaPT catalyzed the first microbial production of 3′-prenylnaringenin. Microbial prenyltransferases permit the production of various prenylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Isogai
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ririka Asama
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), Kobe, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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12
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Bao S, Luo L, Wan Y, Xu K, Tan G, Fan J, Li SM, Yu X. Regiospecific 7-O-prenylation of anthocyanins by a fungal prenyltransferase. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104787. [PMID: 33711657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a type of well-known natural flavonoids for their various beneficial health effects. However, prenylated anthocyanins are not discovered in nature although prenylation is believed to generally enhance the biological accessibility of flavonoids. In this article, we demonstrate the first example for prenylation of anthocyanins. A chemo-enzymatic approach was achieved for the synthesis of a series of 7-O-prenylated anthocyanins, using the fungal prenyltransferase CdpC3PT from Neosartorya fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Bao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Guishan Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China; Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xia Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Xu Y, Li D, Tan G, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xu K, Li SM, Yu X. A Single Amino Acid Switch Alters the Prenyl Donor Specificity of a Fungal Aromatic Prenyltransferase toward Biflavonoids. Org Lett 2020; 23:497-502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guishan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute of Zibo High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xia Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Wang J, Ran H, Xie X, Wang K, Li SM. Spontaneous oxidative cyclisations of 1,3-dihydroxy-4-dimethylallylnaphthalene to tricyclic derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2646-2649. [PMID: 32207506 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of a dimethylallyl moiety to C4 of 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene led to spontaneous oxidative cyclisations, resulting in the formation of two tetrahydrobenzofuran and one bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives. Incubation under an 18O-rich atmosphere proved that both the incorporated oxygen atoms originated from O2. A radical-involved mechanism is proposed for these cyclisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Wang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany. and Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmacy, No. 1227, Jiefang Road, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Huomiao Ran
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universit-t Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases), including ABBA-type and dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS)-type enzymes from bacteria and fungi, play important role for diversification of the natural products and improvement of the biological activities. For a decade, the characterization of enzymes and enzymatic synthesis of prenylated compounds by using ABBA-type and DMATS-type PTases have been demonstrated. Here, I introduce several examples of the studies on chemoenzymatic synthesis of unnatural prenylated compounds and the enzyme engineering of ABBA-type and DMATS-type PTases.
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16
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Hammerer L, Pavkov-Keller T, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Rational Engineered C-Acyltransferase Transforms Sterically Demanding Acyl Donors. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1094-1101. [PMID: 32030315 PMCID: PMC6996649 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation has been identified recently for the acetylation of resorcinol using activated acetic acid esters for the synthesis of acetophenone derivatives catalyzed by an acyltransferase. Because the wild-type enzyme is limited to acetic and propionic derivatives as the substrate, variants were designed to extend the substrate scope of this enzyme. By rational protein engineering, the key residue in the active site was identified which can be replaced to allow binding of bulkier acyl moieties. The single-point variant F148V enabled the transformation of previously inaccessible medium chain length alkyl and alkoxyalkyl carboxylic esters as donor substrates with up to 99% conversion and up to >99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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He J, Hu Z, Dong Z, Li B, Chen K, Shang Z, Zhang M, Qiao X, Ye M. Enzymatic
O
‐Prenylation of Diverse Phenolic Compounds by a Permissive
O
‐Prenyltransferase from the Medicinal Mushroom
Antrodia camphorata. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbin He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
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18
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Bandari C, Scull EM, Bavineni T, Nimmo SL, Gardner ED, Bensen RC, Burgett AW, Singh S. FgaPT2, a biocatalytic tool for alkyl-diversification of indole natural products. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1465-1475. [PMID: 31534661 PMCID: PMC6748273 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Demonstration of FgaPT2 catalyzed alkyl-diversification of indole containing natural products.
Aromatic prenyltransferases from natural product biosynthetic pathways display relaxed specificity for their aromatic substrates. While a growing body of evidence suggests aromatic prenyltransferases to be more tolerant towards their alkyl-donor substrates, most studies aimed at probing their donor-substrate specificity are limited to only a small set of alkyl pyrophosphate donors, restricting their broader utility as biocatalysts for synthetic applications. Here, we assess the donor substrate specificity of an l-tryptophan C4-prenyltransferase, also known as C4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase, FgaPT2 from Aspergillus fumigatus, using an array of 34 synthetic unnatural alkyl-pyrophosphate analogues, and demonstrate FgaPT2 can catalyze the transfer of 25 of the 34 non-native alkyl groups from their corresponding synthetic alkyl-pyrophosphate analogues at N1, C3, C4 and C5 position of tryptophan in a normal and reverse manner. The kinetic studies and regio-chemical analysis of the alkyl-l-tryptophan products suggest that the alkyl-donor transfer by FgaPT2 is a function of the stability of the carbocation and the steric factors in the active site of the enzyme. Further, to demonstrate the biocatalytic utility of FgaPT2, this study also highlights the FgaPT2-catalyzed synthesis of a small set of alkyl-diversified indolocarbazole analogues. These results reveal FgaPT2 to be more tolerant to diverse non-native alkyl-donor substrates beyond their known acceptor substrate promiscuity and set the stage for its development as a novel biocatalytic tool for the differential alkylation of natural products for drug discovery and other synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Bandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Erin M Scull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Tejaswi Bavineni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Susan L Nimmo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Eric D Gardner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Ryan C Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Anthony W Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA .
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19
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Bandari C, Scull EM, Masterson JM, Tran RHQ, Foster SB, Nicholas KM, Singh S. Determination of Alkyl-Donor Promiscuity of Tyrosine-O
-Prenyltransferase SirD from Leptosphaeria maculans. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2323-2327. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Bandari
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Erin M. Scull
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Johanna M. Masterson
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Rachel H. Q. Tran
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Steven B. Foster
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Kenneth M. Nicholas
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
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20
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Pan LL, Song LF, Miao Y, Yang Y, Merz KM. Mechanism of Formation of the Nonstandard Product in the Prenyltransferase Reaction of the G115T Mutant of FtmPT1: A Case of Reaction Dynamics Calling the Shots? Biochemistry 2017; 56:2995-3007. [PMID: 28570807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
FtmPT1 is a fungal indole prenyltransferase that affords Tryprostatin B from Brevianamide F and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; however, when a single residue in the active site is mutated (Gly115Thr), a novel five-membered ring compound is obtained as the major product with Tryprostatin B as the minor product. Herein, we describe detailed studies of the catalysis of the Gly115Thr mutant of FtmPT1 with a focus on the observed regioselectivity of the reaction. We employ one- and two-dimensional potential of mean force simulations to explore the catalytic mechanism, along with molecular dynamics simulations exploring the reaction dynamics of the prenyl transfer reaction. Single-point electronic structure calculations were also used to explore the performance of the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding method to model specific reaction steps. Importantly, we observe that the two reaction pathways have comparable activation parameters and propose that the origin of the novel product is predicated, at least in part, on the topology of the potential energy surface as revealed by reaction dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lin Frank Song
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yipu Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yue Yang
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kenneth M Merz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Cyber Enabled Research, Michigan State University , 567 Wilson Road, Room 1440, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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21
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Zhao W, Fan A, Tarcz S, Zhou K, Yin WB, Liu XQ, Li SM. Mutation on Gly115 and Tyr205 of the cyclic dipeptide C2-prenyltransferase FtmPT1 increases its catalytic activity toward hydroxynaphthalenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1989-1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Zhou K, Yu X, Xie X, Li SM. Complementary Flavonoid Prenylations by Fungal Indole Prenyltransferases. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2229-2235. [PMID: 26294262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are found mainly in plants and exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, which can often be enhanced by prenylations. In plants, such reactions are catalyzed by membrane-bound prenyltransferases. In this study, the prenylation of nine flavonoids from different classes by a soluble fungal prenyltransferase (AnaPT) involved in the biosynthesis of the prenylated indole alkaloid acetylaszonalenin is demonstrated. The behavior of AnaPT toward flavonoids regarding substrate acceptance and prenylation positions clearly differs from that of the indole prenyltransferase 7-DMATS. The two enzymes are therefore complementary in flavonoid prenylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Xia Yu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
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23
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Fan A, Winkelblech J, Li SM. Impacts and perspectives of prenyltransferases of the DMATS superfamily for use in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7399-415. [PMID: 26227408 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated compounds are ubiquitously found in nature and demonstrate interesting biological and pharmacological activities. Prenyltransferases catalyze the attachment of prenyl moieties from different prenyl donors to various acceptors and contribute significantly to the structural and biological diversity of natural products. In the last decade, significant progress has been achieved for the prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily. More than 40 members of these soluble enzymes are identified in microorganisms and characterized biochemically. These enzymes were also successfully used for production of a large number of prenylated derivatives. N1-, C4-, C5-, C6-, and C7-prenylated tryptophan and N1-, C2-, C3-, C4-, and C7-prenylated tryptophan-containing peptides were obtained by using DMATS enzymes as biocatalysts. Tyrosine and xanthone prenyltransferases were used for production of prenylated derivatives of their analogs. More interestingly, the members of the DMATS superfamily demonstrated intriguing substrate and catalytic promiscuity and also used structurally quite different compounds as prenyl acceptors. Prenylated hydroxynaphthalenes, flavonoids, indolocarbazoles, and acylphloroglucinols, which are typical bacterial or plant metabolites, were produced by using several fungal DMATS enzymes. Furthermore, the potential usage of these enzymes was further expanded by using natural or unnatural DMAPP analogs as well as by coexpression with other genes like NRPS and by development of whole cell biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Fan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, D-35037, Marburg, Germany
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24
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Guo CJ, Sun WW, Bruno KS, Oakley BR, Keller NP, Wang CCC. Spatial regulation of a common precursor from two distinct genes generates metabolite diversity. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5913-5921. [PMID: 28791090 PMCID: PMC5523082 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that spatial regulation of the same product from two distinct genes generates metabolite diversity.
In secondary metabolite biosynthesis, core synthetic genes such as polyketide synthase genes usually encode proteins that generate various backbone precursors. These precursors are modified by other tailoring enzymes to yield a large variety of different secondary metabolites. The number of core synthesis genes in a given species correlates, therefore, with the number of types of secondary metabolites the organism can produce. In our study, heterologous expression of all the A. terreus NRPS-like genes showed that two NRPS-like proteins, encoded by atmelA and apvA, release the same natural product, aspulvinone E. In hyphae this compound is converted to aspulvinones whereas in conidia it is converted to melanin. The genes are expressed in different tissues and this spatial control is probably regulated by their own specific promoters. Comparative genomics indicates that atmelA and apvA might share a same ancestral gene and the gene apvA is located in a highly conserved region in Aspergillus species that contains genes coding for life-essential proteins. Our data reveal the first case in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in which the tissue specific production of a single compound directs it into two separate pathways, producing distinct compounds with different functions. Our data also reveal that a single trans-prenyltransferase, AbpB, prenylates two substrates, aspulvinones and butyrolactones, revealing that genes outside of contiguous secondary metabolism gene clusters can modify more than one compound thereby expanding metabolite diversity. Our study raises the possibility of incorporation of spatial, cell-type specificity in expression of secondary metabolites of biological interest and provides new insight into designing and reconstituting their biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Wei-Wen Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Kenneth S Bruno
- Chemical and Biological Process Development Group , Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , WA 99352 , USA
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS 66045 , USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI 53706 , USA
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry , College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
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25
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Zhou K, Ludwig L, Li SM. Friedel-crafts alkylation of acylphloroglucinols catalyzed by a fungal indole prenyltransferase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:929-933. [PMID: 25756361 DOI: 10.1021/np5009784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivatives are plant metabolites with diverse biological and pharmacological activities. Prenylation of acylphloroglucinols plays an important role in the formation of these intriguing natural products and is catalyzed in plants by membrane-bound enzymes. In this study, we demonstrate the prenylation of such compounds by a soluble fungal prenyltransferase AnaPT involved in the biosynthesis of prenylated indole alkaloids. The observed activities of AnaPT toward these substrates are much higher than that of a microsomal fraction containing an overproduced prenyltransferase from the plant hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Lena Ludwig
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
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26
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27
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Tyrosine O-prenyltransferases TyrPT and SirD displaying similar behavior toward unnatural alkyl or benzyl diphosphate as their natural prenyl donor dimethylallyl diphosphate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7115-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2014. Prenylated indole alkaloids comprise a large and structurally diverse family of natural products that often display potent biological activities. In recent years a large family of prenyltransferases that install prenyl groups onto the indole core have been discovered. While the vast majority of these enzymes are evolutionarily related and share a common protein fold, they are remarkably versatile in their ability to catalyze reverse and normal prenylations at all positions on the indole ring. This highlight article will focus on recent studies of the mechanisms utilized by indole prenyltransferases. While all of the prenylation reactions may follow a direct electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism, studies of structure and reactivity suggest that in some cases prenylation may first occur at the nucleophilic C-3 position, and subsequent rearrangements then generate the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada.
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29
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Sutariya TR, Labana BM, Parmar NJ, Kant R, Gupta VK, Plata GB, Padrón JM. Efficient synthesis of some new antiproliferative N-fused indoles and isoquinolines via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in an ionic liquid. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) as a new, recyclable and environmentally friendly reaction medium for the intramolecular[3+2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajni Kant
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu
- India
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu
- India
| | - Gabriela B. Plata
- BioLab
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
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30
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Fan A, Zocher G, Stec E, Stehle T, Li SM. Site-directed mutagenesis switching a dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase to a specific tyrosine C3-prenylating enzyme. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1364-73. [PMID: 25477507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.623413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan prenyltransferases FgaPT2 and 7-DMATS (7-dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase) from Aspergillus fumigatus catalyze C(4)- and C(7)-prenylation of the indole ring, respectively. 7-DMATS was found to accept l-tyrosine as substrate as well and converted it to an O-prenylated derivative. An acceptance of l-tyrosine by FgaPT2 was also observed in this study. Interestingly, isolation and structure elucidation revealed the identification of a C(3)-prenylated l-tyrosine as enzyme product. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis led to creation of a mutant FgaPT2_K174F, which showed much higher specificity toward l-tyrosine than l-tryptophan. Its catalytic efficiency toward l-tyrosine was found to be 4.9-fold in comparison with that of non-mutated FgaPT2, whereas the activity toward l-tryptophan was less than 0.4% of that of the wild-type. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on an enzymatic C-prenylation of l-tyrosine as free amino acid and altering the substrate preference of a prenyltransferase by mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Fan
- From the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg and
| | - Georg Zocher
- the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edyta Stec
- From the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg and
| | - Thilo Stehle
- the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- From the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg and
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31
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Thandavamurthy K, Sharma D, Porwal SK, Ray D, Viswanathan R. Regioselective Cope Rearrangement and Prenyl Transfers on Indole Scaffold Mimicking Fungal and Bacterial Dimethylallyltryptophan Synthases. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10049-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501651z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Thandavamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Suheel K. Porwal
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Dale Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
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Pan LL, Yang Y, Merz KM. Origin of product selectivity in a prenyl transfer reaction from the same intermediate: exploration of multiple FtmPT1-catalyzed prenyl transfer pathways. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6126-38. [PMID: 25188320 PMCID: PMC4179596 DOI: 10.1021/bi500747z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
FtmPT1 is a fungal indole prenyltransferase
that catalyzes the
reaction of tryptophan derivatives with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
to form various biologically active compounds. Herein, we describe
detailed studies of FtmPT1 catalysis involving dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
and Brevianamide F following the native pathway (yielding Tryprostatin
B) and an alternate pathway observed in the Gly115Thr mutant of FtmPT1
yielding a novel cyclized product. Importantly, these two products
arise from the same intermediate state, meaning that a step other
than the cleavage of the dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; C–O)
bond is differentiating between the two product reaction channels.
From detailed potential of mean force (PMF) and two-dimensional PMF
analyses, we conclude that the rate-limiting step is the cleavage
of the C–O bond in DMAPP, while the deprotonation/cyclization
step determines the final product distribution. Hence, in the case
of FtmPT1, the optimization of the necessary catalytic machinery guides
the generation of the final product after formation of the intermediate
carbocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pan
- Quantum Theory Project and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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33
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Biochemical Investigations of Two 6-DMATS Enzymes fromStreptomycesReveal New Features ofL-Tryptophan Prenyltransferases. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pockrandt D, Sack C, Kosiol T, Li SM. A promiscuous prenyltransferase from Aspergillus oryzae catalyses C-prenylations of hydroxynaphthalenes in the presence of different prenyl donors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4987-94. [PMID: 24430210 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and show broad substrate specificity towards their aromatic substrates with a high regioselectivity for the prenylation reactions. Most members of this superfamily accepted as prenyl donor exclusively dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). One enzyme, AnaPT from Neosartorya fischeri, was reported recently to use both DMAPP and geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as prenyl donors. In this study, we demonstrate the acceptance of DMAPP, GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by a new member of this superfamily, BAE61387 from Aspergillus oryzae DSM1147, for C-prenylations of hydroxynaphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pockrandt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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35
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Tarcz S, Xie X, Li SM. Substrate and catalytic promiscuity of secondary metabolite enzymes: O-prenylation of hydroxyxanthones with different prenyl donors by a bisindolyl benzoquinone C- and N-prenyltransferase. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplied with unnatural substrates like hydroxyxanthones, the C- and N-prenyltransferase AstPT performs O-prenylation using DMAPP, GPP and also FPP as prenyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Tarcz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35037 Marburg, Germany
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36
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Liebhold M, Li SM. Regiospecific Benzylation of Tryptophan and Derivatives Catalyzed by a Fungal Dimethylallyl Transferase. Org Lett 2013; 15:5834-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4029012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Liebhold
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps Universität Marburg Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps Universität Marburg Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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37
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Regiospecificities and prenylation mode specificities of the fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases AtmD and PaxD. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7298-304. [PMID: 24038699 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02496-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the function of paxD, which is involved in the paxilline (compound 1) biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium paxilli. Recombinant PaxD catalyzed a stepwise regular-type diprenylation at the 21 and 22 positions of compound 1 with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as the prenyl donor. In this study, atmD, which is located in the aflatrem (compound 2) biosynthetic gene cluster in Aspergillus flavus and encodes an enzyme with 32% amino acid identity to PaxD, was characterized using recombinant enzyme. When compound 1 and DMAPP were used as substrates, two major products and a trace of minor product were formed. The structures of the two major products were determined to be reversely monoprenylated compound 1 at either the 20 or 21 position. Because compound 2 and β-aflatrem (compound 3), both of which are compound 1-related compounds produced by A. flavus, have the same prenyl moiety at the 20 and 21 position, respectively, AtmD should catalyze the prenylation in compound 2 and 3 biosynthesis. More importantly and surprisingly, AtmD accepted paspaline (compound 4), which is an intermediate of compound 1 biosynthesis that has a structure similar to that of compound 1, and catalyzed a regular monoprenylation of compound 4 at either the 21 or 22 position, though the reverse prenylation was observed with compound 1. This suggests that fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases have the potential to alter their position and regular/reverse specificities for prenylation and could be applicable for the synthesis of industrially useful compounds.
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38
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Pirie CM, De Mey M, Prather KLJ, Ajikumar PK. Integrating the protein and metabolic engineering toolkits for next-generation chemical biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:662-72. [PMID: 23373985 DOI: 10.1021/cb300634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through microbial engineering, biosynthesis has the potential to produce thousands of chemicals used in everyday life. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are fields driven by the manipulation of genes, genetic regulatory systems, and enzymatic pathways for developing highly productive microbial strains. Fundamentally, it is the biochemical characteristics of the enzymes themselves that dictate flux through a biosynthetic pathway toward the product of interest. As metabolic engineers target sophisticated secondary metabolites, there has been little recognition of the reduced catalytic activity and increased substrate/product promiscuity of the corresponding enzymes compared to those of central metabolism. Thus, fine-tuning these enzymatic characteristics through protein engineering is paramount for developing high-productivity microbial strains for secondary metabolites. Here, we describe the importance of protein engineering for advancing metabolic engineering of secondary metabolism pathways. This pathway integrated enzyme optimization can enhance the collective toolkit of microbial engineering to shape the future of chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Pirie
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
- Centre of
Expertise−Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristala L. Jones Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Parayil Kumaran Ajikumar
- Manus Biosynthesis Inc., Suite 102, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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39
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Wessjohann LA, Keim J, Weigel B, Dippe M. Alkylating enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Yu X, Yang A, Lin W, Li SM. Friedel–Crafts alkylation on indolocarbazoles catalyzed by two dimethylallyltryptophan synthases from Aspergillus. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Pockrandt D, Ludwig L, Fan A, König GM, Li SM. New Insights into the Biosynthesis of Prenylated Xanthones: Xptb fromAspergillus nidulansCatalyses an O-Prenylation of Xanthones. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2764-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Mundt K, Wollinsky B, Ruan HL, Zhu T, Li SM. Identification of the verruculogen prenyltransferase FtmPT3 by a combination of chemical, bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2583-92. [PMID: 23109474 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that verruculogen is the end product of a biosynthetic gene cluster for fumitremorgin-type alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri. In this study, we isolated fumitremorgin A from N. fischeri. This led to the identification of the responsible gene, ftmPT3, for O-prenylation of an aliphatic hydroxy group in verruculogen. This gene was found at a different location in the genome of N. fischeri than the identified cluster. The coding sequence of ftmPT3 was amplified by fusion PCR and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme product of the soluble His(8)-FtmPT3 with verruculogen and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) was identified unequivocally as fumitremorgin A by NMR and MS analyses. K(M) values of FtmPT3 were determined for verruculogen and DMAPP at 5.7 and 61.5 μM, respectively. Average turnover number (k(cat)) was calculated from kinetic parameters of verruculogen and DMAPP to be 0.069 s(-1). FtmPT3 also accepted biosynthetic precursors of fumitremorgin A, for example, fumitremorgin B and 12,13-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C, as substrates and catalyses their prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mundt
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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44
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Liebhold M, Xie X, Li SM. Expansion of enzymatic Friedel-Crafts alkylation on indoles: acceptance of unnatural β-unsaturated allyl diphospates by dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthases. Org Lett 2012; 14:4882-5. [PMID: 22958207 DOI: 10.1021/ol302207r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily catalyze Friedel-Crafts alkylation with high flexibility for aromatic substrates, but the high specificity for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) prohibits their application as biocatalysts. We demonstrate here that at least one methyl group in DMAPP can be deleted or shifted to the δ-position. For acceptance by some DMATS enzymes, however, a double bond must be situated at the β-position. Furthermore, the alkylation position of an analogue can differ from that of DMAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Liebhold
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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45
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Subramanian S, Shen X, Yuan Q, Yan Y. Identification and biochemical characterization of a 5-dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Schuller JM, Zocher G, Liebhold M, Xie X, Stahl M, Li SM, Stehle T. Structure and catalytic mechanism of a cyclic dipeptide prenyltransferase with broad substrate promiscuity. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:87-99. [PMID: 22683356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal indole prenyltransferases (PTs) typically act on specific substrates, and they are able to prenylate their target compounds with remarkably high regio- and stereoselectivity. Similar to several indole PTs characterized to date, the cyclic dipeptide N-prenyltransferase (CdpNPT) is able to prenylate a range of diverse substrates, thus exhibiting an unusually broad substrate promiscuity. To define the structural basis for this promiscuity, we have determined crystal structures of unliganded CdpNPT and of a ternary complex of CdpNPT bound to (S)-benzodiazepinedione and thiolodiphosphate. Analysis of the structures reveals a limited number of specific interactions with (S)-benzodiazepinedione, which projects into a largely hydrophobic surface. This surface can also accommodate other substrates, explaining the ability of the enzyme to prenylate a range of compounds. The location of the bound substrates suggests a likely reaction mechanism for the conversion of (S)-benzodiazepinedione. Structure-guided mutagenesis experiments confirm that, in addition to (S)-benzodiazepinedione, CdpNPT can also act on (R)-benzodiazepinedione and several cyclic dipeptides, albeit with relaxed specificity. Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that CdpNPT is a C-3 reverse PT that catalyzes the formation of C-3β prenylated indolines from diketopiperazines of tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Michael Schuller
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Chen J, Morita H, Wakimoto T, Mori T, Noguchi H, Abe I. Prenylation of a nonaromatic carbon of indolylbutenone by a fungal indole prenyltransferase. Org Lett 2012; 14:3080-3. [PMID: 22642693 DOI: 10.1021/ol301129x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FtmPT1 from Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal indole prenyltransferase (PT) that normally catalyzes the regiospecific prenylation of brevianamide F (cyclo-L-Trp-L-Pro) at the C-2 position of the indole ring with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Interestingly, FtmPT1 exhibited remarkable substrate tolerance and accepted (E)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)but-3-en-2-one (1) as a substrate to produce an unnatural novel α-prenylindolylbutenone (1a). This is the first demonstration of the prenylation of a nonaromatic carbon of the acceptor substrate by a fungal indole PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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48
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Stec E, Li SM. Mutagenesis and biochemical studies on AuaA confirmed the importance of the two conserved aspartate-rich motifs and suggested difference in the amino acids for substrate binding in membrane-bound prenyltransferases. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:589-95. [PMID: 22311133 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AuaA is a membrane-bound farnesyltransferase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca involved in the biosynthesis of aurachins. Like other known membrane-bound aromatic prenyltransferases, AuaA contains two conserved aspartate-rich motifs. Several amino acids in the first motif NXxxDxxxD were proposed to be responsible for prenyl diphosphate binding via metal ions like Mg(2+). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrated in this study that asparagine, but not the arginine residue in NRxxDxxxD, is important for the enzyme activity of AuaA, differing from the importance of NQ or ND residues in the NQxxDxxxD or NDxxDxxxD motifs observed in some membrane-bound prenyltransferases. The second motif of known membrane-bound prenyltransferases was proposed to be involved in the binding of their aromatic substrates. KDIxDxEGD, also found in AuaA, had been previously speculated to be characteristic for binding of flavonoids or homogenisate. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments with AuaA showed that KDIxDxEGD was critical for the enzyme activity. However, this motif is very likely not specific for flavonoid or homogenisate prenyltransferases, because none of the tested flavonoids was accepted by AuaA or its mutant R53A in the presence of farnesyl, geranyl or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Stec
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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49
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Noike M, Liu C, Ono Y, Hamano Y, Toyomasu T, Sassa T, Kato N, Dairi T. An Enzyme Catalyzing O-Prenylation of the Glucose Moiety of Fusicoccin A, a Diterpene Glucoside Produced by the Fungus Phomopsis amygdali. Chembiochem 2012; 13:566-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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