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Li X, Li C, Qu G, Yuan B, Sun Z. Engineering of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase to Improve Substrate Scope, Stereoselectivity and Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400328. [PMID: 38742991 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases belong to a family of flavin-binding proteins that catalyze the Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation of ketones to produce lactones or esters, which are important intermediates in pharmaceuticals or sustainable materials. Phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO) from Thermobifida fusca with moderate thermostability catalyzes the oxidation of aryl ketone substrates, but is limited by high specificity and narrow substrate scope. In the present study, we applied loop optimization by loop swapping followed by focused saturation mutagenesis in order to evolve PAMO mutants capable of catalyzing the regioselective BV oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclobutanone derivatives with formation of either normal or abnormal esters or lactones. We further modulated PAMO to increase enantioselectivity. Crystal structure studies indicate that rotation occurs in the NADP-binding domain and that the high B-factor region is predominantly distributed in the catalytic pocket residues. Computational analyses further revealed dynamic character in the catalytic pocket and reshaped hydrogen bond interaction networks, which is more favorable for substrate binding. Our study provides useful insights for studying enzyme-substrate adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
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2
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Immobilization of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from acetone grown Fusarium sp. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:461-471. [PMID: 35083583 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel biocatalyst for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations is necessary for pharmaceutical and chemical industries, so this study aims to find a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) and to improve its stability by immobilization. RESULTS Acetone, the simplest ketone, was selected as the only carbon source for the screening of microorganisms with a BVMO. A eukaryote, Fusarium sp. NBRC 109816, with a BVMO (FBVMO), was isolated from a soil sample. FBVMO was overexpressed in E. coli and successfully immobilized by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation method. The immobilization improved the thermostability of FBVMO. Substrate specificity investigation revealed that both free and immobilized FBVMO were found to show catalytic activities not only for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones to esters but also for oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. Furthermore, a preparative scale reaction using immobilized FBVMO was successfully conducted. CONCLUSIONS FBVMO was discovered from an environmental sample, overexpressed in E. coli, and immobilized by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation method. The immobilization successfully improved its thermostability.
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3
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Ke Z, Lan M, Yang T, Jia W, Gou Z, Chen K, Jiang J. A two-component monooxygenase for continuous denitration and dechlorination of chlorinated 4-nitrophenol in Ensifer sp. strain 22-1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111216. [PMID: 33971135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fates of chlorinated 4-nitrophenols, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (2,6-DCNP) and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP), mediated via microbial catabolism have attracted great attention due to their high toxicity and persistence in the environment. In this study, a strain of Ensifer sp. 22-1 that was capable of degrading both 2,6-DCNP and 2C4NP was isolated from a halogenated aromatic-contaminated soil sample. A gene cluster cnpBADCERM was predicted to be involved in the catabolism of 2,6-DCNP and 2C4NP based on genome sequence analysis. A two-component monooxygenase CnpAB, composed of an oxygenase component (CnpA) and a reductase component (CnpB), was confirmed to catalyze the continuous denitration and dechlorination of 2,6-DCNP and 2C4NP to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol (6-CHQ) and hydroxyquinol (HQ), respectively. Knockout of cnpA resulted in the complete loss of the capacity for strain 22-1 to degrade 2,6-DCNP and 2C4NP. Homologous modeling and docking showed that Val155~Ala159, Phe206~Pro209 and Phe446~Arg461 of CnpA participated in the formation of the FAD-binding pocket, and Arg101, Val155 and Asn447 formed hydrogen bonds with 2,6-DCNP/2C4NP in the substrate-binding pocket. This work characterized a new two-component monooxygenase for 2,6-DCNP and 2C4NP, and enriched our understanding of the degradation mechanism of chlorinated nitrophenols (CNPs) by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Lan
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Tunan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibin Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjiu Gou
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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Yamamoto T, Kobayashi K, Hasegawa Y, Iwaki H. Cloning, expression, and characterization of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases from eukaryotic Exophiala jeanselmei strain KUFI-6N. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1675-1685. [PMID: 33930112 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Exophiala jeanselmei strain KUFI-6N produces a unique cycloalkanone monooxygenase (ExCAMO) that displays an uncommon substrate spectrum of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 4-10-membered ring ketones. In this study, we aimed to identify and sequence the gene encoding ExCAMO from KUFI-6N and overexpress the gene in Escherichia coli. We found that the primary structure of ExCAMO is most closely related to the cycloalkanone monooxygenase from Cylindrocarpon radicicola ATCC 11011, with 54.2% amino acid identity. ExCAMO was functionally expressed in E. coli and its substrate spectrum and kinetic parameters were investigated. Substrate profiling indicated that ExCAMO is unusual among known Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases owing to its ability to accept a variety of substrates, including C4-C12 membered ring ketones. ExCAMO has high affinity and catalytic efficiency toward cycloalkanones, the highest being toward cyclohexanone. Five other genes encoding Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases were also cloned and expressed in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kento Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hasegawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwaki
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Ahmed A, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Characterization of different biocatalyst formats for BVMO-catalyzed cyclohexanone oxidation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2719-2733. [PMID: 33844297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), a member of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase family, is a versatile biocatalyst that efficiently catalyzes the conversion of cyclic ketones to lactones. In this study, an Acidovorax-derived CHMO gene was expressed in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Upon purification, the enzyme was characterized in vitro and shown to feature a broad substrate spectrum and up to 100% conversion in 6 h. Furthermore, we determined and compared the cyclohexanone conversion kinetics for different CHMO-biocatalyst formats, that is, isolated enzyme, suspended whole cells, and biofilms, the latter two based on recombinant CHMO-containing P. taiwanensis VLB120. Biofilms showed less favorable values for KS (9.3-fold higher) and kcat (4.8-fold lower) compared with corresponding KM and kcat values of isolated CHMO, but a favorable KI for cyclohexanone (5.3-fold higher). The unfavorable KS and kcat values are related to mass transfer- and possibly heterogeneity issues and deserve further investigation and engineering, to exploit the high potential of biofilms regarding process stability. Suspended cells showed only 1.8-fold higher KS , but 1.3- and 4.2-fold higher kcat and KI values than isolated CHMO. This together with the efficient NADPH regeneration via glucose metabolism makes this format highly promising from a kinetics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bretschneider
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Heuschkel
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Afaq Ahmed
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Liu F, Shou C, Geng Q, Zhao C, Xu J, Yu H. A Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Cupriavidus basilensis catalyzes asymmetric synthesis of (R)-lansoprazole and other pharmaco-sulfoxides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3169-3180. [PMID: 33779786 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic synthesis of pharmaco-chiral sulfoxides has gained interest in recent years for its environmental friendliness. However, only a few natural biocatalysts can be used for the efficient synthesis of pharmaco-sulfoxides, including (R)-lansoprazole, a chiral proton pump inhibitor used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, the sequence of BoBVMO (Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum) was used as a probe to identify BVMOs via genomic mining for the highly efficient synthesis of (R)-lansoprazole and other pharmaco-sulfoxides. After virtual sequence filtering, target gene cloning, heterologous expression, and activity screening for lansoprazole sulfide (LPS) monooxygenation, seven new BVMOs were identified among more than 10,000 homologous BVMOs. According to the conserved sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis, these discovered enzymes belong to the family of type I BVMOs and the ethionamide monooxygenase subtype. Among them, CbBVMO, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Cupriavidus basilensis, showed the highest efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity for converting LPS into (R)-lansoprazole. Moreover, CbBVMO showed a wide substrate spectrum toward other bulky prazole-family sulfides. The results indicate that CbBVMO is a potential enzyme for extending the application of BVMOs in pharmaceutical industry. KEY POINTS: • CbBVMO is the most efficient biocatalyst for (R)-lansoprazole biosynthesis. • CbBVMO catalyzes the conversion of various bulky prazole sulfides. • CbBVMO is a promising enzyme for the biosynthesis of pharmaco-sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chao Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Huilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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7
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Paul CE, Eggerichs D, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107712. [PMID: 33588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are single- or two-component enzymes that catalyze a diverse set of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxyfunctionalization reactions. In this review, we describe how FPMOs have evolved from model enzymes in mechanistic flavoprotein research to biotechnologically relevant catalysts that can be applied for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals. After a historical account of the development of the FPMO field, we explain the FPMO classification system, which is primarily based on protein structural properties and electron donor specificities. We then summarize the most appealing reactions catalyzed by each group with a focus on the different types of oxygenation chemistries. Wherever relevant, we report engineering strategies that have been used to improve the robustness and applicability of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Turnaev II, Gunbin KV, Suslov VV, Akberdin IR, Kolchanov NA, Afonnikov DA. The Phylogeny of Class B Flavoprotein Monooxygenases and the Origin of the YUCCA Protein Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1092. [PMID: 32854417 PMCID: PMC7570161 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
YUCCA (YUCCA flavin-dependent monooxygenase) is one of the two enzymes of the main auxin biosynthesis pathway (tryptophan aminotransferase enzyme (TAA)/YUCCA) in land plants. The evolutionary origin of the YUCCA family is currently controversial: YUCCAs are assumed to have emerged via a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of land plants or to have inherited it from their ancestor, the charophyte algae. To refine YUCCA origin, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of the class B flavoprotein monooxygenases and comparative analysis of the sequences belonging to different families of this protein class. We distinguished a new protein family, named type IIb flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), which comprises homologs of YUCCA from Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta, land plant proteins, and FMO-E, -F, and -G of the bacterium Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. The type IIb FMOs differ considerably in the sites and domain composition from the other families of class B flavoprotein monooxygenases, YUCCAs included. The phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated that the type IIb FMO clade is not a sibling clade of YUCCAs. We have also identified the bacterial protein group named YUC-like FMOs as the closest to YUCCA homologs. Our results support the hypothesis of the emergence of YUCCA via HGT from bacteria to MRCA of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor I. Turnaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Konstantin V. Gunbin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Valentin V. Suslov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ilya R. Akberdin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
- Biosoft.ru, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Afonnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.T.); (K.V.G.); (V.V.S.); (I.R.A.); (N.A.K.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ceccoli RD, Bianchi DA, Carabajal MA, Rial DV. Genome mining reveals new bacterial type I Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases with (bio)synthetic potential. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are ancient enzymes present in all kingdoms of life. FMOs typically catalyze the incorporation of an oxygen atom from molecular oxygen into small molecules. To date, the majority of functional characterization studies have been performed on mammalian, fungal and bacterial FMOs, showing that they play fundamental roles in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. By contrast, our understanding of FMOs across the plant kingdom is very limited, despite plants possessing far greater FMO diversity compared to both bacteria and other multicellular organisms. Here, we review the progress of plant FMO research, with a focus on FMO diversity and functionality. Significantly, of the FMOs characterized to date, they all perform oxygenation reactions that are crucial steps within hormone metabolism, pathogen resistance, signaling and chemical defense. This demonstrates the fundamental role FMOs have within plant metabolism, and presents significant opportunities for future research pursuits and downstream applications.
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11
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Abstract
Type I Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are flavin-dependent monooxygenases that catalyze the oxidation of ketones to esters or lactones, a reaction otherwise performed in chemical processes by employing hazardous and toxic peracids. Even though various BVMOs are extensively studied for their promising role in industrial biotechnology, there is still a demand for enzymes that are able to retain activity at high saline concentrations. To this aim, and based on comparative in silico analyses, we cloned HtBVMO from the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloterrigena turkmenica DSM 5511. When expressed in standard mesophilic cell factories, proteins adapted to hypersaline environments often behave similarly to intrinsically disordered polypeptides. Nevertheless, we managed to express HtBVMO in Escherichia coli and could purify it as active enzyme. The enzyme was characterized in terms of its salt-dependent activity and resistance to some water–organic-solvent mixtures. Although HtBVMO does not seem suitable for industrial applications, it provides a peculiar example of an alkalophilic and halophilic BVMO characterized by an extremely negative charge. Insights into the behavior and structural properties of such salt-requiring may contribute to more efficient strategies for engineering the tuned stability and solubility of existing BVMOs.
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12
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Schmidt S, Bornscheuer UT. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: From protein engineering to biocatalytic applications. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:231-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Salama S, Dishisha T, Habib MH, Abdelazem AZ, Bakeer W, Abdel-Latif M, Gaber Y. Enantioselective sulfoxidation using Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.0. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32335-32344. [PMID: 35516510 PMCID: PMC9056634 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05838f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides is a direct means for production of enantiopure sulfoxides which are important in organic synthesis and the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.0 was employed for stereoselective oxidation of prochiral sulfides. Growing cells selectively catalyzed the oxidation of phenyl methyl sulfide to the corresponding sulfoxide. Only very little overoxidation was observed, resulting in minor amounts of the unwanted sulfone. Addition of isopropyl alcohol as a co-solvent, time of substrate addition and composition of the reaction media resulted in enhanced phenyl methyl sulfide biotransformation. The concentration of the undesired by-product (sulfone) was as low as 4% through the reaction course under optimal reaction conditions. The results show that S. glaucescens GLA.0 is a promising whole-cell biocatalyst for preparing highly enantiopure (R)-phenyl methyl sulfoxide in high yield (90%) with an enantiomeric excess (ee) exceeding 99%. Application of Streptomyces glaucescens as a whole-cell oxidative biocatalyst without using an external cofactor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salama
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department
- Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z. Abdelazem
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department
- Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Walid Bakeer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Latif
- Immunity Division
- Zoology Department
- Faculty of Science
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
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14
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Broadening the repertoire of microbial aldo-keto reductases: cloning and characterization of AKR3B4 from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LSL strain. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 132:109415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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Busch H, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Rhodococcus as A Versatile Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4787. [PMID: 31561555 PMCID: PMC6801914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of purified enzymes as well as whole-cell biocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry is becoming more and more popular, and both academia and industry are keen on finding and developing novel enzymes capable of performing otherwise impossible or challenging reactions. The diverse genus Rhodococcus offers a multitude of promising enzymes, which therefore makes it one of the key bacterial hosts in many areas of research. This review focused on the broad utilization potential of the genus Rhodococcus in organic chemistry, thereby particularly highlighting the specific enzyme classes exploited and the reactions they catalyze. Additionally, close attention was paid to the substrate scope that each enzyme class covers. Overall, a comprehensive overview of the applicability of the genus Rhodococcus is provided, which puts this versatile microorganism in the spotlight of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Busch
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Efficient Synthesis of Methyl 3-Acetoxypropionate by a Newly Identified Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00239-19. [PMID: 30926727 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00239-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are an emerging class of promising biocatalysts for the oxidation of ketones to prepare corresponding esters or lactones. Although many BVMOs have been reported, the development of highly efficient enzymes for use in industrial applications is desirable. In this work, we identified a BVMO from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans (BVMORp) with a high affinity toward aliphatic methyl ketones (Km < 3.0 μM). The enzyme was highly soluble and relatively stable, with a half-life of 23 h at 30°C and pH 7.5. The most effective substrate discovered so far is 2-hexanone (k cat = 2.1 s-1; Km = 1.5 μM). Furthermore, BVMORp exhibited excellent regioselectivity toward most aliphatic ketones, preferentially forming typical (i.e., normal) products. Using the newly identified BVMORp as the catalyst, a high concentration (26.0 g/liter; 200 mM) of methyl levulinate was completely converted to methyl 3-acetoxypropionate after 4 h, with a space-time yield of 5.4 g liter-1 h-1 Thus, BVMORp is a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionate from readily available biobased levulinate to replace the conventional fermentation.IMPORTANCE BVMOs are emerging as a green alternative to traditional oxidants in the BV oxidation of ketones. Although many BVMOs are discovered and used in organic synthesis, few are really applied in industry, especially in the case of aliphatic ketones. Herein, a highly soluble and relatively stable monooxygenase from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans (BVMORp) was identified with high activity and excellent regioselectivity toward most aliphatic ketones. BVMORp possesses unusually high substrate loading during the catalysis of the oxidation of biobased methyl levulinate to 3-hydroxypropionic acid derivatives. This study indicates that the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionate from readily available biobased levulinate by BVMORp-catalyzed oxidation holds great promise to replace traditional fermentation.
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Tischler D, van Berkel WJH, Fraaije MW. Editorial: Actinobacteria, a Source of Biocatalytic Tools. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31040839 PMCID: PMC6477052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Tolmie C, Smit MS, Opperman DJ. Native roles of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases in the microbial metabolism of natural compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:326-353. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases function in the primary metabolism of atypical carbon sources, as well as the synthesis of complex microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmien Tolmie
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
| | - Martha S. Smit
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
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Fürst MJLJ, Romero E, Gómez Castellanos JR, Fraaije MW, Mattevi A. Side-Chain Pruning Has Limited Impact on Substrate Preference in a Promiscuous Enzyme. ACS Catal 2018; 8:11648-11656. [PMID: 30687578 PMCID: PMC6345240 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detoxifying
enzymes such as flavin-containing monooxygenases deal
with a huge array of highly diverse xenobiotics and toxic compounds.
In addition to being of high physiological relevance, these drug-metabolizing
enzymes are useful catalysts for synthetic chemistry. Despite the
wealth of studies, the molecular basis of their relaxed substrate
selectivity remains an open question. Here, we addressed this issue
by applying a cumulative alanine mutagenesis approach to cyclohexanone
monooxygenase from Thermocrispum municipale, a flavin-dependent
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase which we chose as a model system
because of its pronounced thermostability and substrate promiscuity.
Simultaneous removal of up to eight noncatalytic active-site side
chains including four phenylalanines had no effect on protein folding,
thermostability, and cofactor loading. We observed a linear decrease
in activity, rather than a selectivity switch, and attributed this
to a less efficient catalytic environment in the enlarged active-site
space. Time-resolved kinetic studies confirmed this interpretation.
We also determined the crystal structure of the enzyme in complex
with a mimic of the reaction intermediate that shows an unaltered
overall protein conformation. These findings led us to propose that
this cyclohexanone monooxygenase may lack a distinct substrate selection
mechanism altogether. We speculate that the main or exclusive function
of the protein shell in promiscuous enzymes might be the stabilization
and accessibility of their very reactive catalytic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Alternative Splicing of the Aflatoxin-Associated Baeyer⁻Villiger Monooxygenase from Aspergillus flavus: Characterisation of MoxY Isoforms. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120521. [PMID: 30563144 PMCID: PMC6315744 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that are produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus, a contaminant of numerous food crops. Aflatoxins are synthesised via the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, with the enzymes involved encoded by the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster. MoxY is a type I Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO), responsible for the conversion of hydroxyversicolorone (HVN) and versicolorone (VN) to versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) and versiconol acetate (VOAc), respectively. Using mRNA data, an intron near the C-terminus was identified that is alternatively spliced, creating two possible MoxY isoforms which exist in vivo, while analysis of the genomic DNA suggests an alternative start codon leading to possible elongation of the N-terminus. These four variants of the moxY gene were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and their activity evaluated with respect to their natural substrates HVN and VN, as well as surrogate ketone substrates. Activity of the enzyme is absolutely dependent on the additional 22 amino acid residues at the N-terminus. Two MoxY isoforms with alternative C-termini, MoxYAltN and MoxYAltNC, converted HVN and VN, in addition to a range of ketone substrates. Stability and flavin-binding data suggest that MoxYAltN is, most likely, the dominant isoform. MoxYAltNC is generated by intron splicing, in contrast to intron retention, which is the most prevalent type of alternative splicing in ascomycetes. The alternative C-termini did not alter the substrate acceptance profile, or regio- or enantioselectivity of the enzyme, but did significantly affect the solubility and stability.
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Delgove MAF, Elford MT, Bernaerts KV, De Wildeman SMA. Application of a thermostable Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase for the synthesis of branched polyester precursors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:2131-2140. [PMID: 30069077 PMCID: PMC6055809 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that the poor thermostability of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases limits their use as biocatalysts for applied biocatalysis in industrial applications. The goal of this study was to investigate the biocatalytic oxidation of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone using a thermostable cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Thermocrispum municipale (TmCHMO) for the synthesis of branched ϵ-caprolactone derivatives as building blocks for tuned polymeric backbones. In this multi-enzymatic reaction, the thermostable cyclohexanone monooxygenase was fused to a phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) in order to ensure co-factor regeneration. RESULTS Using reaction engineering, the reaction rate and product formation of the regio-isomeric branched lactones were improved and the use of co-solvents and the initial substrate load were investigated. Substrate inhibition and poor product solubility were overcome using continuous substrate feeding regimes, as well as a biphasic reaction system with toluene as water-immiscible organic solvent. A maximum volumetric productivity, or space-time-yield, of 1.20 g L-1 h-1 was achieved with continuous feeding of substrate using methanol as co-solvent, while a maximum product concentration of 11.6 g L-1 was achieved with toluene acting as a second phase and substrate reservoir. CONCLUSION These improvements in key process metrics therefore demonstrate progress towards the up-scaled Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-biocatalyzed synthesis of the target building blocks for polymer application. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie AF Delgove
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Matthew T Elford
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Stefaan MA De Wildeman
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
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Gran-Scheuch A, Trajkovic M, Parra L, Fraaije MW. Mining the Genome of Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii: Two New Type I Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases From Atacama Desert. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1609. [PMID: 30072972 PMCID: PMC6058054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are an important source of commercial (bio)compounds for the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industry. They have also been successfully exploited in the search of novel biocatalysts. We set out to explore a recently identified actinomycete, Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii C34, isolated from a hyper-arid region, the Atacama desert, for Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Such oxidative enzymes are known for their broad applicability as biocatalysts by being able to perform various chemical reactions with high chemo-, regio-, and/or enantioselectivity. By choosing this specific Actinobacterium, which comes from an extreme environment, the respective enzymes are also expected to display attractive features by tolerating harsh conditions. In this work, we identified two genes in the genome of S. leeuwenhoekii (sle_13190 and sle_62070) that were predicted to encode for Type I BVMOs, the respective flavoproteins share 49% sequence identity. The two genes were cloned, overexpressed in E. coli with phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) as fusion partner and successfully purified. Both flavin-containing proteins showed NADPH-dependent Baeyer–Villiger oxidation activity for various ketones and sulfoxidation activity with some sulfides. Gratifyingly, both enzymes were found to be rather robust by displaying a relatively high apparent melting temperature (45°C) and tolerating water-miscible cosolvents. Specifically, Sle_62070 was found to be highly active with cyclic ketones and displayed a high regioselectivity by producing only one lactone from 2-phenylcyclohexanone, and high enantioselectivity by producing only normal (-)-1S,5R and abnormal (-)-1R,5S lactones (ee > 99%) from bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one. These two newly discovered BVMOs add two new potent biocatalysts to the known collection of BVMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Loreto Parra
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Sudheer PDVN, Yun J, Chauhan S, Kang TJ, Choi KY. Screening, expression, and characterization of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases for the production of 9-(nonanoyloxy)nonanoic acid from oleic acid. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying 3,5-Dibromo-4-Hydroxybenzoate Catabolism via a New Oxidative Decarboxylation Pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02467-17. [PMID: 29305508 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02467-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate (DBHB) is both anthropogenically released into and naturally produced in the environment, and its environmental fate is of great concern. Aerobic and anaerobic reductive dehalogenations are the only two reported pathways for DBHB catabolism. In this study, a new oxidative decarboxylation pathway for DBHB catabolism was identified in a DBHB-utilizing strain, Pigmentiphaga sp. strain H8. The genetic determinants underlying this pathway were elucidated based on comparative transcriptome analysis and subsequent experimental validation. A gene cluster comprising orf420 to orf426, with transcripts that were about 33- to 4,400-fold upregulated in DBHB-induced cells compared with those in uninduced cells, was suspected to be involved in DBHB catabolism. The gene odcA (orf420), which is essential for the initial catabolism of DBHB, encodes a novel NAD(P)H-dependent flavin monooxygenase that mediates the oxidative decarboxylation of DBHB to 2,6-dibromohydroquinone (2,6-DBHQ). The substrate specificity of the purified OdcA indicated that the 4-hydroxyl group and its ortho-halogen(s) are important for hydroxylation of the C-1 site carboxyl group by OdcA. 2,6-DBHQ is then ring cleaved by the dioxygenase OdcB (Orf425) to 2-bromomaleylacetate, which is finally transformed to β-ketoadipate by the maleylacetate reductase OdcC (Orf426). These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the catabolic diversity of halogenated para-hydroxybenzoates.IMPORTANCE Halogenated hydroxybenzoates (HBs), which are widely used synthetic precursors for chemical products and common metabolic intermediates from halogenated aromatics, exert considerable adverse effects on human health and ecological security. Microbial catabolism plays key roles in the dissipation of halogenated HBs in the environment. In this study, the discovery of a new catabolic pathway for 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate (DBHB) and clarification of the genetic determinants underlying the pathway broaden our knowledge of the catabolic diversity of halogenated HBs in microorganisms. Furthermore, the NAD(P)H-dependent flavin monooxygenase OdcA identified in Pigmentiphaga sp. strain H8 represents a novel 1-monooxygenase for halogenated para-HBs found in prokaryotes and enhances our knowledge of the decarboxylative hydroxylation of (halogenated) para-HBs.
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Carvalho ATP, Dourado DFAR, Skvortsov T, de Abreu M, Ferguson LJ, Quinn DJ, Moody TS, Huang M. Spatial requirement for PAMO for transformation of non-native linear substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2558-2570. [PMID: 29318252 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07172h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetone monooxygenase is the most stable and thermo-tolerant member of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases family, and therefore it is an ideal candidate for the synthesis of industrially relevant ester or lactone compounds. However, its limited substrate scope has largely limited its industrial applications. Linear substrates are interesting from an industrial point of view, it is thus necessary to identify the essential spatial requirement for achieving high conversions for non-native linear substrates. Here using molecular dynamics simulations, we compared the conversion of a non-native linear substrate 2-octanone and the native substrate phenylacetone, catalyzed by the WT enzyme and a quadruple variant P253F/G254A/R258M/L443F that exhibits significantly improved activity towards 2-octanone. We uncovered that a remarkable movement of L289 is crucial for a reshaping of the active site of the quadruple variant so as to prevent the aliphatic substrate from moving away from the C4a-peroxyflavin, thus enabling it to keep a catalytically relevant pose during the oxygenation process. By performing steady-state kinetic analysis of two single-mutation variants at position 258, we further validated that the L289 reposition is attributed to the combined effect of quadruple mutations. In order to further explore the substrate scope of PAMO we also studied the binding of cyclopentanone and 2-phenylcyclohexanone, which are the typical substrates of CPMO in group I and CHMO in group III, respectively. Our study provides fundamental atomic-level insights in rational engineering of PAMO for wide applications in industrial biocatalysis, in particular, in the biotransformation of long-chain aliphatic oils into potential biodiesels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T P Carvalho
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Balke K, Beier A, Bornscheuer UT. Hot spots for the protein engineering of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:247-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ceccoli RD, Bianchi DA, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Rial DV. Cloning and characterization of the Type I Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Leptospira biflexa. AMB Express 2017; 7:87. [PMID: 28452041 PMCID: PMC5407406 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases are recognized by their ability and high selectivity as oxidative biocatalysts for the generation of esters or lactones using ketones as starting materials. These enzymes represent valuable tools for biooxidative syntheses since they can catalyze reactions that otherwise involve strong oxidative reagents. In this work, we present a novel enzyme, the Type I Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from Leptospira biflexa. This protein is phylogenetically distant from other well-characterized BVMOs. In order to study this new enzyme, we cloned its gene, expressed it in Escherichia coli and characterized the substrate scope of the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from L. biflexa as a whole-cell biocatalyst. For this purpose, we performed the screening of a collection of ketones with variable structures and sizes, namely acyclic ketones, aromatic ketones, cyclic ketones, and fused ketones. As a result, we observed that this biocatalyst readily oxidized linear- and branched- medium-chain ketones, alkyl levulinates and linear ketones with aromatic substituents with excellent regioselectivity. In addition, this enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of 2-substituted cycloketone derivatives but showed an unusual selection against substituents in positions 3 or 4 of the ring.
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Polycyclic Ketone Monooxygenase (PockeMO): A Robust Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Optically Active Sulfoxides. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bisagni S, Abolhalaj M, de Brevern AG, Rebehmed J, Hatti-Kaul R, Mamo G. Enhancing the Activity of a Dietzia
sp. D5 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase towards Cyclohexanone by Saturation Mutagenesis. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bisagni
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry; Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lund University; Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
- Johnson Matthey; Cambridge Science Park 28 CB4 0FP Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Milad Abolhalaj
- Department of Immunotechnology; Medicon Village; Scheelevägen 2 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Alexandre G. de Brevern
- Inserm U1134; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne, Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134; Paris France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine; Paris France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Joseph Rebehmed
- Inserm U1134; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne, Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134; Paris France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine; Paris France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics; Lebanese American University; Byblos 1 h401 2010 Lebanon
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry; Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lund University; Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Gashaw Mamo
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry; Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lund University; Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
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Musumeci MA, Lozada M, Rial DV, Mac Cormack WP, Jansson JK, Sjöling S, Carroll J, Dionisi HM. Prospecting Biotechnologically-Relevant Monooxygenases from Cold Sediment Metagenomes: An In Silico Approach. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E114. [PMID: 28397770 PMCID: PMC5408260 DOI: 10.3390/md15040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to identify sequences encoding monooxygenase biocatalysts with novel features by in silico mining an assembled metagenomic dataset of polar and subpolar marine sediments. The targeted enzyme sequences were Baeyer-Villiger and bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP153). These enzymes have wide-ranging applications, from the synthesis of steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins and pheromones to the synthesis of monomers for polymerization and anticancer precursors, due to their extraordinary enantio-, regio-, and chemo- selectivity that are valuable features for organic synthesis. Phylogenetic analyses were used to select the most divergent sequences affiliated to these enzyme families among the 264 putative monooxygenases recovered from the ~14 million protein-coding sequences in the assembled metagenome dataset. Three-dimensional structure modeling and docking analysis suggested features useful in biotechnological applications in five metagenomic sequences, such as wide substrate range, novel substrate specificity or regioselectivity. Further analysis revealed structural features associated with psychrophilic enzymes, such as broader substrate accessibility, larger catalytic pockets or low domain interactions, suggesting that they could be applied in biooxidations at room or low temperatures, saving costs inherent to energy consumption. This work allowed the identification of putative enzyme candidates with promising features from metagenomes, providing a suitable starting point for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías A Musumeci
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut U9120ACD, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Lozada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut U9120ACD, Argentina.
| | - Daniela V Rial
- Área Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Walter P Mac Cormack
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1010AAZ, Argentina.
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Sara Sjöling
- School of Natural Sciences and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, 141 89 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - JoLynn Carroll
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
- ARCEx-Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration, Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hebe M Dionisi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut U9120ACD, Argentina.
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Beier A, Bordewick S, Genz M, Schmidt S, van den Bergh T, Peters C, Joosten HJ, Bornscheuer UT. Switch in Cofactor Specificity of a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2312-2315. [PMID: 27735116 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) catalyze the oxidation of ketones to esters or lactones by using molecular oxygen and a cofactor. Type I BVMOs display a strong preference for NADPH. However, for industrial purposes NADH is the preferred cofactor, as it is ten times cheaper and more stable. Thus, we created a variant of the cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB 9871 (CHMOAcineto ); this used NADH 4200-fold better than NADPH. By combining structure analysis, sequence alignment, and literature data, 21 residues in proximity of the cofactor were identified and targeted for mutagenesis. Two combinatorial variants bearing three or four mutations showed higher conversions of cyclohexanone with NADH (79 %) compared to NADPH (58 %) as well as specificity. The structural reasons for this switch in cofactor specificity of a type I BVMO are especially a hydrogen-bond network coordinating the two hydroxy groups of NADH through direct interactions and bridging water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Beier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Bordewick
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maika Genz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tom van den Bergh
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511 AA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christin Peters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henk-Jan Joosten
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511 AA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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Mascotti ML, Juri Ayub M, Furnham N, Thornton JM, Laskowski RA. Chopping and Changing: the Evolution of the Flavin-dependent Monooxygenases. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3131-46. [PMID: 27423402 PMCID: PMC4981433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases play a variety of key physiological roles and are also very powerful biotechnological tools. These enzymes have been classified into eight different classes (A–H) based on their sequences and biochemical features. By combining structural and sequence analysis, and phylogenetic inference, we have explored the evolutionary history of classes A, B, E, F, and G and demonstrate that their multidomain architectures reflect their phylogenetic relationships, suggesting that the main evolutionary steps in their divergence are likely to have arisen from the recruitment of different domains. Additionally, the functional divergence within in each class appears to have been the result of other mechanisms such as a complex set of single-point mutations. Our results reinforce the idea that a main constraint on the evolution of cofactor-dependent enzymes is the functional binding of the cofactor. Additionally, a remarkable feature of this family is that the sequence of the key flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain is split into at least two parts in all classes studied here. We propose a complex set of evolutionary events that gave rise to the origin of the different classes within this family. Changes in domain architectures reflect the phylogeny of flavin monooxygenases. Recruitment of different domains has been the main force driving its evolution. A notable feature of flavin monooxygenases is that the flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain is split. Classes of monooxygenases emerged from an ancestral domain by structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Mascotti
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina
| | - Nicholas Furnham
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janet M Thornton
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Roman A Laskowski
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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Escherichia coli Overexpressing a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase from Acinetobacter radioresistens Becomes Resistant to Imipenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:64-74. [PMID: 26459905 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01088-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global issue currently resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people a year worldwide. Data present in the literature illustrate the emergence of many bacterial species that display resistance to known antibiotics; Acinetobacter spp. are a good example of this. We report here that Acinetobacter radioresistens has a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (Ar-BVMO) with 100% amino acid sequence identity to the ethionamide monooxygenase of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. Both enzymes are only distantly phylogenetically related to other canonical bacterial BVMO proteins. Ar-BVMO not only is capable of oxidizing two anticancer drugs metabolized by human FMO3, danusertib and tozasertib, but also can oxidize other synthetic drugs, such as imipenem. The latter is a member of the carbapenems, a clinically important antibiotic family used in the treatment of MDR bacterial infections. Susceptibility tests performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method demonstrate that imipenem-sensitive Escherichia coli BL21 cells overexpressing Ar-BVMO become resistant to this antibiotic. An agar disk diffusion assay proved that when imipenem reacts with Ar-BVMO, it loses its antibiotic property. Moreover, an NADPH consumption assay with the purified Ar-BVMO demonstrates that this antibiotic is indeed a substrate, and its product is identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to be a Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation product of the carbonyl moiety of the β-lactam ring. This is the first report of an antibiotic-inactivating BVMO enzyme that, while mediating its usual BV oxidation, also operates by an unprecedented mechanism of carbapenem resistance.
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A P450 fusion library of heme domains from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and its evaluation for the biotransformation of drug molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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The Origin and Evolution of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs): An Ancestral Family of Flavin Monooxygenases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132689. [PMID: 26161776 PMCID: PMC4498894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs) are enzymes belonging to the "Class B" of flavin monooxygenases and are capable of performing exquisite selective oxidations. These enzymes have been studied from a biotechnological perspective, but their physiological substrates and functional roles are widely unknown. Here, we investigated the origin, taxonomic distribution and evolutionary history of the BVMO genes. By using in silico approaches, 98 BVMO encoding genes were detected in the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. We found evidence for the presence of these genes in Metazoa (Hydra vulgaris, Oikopleura dioica and Adineta vaga) and Haptophyta (Emiliania huxleyi) for the first time. Furthermore, a search for other "Class B" monooxygenases (flavoprotein monooxygenases--FMOs--and N-hydroxylating monooxygenases--NMOs) was conducted. These sequences were also found in the three domains of life. Phylogenetic analyses of all "Class B" monooxygenases revealed that NMOs and BVMOs are monophyletic, whereas FMOs form a paraphyletic group. Based on these results, we propose that BVMO genes were already present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) and their current taxonomic distribution is the result of differential duplication and loss of paralogous genes.
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Identification of a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding monooxygenase as a regulator for Myxococcus xanthus development. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1185-96. [PMID: 25605309 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02555-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gene clusters coding for the chaperone/usher (CU) pathway are widely distributed in many important environmental and pathogenic microbes; however, information about the regulatory machineries controlling CU gene expression during multicellular morphogenesis is missing. The Myxococcus xanthus Mcu system, encoded by the mcuABCD gene cluster, represents a prototype of the archaic CU family that functions in spore coat formation. Using genome-wide transposon mutagenesis, we identified MXAN2872 to be a potential regulator of the mcuABC operon and demonstrated the necessity of MXAN2872 for mcuABC expression and fruiting body morphogenesis in early development. In silico, biochemical, and genetic analyses suggest that MXAN2872 encodes a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) of flavoproteins, and the potential cofactor-binding site as well as the BVMO fingerprint sequence is important for the regulatory role of the MXAN2872 protein. The expression profile of mcuA in strains with an MXAN2872 deletion and point mutation agrees well with the timing of cell aggregation of these mutants. Furthermore, McuA could not be detected either in a fruA-null mutant, where starvation-induced aggregation was completely blocked, or in the glycerol-induced spores, where sporulation was uncoupled from cell aggregation. In sum, the present work uncovers a positive role for MXAN2872, a metabolic enzyme-encoding gene, in controlling M. xanthus development. MXAN2872 functions by affecting the onset of cell aggregation, thereby leading to a secondary effect on the timing of mcuABC expression of this model organism. IMPORTANCE Identification of the players that drive Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body formation is necessary for studying the mechanism of multicellular morphogenesis in this model organism. This study identifies MXAN2872, a gene encoding a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding monooxygenase, to be a new interesting regulator regulating the timing of developmental aggregation. In addition, MXAN2872 seems to affect the expression of the chaperone/usher gene cluster mcu in a manner that is aggregation dependent. Thus, in organisms characterized by a developmental cycle, expression of the chaperone/usher pathway can be controlled by morphological checkpoints, demonstrating another layer of complexity in the regulation of this conserved protein secretion pathway.
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Summers BD, Omar M, Ronson TO, Cartwright J, Lloyd M, Grogan G. E. coli cells expressing the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase ‘MO14’ (ro03437) from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 catalyse the gram-scale resolution of a bicyclic ketone in a fermentor. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1897-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(1S,5R)-2-Oxalactone of >99% ee and (1S,5R)-ketone of 96% ee are produced after approximately 14 h at a temperature of 16 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhiadin Omar
- B.D. Summers
- M. Omar
- T. Ronson
- Dr G. Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
| | - Thomas O. Ronson
- B.D. Summers
- M. Omar
- T. Ronson
- Dr G. Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Technology Facility
- Department of Biology University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Michael Lloyd
- Chirotech Technology Ltd
- Dr Reddy's Laboratories (EU) Ltd
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- B.D. Summers
- M. Omar
- T. Ronson
- Dr G. Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
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Bisagni S, Smuś J, Chávez G, Hatti-Kaul R, Mamo G. Cloning and expression of a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase oxidizing linear aliphatic ketones from Dietzia sp. D5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Mascotti ML, Kurina-Sanz M, Juri Ayub M, Fraaije MW. Insights in the kinetic mechanism of the eukaryotic Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase BVMOAf1 from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:270-6. [PMID: 25230086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a detailed kinetic study of the recently discovered BVMOAf1 from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293. By performing steady state and pre-steady state kinetic analyses, it was demonstrated that the rate of catalysis is partially limited by the NADPH-mediated reduction of the flavin cofactor, a unique hallmark of BVMOAf1. In addition, the oxygenating C4a-(hydro)peroxyflavin intermediate could be spectrophotometrically detected and it was found to be the most stable among all analyzed BVMOs. To assess the possible influence of some residues on the kinetic features, model-inspired site-directed mutagenesis was performed. Among the mutants, the Q436A variant showed a slightly broader substrate scope and a better catalytic efficiency. In summary, this study describes for the first time the kinetic parameters for an eukaryotic BVMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Mascotti
- INTEQUI-CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CP 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Kurina-Sanz
- INTEQUI-CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CP 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CP 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Beek HL, Winter RT, Eastham GR, Fraaije MW. Synthesis of methyl propanoate by Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13034-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Functional divergence between closely related Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases from Aspergillus flavus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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44
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Identification, Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) Monooxygenase Enzyme necessary for the Metabolism of Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:552-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Ceccoli RD, Bianchi DA, Rial DV. Flavoprotein monooxygenases for oxidative biocatalysis: recombinant expression in microbial hosts and applications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24567729 PMCID: PMC3915288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
External flavoprotein monooxygenases comprise a group of flavin-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the insertion of one atom of molecular oxygen into an organic substrate and the second atom is reduced to water. These enzymes are involved in a great number of metabolic pathways both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Flavoprotein monooxygenases have attracted the attention of researchers for several decades and the advent of recombinant DNA technology caused a great progress in the field. These enzymes are subjected to detailed biochemical and structural characterization and some of them are also regarded as appealing oxidative biocatalysts for the production of fine chemicals and valuable intermediates toward active pharmaceutical ingredients due to their high chemo-, stereo-, and regioselectivity. Here, we review the most representative reactions catalyzed both in vivo and in vitro by prototype flavoprotein monooxygenases, highlighting the strategies employed to produce them recombinantly, to enhance the yield of soluble proteins, and to improve cofactor regeneration in order to obtain versatile biocatalysts. Although we describe the most outstanding features of flavoprotein monooxygenases, we mainly focus on enzymes that were cloned, expressed and used for biocatalysis during the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina D Ceccoli
- Área Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Dario A Bianchi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela V Rial
- Área Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
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Huijbers MME, Montersino S, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavin dependent monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 544:2-17. [PMID: 24361254 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases catalyze a wide variety of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxygenation reactions. As such, they are involved in key biological processes ranging from catabolism, detoxification and biosynthesis, to light emission and axon guidance. Based on fold and function, flavin-dependent monooxygenases can be distributed into eight groups. Groups A and B comprise enzymes that rely on NAD(P)H as external electron donor. Groups C-F are two-protein systems, composed of a monooxygenase and a flavin reductase. Groups G and H comprise internal monooxygenases that reduce the flavin cofactor through substrate oxidation. Recently, many new flavin-dependent monooxygenases have been discovered. In addition to posing basic enzymological questions, these proteins attract attention of pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries, given their importance as regio- and enantioselective biocatalysts. In this review we present an update of the classification of flavin-dependent monooxygenases and summarize the latest advances in our understanding of their catalytic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke M E Huijbers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Montersino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Beneventi E, Niero M, Motterle R, Fraaije M, Bergantino E. Discovery of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases from photosynthetic eukaryotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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48
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Dudek HM, Fink MJ, Shivange AV, Dennig A, Mihovilovic MD, Schwaneberg U, Fraaije MW. Extending the substrate scope of a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase by multiple-site mutagenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:4009-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Riebel A, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Type II Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases: A New Class of Biocatalysts that Harbors Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases with a Relaxed Coenzyme Specificity. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Mascotti ML, Juri Ayub M, Dudek H, Sanz MK, Fraaije MW. Cloning, overexpression and biocatalytic exploration of a novel Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293. AMB Express 2013; 3:33. [PMID: 23767684 PMCID: PMC3762062 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of several putative Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs) encoding genes in Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 was demonstrated for the first time. One of the identified BVMO-encoding genes was cloned and successfully overexpressed fused to the cofactor regenerating enzyme phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH). The enzyme named BVMOAf1 was extensively characterized in terms of its substrate scope and essential kinetic features. It showed high chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity not only in the oxidation of asymmetric sulfides, (S)-sulfoxides were obtained with 99% ee, but also in the kinetic resolution of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one. This kinetic resolution process led to the production of (1S,5R) normal lactone and (1R,5S) abnormal lactone with a regioisomeric ratio of 1:1 and 99% ee each. Besides, different reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature and the presence of organic solvents, have been tested, revealing that BVMOAf1 is a relatively robust biocatalyst.
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