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Matsumoto K. Toward the production of block copolymers in microbial cells: achievements and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:164. [PMID: 38252290 PMCID: PMC10803391 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) block copolymers has attracted research interests because they can be expected to exhibit excellent physical properties. Although post-polymerization conjugation and/or extension have been used for PHA block copolymer synthesis, the discovery of the first sequence-regulating PHA synthase, PhaCAR, enabled the direct synthesis of PHA-PHA type block copolymers in microbial cells. PhaCAR spontaneously synthesizes block copolymers from a mixture of substrates. To date, Escherichia coli and Ralstonia eutropha have been used as host strains, and therefore, sequence regulation is not a host-specific phenomenon. The monomer sequence greatly influences the physical properties of the polymer. For example, a random copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 2-hydroxybutyrate deforms plastically, while a block copolymer of approximately the same composition exhibits elastic deformation. The structure of the PHA block copolymer can be expanded by in vitro evolution of the sequence-regulating PHA synthase. An engineered variant of PhaCAR can synthesize poly(D-lactate) as a block copolymer component, which allows for greater flexibility in the molecular design of block copolymers. Therefore, creating sequence-regulating PHA synthases with a further broadened substrate range will expand the variety of properties of PHA materials. This review summarizes and discusses the sequence-regulating PHA synthase, analytical methods for verifying block sequence, properties of block copolymers, and mechanisms of sequence regulation. KEY POINTS: • Spontaneous monomer sequence regulation generates block copolymers • Poly(D-lactate) segment can be synthesized using a block copolymerization system • Block copolymers exhibit characteristic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken'ichiro Matsumoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kitaku, Sapporo, N13W8060-8628, Japan.
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2
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Dong H, Yang X, Shi J, Xiao C, Zhang Y. Exploring the Feasibility of Cell-Free Synthesis as a Platform for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production: Opportunities and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102333. [PMID: 37242908 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive utilization of traditional petroleum-based plastics has resulted in significant damage to the natural environment and ecological systems, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have emerged as promising bioplastics that can compete with petroleum-based plastics. However, their production technology currently faces several challenges, primarily focused on high costs. Cell-free biotechnologies have shown significant potential for PHA production; however, despite recent progress, several challenges still need to be overcome. In this review, we focus on the status of cell-free PHA synthesis and compare it with microbial cell-based PHA synthesis in terms of advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we present prospects for the development of cell-free PHA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Dong
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chunqiao Xiao
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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3
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He J, Shi H, Li X, Nie X, Yang Y, Li J, Wang J, Yao M, Tian B, Zhou J. A review on microbial synthesis of lactate-containing polyesters. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:198. [PMID: 35995888 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Degradable polylactic acids (PLA) have been widely used in agriculture, textile, medicine and degradable plastics industry, and can completely replace petroleum-based plastics in the future. At present, polylactic acid was chemically synthesized by ring-opening polymerisation or the direct polycondensation of lactic acid, which inevitably leads to chemical and heavy metal catalyst pollution. The current research focus has gradually shifted to the development of recombinant industrial strains for the efficiently production of lactate-containing polyesters from renewable resources. This review summarizes various explorations of metabolic pathway optimization and production cost control in the industrialization of lactate-containing polyesters bio-production. In particular, the effects of key enzymes, including CoA transferase, polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, and their mutants, culture conditions, low-cost carbon sources, and recombinant strains on the yield and composition of lactate-containing polyesters are summarized and discussed. Future prospects and challenges for the industrialization of lactate-containing polyesters are also pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi He
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinling Nie
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengdie Yao
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Tian
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Ylinen A, Maaheimo H, Anghelescu-Hakala A, Penttilä M, Salusjärvi L, Toivari M. Production of D-lactic acid containing polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6253250. [PMID: 33899921 PMCID: PMC9113173 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) provide biodegradable and bio-based alternatives to conventional plastics. Incorporation of 2-hydroxy acid monomers into polymer, in addition to 3-hydroxy acids, offers possibility to tailor the polymer properties. In this study, poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and copolymer P(LA-3HB) were produced and characterized for the first time in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of engineered PHA synthase PhaC1437Ps6–19, propionyl-CoA transferase Pct540Cp, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase PhaA, and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase PhaB1 resulted in accumulation of 3.6% P(LA-3HB) and expression of engineered enzymes PhaC1Pre and PctMe resulted in accumulation of 0.73% PDLA of the cell dry weight (CDW). According to NMR, P(LA-3HB) contained D-lactic acid repeating sequences. For reference, expression of PhaA, PhaB1, and PHA synthase PhaC1 resulted in accumulation 11% poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) of the CDW. Weight average molecular weights of these polymers were comparable to similar polymers produced by bacterial strains, 24.6, 6.3, and 1 130 kDa for P(LA-3HB), PDLA, and PHB, respectively. The results suggest that yeast, as a robust and acid tolerant industrial production organism, could be suitable for production of 2-hydroxy acid containing PHAs from sugars or from 2-hydroxy acid containing raw materials. Moreover, the wide substrate specificity of PHA synthase enzymes employed increases the possibilities for modifying copolymer properties in yeast in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ylinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Salusjärvi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mervi Toivari
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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5
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Yañez L, Conejeros R, Vergara-Fernández A, Scott F. Beyond Intracellular Accumulation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Chiral Hydroxyalkanoic Acids and Polymer Secretion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:248. [PMID: 32318553 PMCID: PMC7147478 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are ubiquitous prokaryotic storage compounds of carbon and energy, acting as sinks for reducing power during periods of surplus of carbon source relative to other nutrients. With close to 150 different hydroxyalkanoate monomers identified, the structure and properties of these polyesters can be adjusted to serve applications ranging from food packaging to biomedical uses. Despite its versatility and the intensive research in the area over the last three decades, the market share of PHAs is still low. While considerable rich literature has accumulated concerning biochemical, physiological, and genetic aspects of PHAs intracellular accumulation, the costs of substrates and processing costs, including the extraction of the polymer accumulated in intracellular granules, still hampers a more widespread use of this family of polymers. This review presents a comprehensive survey and critical analysis of the process engineering and metabolic engineering strategies reported in literature aimed at the production of chiral (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs), either from the accumulated polymer or by bypassing the accumulation of PHAs using metabolically engineered bacteria, and the strategies developed to recover the accumulated polymer without using conventional downstream separations processes. Each of these topics, that have received less attention compared to PHAs accumulation, could potentially improve the economy of PHAs production and use. (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids can be used as chiral precursors, thanks to its easily modifiable functional groups, and can be either produced de-novo or be obtained from recycled PHA products. On the other hand, efficient mechanisms of PHAs release from bacterial cells, including controlled cell lysis and PHA excretion, could reduce downstream costs and simplify the polymer recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Yañez
- Green Technology Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Conejeros
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alberto Vergara-Fernández
- Green Technology Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Scott
- Green Technology Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Singhvi MS, Zinjarde SS, Gokhale DV. Polylactic acid: synthesis and biomedical applications. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1612-1626. [PMID: 31021482 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Social and economic development has driven considerable scientific and engineering efforts on the discovery, development and utilization of polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biopolymers as it can be produced from nontoxic renewable feedstock. PLA has emerged as an important polymeric material for biomedical applications on account of its properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength and process ability. Lactic acid (LA) can be obtained by fermentation of sugars derived from renewable resources such as corn and sugarcane. PLA is thus an eco-friendly nontoxic polymer with features that permit use in the human body. Although PLA has a wide spectrum of applications, there are certain limitations such as slow degradation rate, hydrophobicity and low impact toughness associated with its use. Blending PLA with other polymers offers convenient options to improve associated properties or to generate novel PLA polymers/blends for target applications. A variety of PLA blends have been explored for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, implants, sutures and tissue engineering. PLA and their copolymers are becoming widely used in tissue engineering for function restoration of impaired tissues due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The relationship between PLA material properties, manufacturing processes and development of products with desirable characteristics is described in this article. LA production, PLA synthesis and their applications in the biomedical field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Singhvi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - S S Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - D V Gokhale
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, NCIM Resource Centre, Pune, India
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Choi SY, Cho IJ, Lee Y, Park S, Lee SY. Biocatalytic synthesis of polylactate and its copolymers by engineered microorganisms. Methods Enzymol 2019; 627:125-162. [PMID: 31630738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactate), also called poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactide) [PLA], has been one of the most attractive bio-based polymers since it possesses desirable material properties for its use in general performance plastics in addition to biodegradability and biocompatibility. PLA has been produced by biological and chemical hybrid process comprising microbial fermentation for lactate (LA) production followed by purification and chemical polymerization process of LA. Recently, the direct one-step fermentative processes for production of PLA and several LA-containing polyesters have been developed by employing metabolically engineered microorganisms. Since natural microorganisms cannot produce the LA-containing polymers, several engineering strategies have been employed together based on the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis system. In this chapter, we summarize strategies and procedures on developing the engineered microorganisms producing PLA and its copolymers, cultivating the cells, and extracting the polymers from the cells. Focuses were given on construction of enzymatic polymerization process of LA: design of metabolic pathway for PLA by mimicking PHA biosynthetic pathway, examination of possible enzymes, and engineering of the enzymes for better performances. This synthetic pathway has been established in a microorganism producing LA that enabled one-step fermentative production of LA-containing polyesters from carbohydrates derived from renewable biomass. Polymer production has been further enhanced by implementing strain engineering to concentrate the metabolic fluxes toward PLA formation. In addition, various monomers such as glycolate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, and phenyllactate have been copolymerized with LA by the microbial system. These fermentative production systems developed by using the engineered microorganisms can be versatile and sustainable platforms for the production of LA-containing polyesters and other non-natural polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Applied Science Research Institute, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Applied Science Research Institute, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Chek MF, Hiroe A, Hakoshima T, Sudesh K, Taguchi S. PHA synthase (PhaC): interpreting the functions of bioplastic-producing enzyme from a structural perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1131-1141. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Free lactic acid production under acidic conditions by lactic acid bacteria strains: challenges and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5911-5924. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Tajima K, Iwamoto K, Satoh Y, Sakai R, Satoh T, Dairi T. Advanced functionalization of polyhydroxyalkanoate via the UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4375-83. [PMID: 26743654 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) incorporating vinyl-bearing 3-hydroxyalkanoates were prepared in 8.5-12.9 g L(-1) yield. The molar ratios (0-16 mol%) of the vinyl-bearing 3-hydroxyalkanoate derivatives were controlled by the continuous feeding of undecylenate at various concentrations. Subsequently, the PHAs were functionalized by UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction and chemical modification. (1)H NMR spectra suggested that 3-mercaptopropionic acid and 2-aminoethanethiol were successfully introduced into the vinyl-bearing PHA. Subsequently, chemical modification using fluorescein or a fibronectin active fragment (GRGDS) was attempted. The former yielded a PHA derivative capable of emitting fluorescence under UV irradiation, which was useful for determining the miscibility of PHA in a composite film comprising poly-ʟ-lactic acid (PLLA) and PHA. In the latter case, PHA bearing GRGDS peptides exhibited cell adhesiveness, suggesting that its biocompatibility was improved upon peptide introduction. Taken together, the UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction was demonstrated to be useful in PHA modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Iwamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Materials Chemistry, Asahikawa National College of Technology, Asahikawa, 071-8142, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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12
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Han X, Satoh Y, Kuriki Y, Seino T, Fujita S, Suda T, Kobayashi T, Tajima K. Polyhydroxyalkanoate production by a novel bacterium Massilia sp. UMI-21 isolated from seaweed, and molecular cloning of its polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:514-9. [PMID: 24932969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We successfully isolated one microorganism (UMI-21) from Ulva, a green algae that contains starch. The strain UMI-21 can produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from starch, maltotriose, or maltose as a sole carbon source. Taxonomic studies and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain UMI-21 was phylogenetically related to species of the genus Massilia. The PHA content under the cultivation condition using a 10-L jar fermentor was 45.5% (w/w). This value was higher than that obtained after cultivation in a flask, suggesting the possibility of large-scale PHA production by UMI-21 from starch. A major issue for the industrial production of microbial PHAs is the very high production cost. Starch is a relatively inexpensive substrate that is also found in abundant seaweeds such as Ulva. Therefore, the strain isolated in this study may be very useful for producing PHA from seaweeds containing polysaccharides such as starch. In addition, a 3.7-kbp DNA fragment containing the whole PHA synthase gene (phaC) was obtained from the strain UMI-21. The results of open reading frame (ORF) analysis suggested that the DNA fragment contained two ORFs, which were composed of 1740 (phaC) and 564 bp (phaR). The deduced amino acid sequence of PhaC from strain UMI-21 shared high similarity with PhaC from Ralstonia eutropha, which is a representative PHA-producing bacterium with a class I PHA synthase. This is the first report for the cloning of the PHA synthase gene from Massilia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Han
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yumi Kuriki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Seino
- Hakodate National College of Technology, 14-1 Tokura-chou, Hakodate 042-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Fujita
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-4 Bunkyo-chou, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takanori Suda
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, 379 Kikyou-chou, Hakodate 041-0801, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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Yang JE, Choi SY, Shin JH, Park SJ, Lee SY. Microbial production of lactate-containing polyesters. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:621-36. [PMID: 23718266 PMCID: PMC3815930 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to our increasing concerns on environmental problems and limited fossil resources, biobased production of chemicals and materials through biorefinery has been attracting much attention. Optimization of the metabolic performance of microorganisms, the key biocatalysts for the efficient production of the desired target bioproducts, has been achieved by metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering allowed more efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of microbial polyesters. More recently, non-natural polyesters containing lactate as a monomer have also been produced by one-step fermentation of engineered bacteria. Systems metabolic engineering integrating traditional metabolic engineering with systems biology, synthetic biology, protein/enzyme engineering through directed evolution and structural design, and evolutionary engineering, enabled microorganisms to efficiently produce natural and non-natural products. Here, we review the strategies for the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the in vivo biosynthesis of lactate-containing polyesters and for the optimization of whole cell metabolism to efficiently produce lactate-containing polyesters. Also, major problems to be solved to further enhance the production of lactate-containing polyesters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy (Undergraduate program), Myongji UniversitySan 38-2, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-728, Korea
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (Graduate program), Myongji UniversitySan 38-2, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-728, Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Bioinformatics Research Center, KAIST291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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A propionate CoA-transferase of Ralstonia eutropha H16 with broad substrate specificity catalyzing the CoA thioester formation of various carboxylic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7699-709. [PMID: 23250223 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated a propionate CoA-transferase (Pct) homologue encoded in the genome of Ralstonia eutropha H16. The corresponding gene has been cloned into the vector pET-19b to yield a histidine-tagged enzyme which was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After purification, high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analyses revealed that the enzyme exhibits a broad substrate specificity for carboxylic acids. The formation of the corresponding CoA-thioesters of acetate using propionyl-CoA as CoA donor, and of propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxypropionate, crotonate, acrylate, lactate, succinate and 4-hydroxybutyrate using acetyl-CoA as CoA donor could be shown. According to the substrate specificity, the enzyme can be allocated in the family I of CoA-transferases. The apparent molecular masses as determined by gel filtration and detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 228 and 64 kDa, respectively, and point to a quaternary structure of the native enzyme (α4). The enzyme exhibited similarities in sequence and structure to the well investigated Pct of Clostridium propionicum. It does not contain the typical conserved (S)ENG motif, but the derived motif sequence EXG with glutamate 342 to be, most likely, the catalytic residue. Due to the homo-oligomeric structure and the sequence differences with the subclasses IA-C of family I CoA-transferases, a fourth subclass of family I is proposed, comprising - amongst others - the Pcts of R. eutropha H16 and C. propionicum. A markerless precise-deletion mutant R. eutropha H16∆pct was generated. The growth and accumulation behaviour of this mutant on gluconate, gluconate plus 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDP), acetate and propionate was investigated but resulted in no observable phenotype. Both, the wild type and the mutant showed the same growth and storage behaviour with these carbon sources. It is probable that R. eutropha H16 is upregulating other CoA-transferase(s) or CoA-synthetase(s), thereby compensating for the lacking Pct. The ability of R. eutropha H16 to substitute absent enzymes by isoenzymes has been already shown in different other studies in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Karl Guterl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
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Ochi A, Matsumoto K, Ooba T, Sakai K, Tsuge T, Taguchi S. Engineering of class I lactate-polymerizing polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases from Ralstonia eutropha that synthesize lactate-based polyester with a block nature. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3441-7. [PMID: 22801709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Class I polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase from Ralstonia eutropha (PhaCRe) was engineered so as to acquire an unusual lactate (LA)-polymerizing activity. To achieve this, the site-directed saturation mutagenesis of PhaCRe was conducted at position 510, which corresponds to position 481 in the initially discovered class II LA-polymerizing PHA synthase (PhaC1PsSTQK), a mutation in which (Gln481Lys) was shown to be essential to its LA-polymerizing activity (Taguchi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(45):17323-17327, 2008). The LA-polymerizing activity of the PhaCReA510X mutants was evaluated based on the incorporation of LA units into the P[3-hydroxybutyrate(3HB)] backbone in vivo using recombinant Escherichia coli LS5218. Among 19 PhaCRe(A510X) mutants, 15 synthesized P (LA-co-3HB), indicating that the 510 residue plays a critical role in LA polymerization. The polymer synthesized by PhaCReA510S was fractionated using gel permeation chromatography in order to remove the low molecular weight fractions. The (13)C and (1)H NMR analyses of the high molecular weight fraction revealed that the polymer was a P(7 mol% LA-co-3HB) copolymer with a weight-averaged molecular weight of 3.2 × 10(5) Da. Interestingly, the polymer contained an unexpectedly high ratio of an LA-LA -LA triad sequence, suggesting that the polymer synthesized by PhaCRe mutant may not be a random copolymer, but presumably had a block sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ochi
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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