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Biermann R, Beutel S. Endospore production of Bacillus spp. for industrial use. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300013. [PMID: 37970521 PMCID: PMC10630785 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased occurrence of antibiotic resistance and the harmful use of pesticides are a major problem of modern times. A ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal breeding has put a focus on the probiotics market. Probiotic food supplements are versatile and show promising results in animal and human nutrition. Chemical pesticides can be substituted by biopesticides, which are very effective against various pests in plants due to increased research. What these fields have in common is the use of spore-forming bacteria. The endospore-forming Bacillus spp. belonging to this group offer an effective solution to the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the biotechnological production of sufficient qualities of such endospores has become an innovative and financially viable field of research. In this review, the production of different Bacillus spp. endospores will be reviewed. For this purpose, the media compositions, cultivation conditions and bioprocess optimization methods of the last 20 years are presented and reflected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
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Cao SK, Du XX, Chen G, Zeng AP, Yu H. Relative activity of 15 bacterial strains against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1505-1517. [PMID: 37499044 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Crystal toxins produced by different strains of entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been characterized and widely applied as commercial biological pesticides owing to their excellent insecticidal properties. This study aimed to identify novel bacterial strains effective in controlling Spodoptera exigua Hübner, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, and Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Fifteen culturable bacterial strains were isolated from 60 dead larvae (H. armigera and S. exigua) collected in the field. The biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequences of these strains indicated that one strain (B7) was Lysinibacillus sp., 12 strains (B1, B3, B4, B5, B6, B8, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, and DW) were Bt kurstaki, and P2-2 and B2 were Bacillus velezensis subsp. Laboratory bioassays indicated that strains B3, P6, B6, and P4 showed high toxicity to second-instar larvae of S. exigua, with LC50 values of 5.11, 6.74, 205.82, and 595.93 µg/ml, respectively; while the strains P5, B5, B6, and P6, were the most efficient against second-instar larvae of H. armigera with LC50 values of 725.82, 11,022.72, 1,282.90, 2,005.28, respectively, and strains DW, P3, P2, and B4 had high insecticidal activity against second-instar larvae of S. litura with LC50 values of 576.69, 1,660.96, 6,309.42, and 5,486.10 µg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, several Bt kurstaki strains with good toxicity potential were isolated and identified in this study. These strains are expected to be useful for biointensive integrated pest management programs to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xing-Xing Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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Biermann R, Rösner L, Beyer L, Niemeyer L, Beutel S. Bioprocess development for endospore production by Bacillus coagulans using an optimized chemically defined medium. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300210. [PMID: 37795343 PMCID: PMC10545977 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus coagulans is a promising probiotic, because it combines probiotic properties of Lactobacillus and the ability of Bacillus to form endospores. Due to this hybrid relationship, cultivation of this organism is challenging. As the probiotics market continues to grow, there is a new focus on the production of these microorganisms. In this work, a strain-specific bioprocess for B. coagulans was developed to support growth on one hand and ensure sporulation on the other hand. This circumstance is not trivial, since these two metabolic states are contrary. The developed bioprocess uses a modified chemically defined medium which was further investigated in a one-factor-at-a-time assay after adaptation. A transfer from the shake flask to the bioreactor was successfully demonstrated in the scope of this work. The investigated process parameters included temperature, agitation and pH-control. Especially the pH-control improved the sporulation in the bioreactor when compared to shake flasks. The bioprocess resulted in a sporulation efficiency of 80%-90%. This corresponds to a sevenfold increase in sporulation efficiency due to a transfer to the bioreactor with pH-control. Additionally, a design of experiment (DoE) was conducted to test the robustness of the bioprocess. This experiment validated the beforementioned sporulation efficiency for the developed bioprocess. Afterwards the bioprocess was then scaled up from a 1 L scale to a 10 L bioreactor scale. A comparable sporulation efficiency of 80% as in the small scale was achieved. The developed bioprocess facilitates the upscaling and application to an industrial scale, and can thus help meet the increasing market for probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Rösner
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa‐Marie Beyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Niemeyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
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Kadri T, Miri S, Robert T, Kaur Brar S, Rouissi T, LaxmanPachapur V, Lauzon JM. Pilot-scale production and in-situ application of petroleum-degrading enzyme cocktail from Alcanivorax borkumensis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133840. [PMID: 35124086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum degrading enzymes can be used as an alternative way to improve petroleum bioremediation approaches. Alcanivorax borkumensis is an alkane-degrading bacteria that can produce petroleum degrading enzymes such as alkane hydroxylase and lipase. In this study, pilot-scale Alcanivorax borkumensis fermentation was developed for producing large volumes of petroleum degrading enzymes cocktail (∼900 L). Different process conditions, such as inoculum age 72 h and size 4% v/v, temperature 30 ± 1 °C, agitation speed at 150 rpm and, fermentation period 3 days were determined as the optimum for producing alkane hydroxylase and lipase activity. The oxygen transfer capacity was studied for obtaining better bacterial growth and higher enzyme activities in bioreactor process optimization as well as scale-up. Results showed that the maximum values of oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), oxygen uptake rate (OUR), oxygen transfer rate (OTR), alkane hydroxylase, lipase, and cell count were 196.95 h-1, 0.92 mmol O2/L/h, 1.8 mmol O2/L/h, 222.49 U/mL, 325 U/mL, and 8.6 × 1010 CFU/mL, respectively. Compared with the bench-scale bioreactors, the 150 L fermenter showed a better oxygen transfer rate which affected the cell growth that doubled the number and enzymes production that increased. Then, the enzyme cocktail was used for a field test in a diesel source zone using a 5-spot well pattern. The results showed a significant reduction in concentrations of C10 - C50 (from 36% to > 99%) after one injection of enzyme cocktail, mainly for the contaminated soils located in the saturated zone of the unconfined aquifer. This study confirmed the scaling-up ofalkane-degrading enzyme production to an industrial-scale and its application for effective bioremediation of petroleum contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayssir Kadri
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Saba Miri
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Robert
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; TechnoRem Inc., 4701, Rue Louis-B.-Mayer, Laval, Québec, H7P 6G5, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Tarek Rouissi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Marc Lauzon
- TechnoRem Inc., 4701, Rue Louis-B.-Mayer, Laval, Québec, H7P 6G5, Canada
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On-line monitoring of industrial interest Bacillus fermentations, using impedance spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:52-61. [PMID: 34826536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a technique used to characterize electrochemical systems, increasing its applicability as well to monitor cell cultures. During their growth, Bacillus species have different phases which involve the production and consumption of different metabolites, culminating in the cell differentiation process that allows the generation of bacterial spores. In order to use impedance spectroscopy as a tool to monitor industrial interest Bacillus cultures, we conducted batch fermentations of Bacillus species such as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. licheniformis coupled with this technique. Each fermentation was characterized by the scanning of 50 frequencies between 0.5 and 5 MHz every 30 min. Pearson's correlation between impedance and phase angle profiles (obtained from each frequency scanned) with the kinetic profiles of each strain allowed the selection of fixed frequencies of 0.5, 1.143, and 1.878 MHz to follow-up of the fermentations of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis, respectively. Dielectric profiles of impedance, phase angle, reactance, and resistance obtained at the fixed frequency showed consistent changes with exponential, transition, and spore release phases.
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Biochemical, molecular and in silico characterization of arsenate reductase from Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1 tolerant to salt, arsenic and a wide range of pH. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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da Silva TAF, de Freitas LS, da Silva LVJB, Duarte Neto JMW, da Silva GR, Maranhão LMDAC, de Lacerda CA, Oliveira JDP, Bezerra RP, Porto ALF. Effect of the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient on producing δ-endotoxins by Bacillus thuringiensis in culture medium based on forage palm. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jallouli W, Driss F, Fillaudeau L, Rouis S. Review on biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki since 1990: Focus on bioprocess parameters. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Duarte Neto JMW, Wanderley MCDA, da Silva TAF, Marques DAV, da Silva GR, Gurgel JF, Oliveira JDP, Porto ALF. Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin production: a systematic review of the past 10 years. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:128. [PMID: 32712871 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most promising biological control agents used commercially. Its products can contribute to reducing ecological and environmental problems associated with the use of chemical pesticides. Among the limiting factors of using Bt as bioinsecticide are the costs and ensuring its biological activity, which may vary according to the strain and culture conditions. This systematic review aimed to collect state-of-the-art information on the production of Bt endotoxins and to score the methodological feasibility of the data obtained, thus highlighting possible incoherencies. In order to consolidate recent findings and guide future studies, a total of 47 original articles from the last 10 years was analysed, with special attention being given to corroborating data, identifying inconsistencies and suggesting future adjustments so as to increase data reliability. With a maximum score of 8 points, three production parameters were classified on the following scale: preferable (score: 2), adequate (score: 1) and inadequate (score: 0), and another two parameter were classified as adequate (score: 1) or inadequate (score: 0). No article scored more than 6 out of the maximum of 8, thus reflecting the need for more detailed studies regarding Bt endotoxin production. The lack of standardization of methods and units of measurement also have made a comparison of results and an overall analysis difficult. Standards are suggested in the present study. The inclusion of bioassays and quantifying toxin via alkaline dilution are strongly recommended for studies of this nature, along with LC50 expressed in mg/L. Sixteen articles (34%) did not use either of these suggested methods, which indicates the need for further supporting studies. These findings reinforce the need for robust studies in this area, which could include the development of more affordable and effective bioinsecticides, thus increasing their competitiveness against insecticides derived from unsustainable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manoel W Duarte Neto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA, Av. General San Martin, Recife, PE, 137150761-000, Brazil.,Bioactives Technology Laboratory (LABTECBIO), Animal Morphology and Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, n/nr, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.,Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins Do Rego, n/nr, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina de A Wanderley
- Bioactives Technology Laboratory (LABTECBIO), Animal Morphology and Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, n/nr, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.,Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins Do Rego, n/nr, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Túlio Alexandre F da Silva
- Bioactives Technology Laboratory (LABTECBIO), Animal Morphology and Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, n/nr, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela A Viana Marques
- University of Pernambuco (UPE), Serra Talhada Campus, Av. Afonso Magalhães, n/nr, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil
| | - Gilvanda R da Silva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA, Av. General San Martin, Recife, PE, 137150761-000, Brazil
| | - Josimar Fernandes Gurgel
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA, Av. General San Martin, Recife, PE, 137150761-000, Brazil
| | - José de Paula Oliveira
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA, Av. General San Martin, Recife, PE, 137150761-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia F Porto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA, Av. General San Martin, Recife, PE, 137150761-000, Brazil. .,Bioactives Technology Laboratory (LABTECBIO), Animal Morphology and Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, n/nr, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil. .,Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins Do Rego, n/nr, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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Lormendez CC, Fernandez-Ruvalcaba M, Adames-Mancebo M, Hernandez-Velazquez VM, Zuñiga-Navarrete F, Flores-Ramirez G, Lina-Garcia L, Peña-Chora G. Mass production of a S-layer protein of Bacillus thuringiensis and its toxicity to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17586. [PMID: 31772196 PMCID: PMC6879537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used biopesticides to control agricultural, forest and insect vectors of human diseases are derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which begins to produce Cry and Cyt insecticidal proteins during the onset of the sporulation phase. Some B. thuringiensis strains also produce S-layer proteins that are toxic to certain pests. S-layer proteins are the most abundant proteins in bacteria and archaea. This proteins' key trait to design high performace processes for mass production is their continuous expression during the vegetative phase, unlike Cry and Cyt, which are restricted to the sporulation phase. In this work, a S-layer protein expressed by the GP543 strain of B. thuringiensis that is toxic to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus was mass produced using the batch culture fermentation technique. In addition, the spore-protein complex showed a mortality rate of 75% with a dose of 300 µg·mL-1 on adult females of R. microplus after fourteen days. The lethal concentration 50 was 69.7 µg·mL-1. The treatment also caused a decrease of 13% in the weight of the mass of oviposited eggs with 200 µg·mL-1 of the spore-protein complex and inhibition of the hatching of eggs from 80 to 92%. Therefore, this could be a good option for controlling this parasite. The advantages of S-layer protein synthesis are focused on the production of a new generation of proteins in pest control. This is the first report on the mass production of an S-layer protein that is responsible for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Lormendez
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manuel Fernandez-Ruvalcaba
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitologia Veterinaria INIFAP, Km. 11.5 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca, Cuautla, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Markis Adames-Mancebo
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Hernandez-Velazquez
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fernando Zuñiga-Navarrete
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Flores-Ramirez
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Lina-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Peña-Chora
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Lima-Pérez J, López-Pérez M, Viniegra-González G, Loera O. Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki HD-73 maintains higher biomass and spore yields as compared to submerged fermentation using the same media. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1527-1535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Effect of Oxygen Supply on Surfactin Production and Sporulation in Submerged Culture of Bacillus subtilis Y9. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation parameters for surfactin production and sporulation in a submerged culture of Bacillus subtilis Y9 with various oxygen transfer rates in 5 L jar fermenters were investigated. The oxygen-uptake rate (OUR) was positively correlated with volumetric surfactin productivity. When OUR value increased from 0 to 250 s−1, productivity increased up to 45 mg/L·h; however, no further increase was observed at OUR values above 255 s−1. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLa increased with increasing agitation speed. However, a reduction in surfactin production was observed at the highest agitation speed of 500 rpm. Productivity sharply decreased after spore appearance, and remained low until the end of the culture. A mesh-type sparger was installed to generate microsized air bubbles. When the system was operated at 400 rpm with the mesh-type sparger, KLa was higher than that at 500 rpm with an original sparger. Under agitation at 400 rpm with the mesh-type sparger, productivity was maintained above 42.3 mg/L·h until 24 h, resulting in the highest surfactin concentration of 875 mg/L. Thus, a mesh-type sparger promotes KLa, leading to an increase in productivity.
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Bressuire-Isoard C, Broussolle V, Carlin F. Sporulation environment influences spore properties in Bacillus: evidence and insights on underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:614-626. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bressuire-Isoard
- UMR408 SQPOV “Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale”, INRA–Avignon Université, Centre de Recherche PACA, CS40509, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Véronique Broussolle
- UMR408 SQPOV “Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale”, INRA–Avignon Université, Centre de Recherche PACA, CS40509, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Carlin
- UMR408 SQPOV “Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale”, INRA–Avignon Université, Centre de Recherche PACA, CS40509, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Ndao A, Sellamuthu B, Gnepe JR, Tyagi RD, Valero JR. Pilot-scale biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki using starch industry wastewater as raw material. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:623-630. [PMID: 28586277 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1330071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pilot-scale Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 L bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 L and 150 L fermenters. In pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. Thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (OUR) and oxygen transfer rate (OTR)] to obtain better bacterial growth rate and entomotoxicity in new bioreactor process optimization and scale-up. This study results demonstrated that the oxygen transfer rate in 2000 L bioreactor was better than 15 L and 150 L fermenters. The better oxygen transfer in 2000 L bioreactor augmented the bacterial growth [total cell (TC) and viable spore count (SC)] and delta-endotoxin yield. Prepared a stable biopesticide formulation for field use and its entomotoxicity was also evaluated. This study result corroborates the feasibility of industrial scale operation of biopesticide production using starch industry wastewater as raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Ndao
- a INRS-ETE, Université du Québec , Québec , Canada
| | | | - Jean R Gnepe
- a INRS-ETE, Université du Québec , Québec , Canada
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The effect of aeration conditions, characterized by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLa, on the fermentation kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reactance and resistance: main properties to follow the cell differentiation process in Bacillus thuringiensis by dielectric spectroscopy in real time. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5439-50. [PMID: 25862207 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During growth, Bacillus thuringiensis presents three phases: exponential phase (EP), transition state (TS), and sporulation phase (SP). In order to form a dormant spore and to synthesize delta-endotoxins during SP, bacteria must undergo a cellular differentiation process initiated during the TS. Dielectric spectroscopy is a technique that can be utilized for continuous and in situ monitoring of the cellular state. In order to study on-line cell behavior in B. thuringiensis cultures, we conducted a number of batch cultures under different conditions, by scanning 200 frequencies from 42 Hz to 5 MHz and applying fixed current and voltage of 20 mA and 5 V DC, respectively. The resulting signals included Impedance (Z), Angle phase (Deg), Voltage (V), Current (I), Conductance (G), Reactance (X), and Resistance (R). Individual raw data relating to observed dielectric property profiles were correlated with the different growth phases established using data from cellular growth, cry1Ac gene expression, and free spores obtained with conventional techniques and fermentation parameters. Based on these correlations, frequencies of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.225 MHz were selected for the purpose of measuring dielectric properties in independent batch cultures, at a fixed frequency. X and R manifest more propitious behavior in relation to EP, TS, SP, and spore release, due to particular changes in their signals. Interestingly, these profiles underwent pronounced changes during EP and TS that were not noticed when using conventional methods, but were indicative of the beginning of the B. thuringiensis cell differentiation process.
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Abbas AA, Planchon S, Jobin M, Schmitt P. Absence of oxygen affects the capacity to sporulate and the spore properties of Bacillus cereus. Food Microbiol 2014; 42:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Schorr-Galindo S, La HJ, Oh HM. Aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:597-603. [PMID: 24972809 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. At the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. A higher OTR resulted in a higher pH, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resulted in a significantly acidic culture. In contrast, the absence of oxygen resulted in rapid sporangia lysis and caused acidification of the medium, indicating a distinctly different sporangia composition and different metabolism. The bacterium also showed different CO2 production rates during sporulation, although a maximum point was observed in every case.With a higher OTR, the maximal value was observed after a longer time and at a lower value (40, 26, and 13 mmol/L/h for limited, non-limited, and saturated cases, respectively). Despite the exhaustion of glucose prior to the sporulation phase, the interrupted oxygenation resulted in acetate, lactate, and citrate in the medium with a maximum concentration of 4.8, 1.3, and 5.0 g/L, respectively. Notwithstanding, while the metabolic events differed visibly in the absence of oxygen, once sporulation was triggered, it was completed, even in the case of an interrupted oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Sarrafzadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran
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