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Zeng C, Xu S, Shen J, Zhao S, Xu X, Peng L. Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Highly Regio-, Chemo-, and Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 3-Keto in Steroids. Org Lett 2024; 26:127-131. [PMID: 38127069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective hydrogenation of 3-keto in steroids to 3-hydroxyl steroids catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) was demonstrated. The Ct3α-HSDH-catalyzed hydrogenation generated 3α-hydroxyl steroids as the main enantiopure isomers in high yields, while the Ss3β-HSDH catalytic system afforded 3β-hydroxyl steroids in excellent yields. In both catalytic systems, the hydrogenation proceeded regioselectively at 3-keto with 7-, 11-, 17-, and 20-keto almost unreacted, and chemoselectively with the C═C bond and ester group unattacked. Our HSDH-promoted hydrogenation showed advantages like high regio-, chemo-, and enantioselectivity, good yields, mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and being suitable for gram-scale synthesis. Notably, bioactive molecules like dehydroepiandrosterone, brienolone, and alfaxalone were obtained facilely in high yields via our hydrogenation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Shitang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Lifen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Changsha 410000, P. R. China
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2
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Song P, Zhang X, Feng W, Xu W, Wu C, Xie S, Yu S, Fu R. Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140662. [PMID: 36910199 PMCID: PMC9998936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a fundamental treatment drug for numerous hepatobiliary diseases that also has adjuvant therapeutic effects on certain cancers and neurological diseases. Chemical UDCA synthesis is environmentally unfriendly with low yields. Biological UDCA synthesis by free-enzyme catalysis or whole-cell synthesis using inexpensive and readily available chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), or lithocholic acid (LCA) as substrates is being developed. The free enzyme-catalyzed one-pot, one-step/two-step method uses hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH); whole-cell synthesis, mainly uses engineered bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) expressing the relevant HSDHs. To further develop these methods, HSDHs with specific coenzyme dependence, high enzyme activity, good stability, and high substrate loading concentration, P450 monooxygenase with C-7 hydroxylation activity and engineered strain harboring HSDHs must be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chaoyun Wu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoqing Xie
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
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3
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Jin L, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. A green strategy to produce potential substitute resource for bear bile using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:32. [PMID: 38647767 PMCID: PMC10992935 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bear bile powder is a precious natural material characterized by high content of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) at a ratio of 1.00-1.50 to taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). RESULTS In this study, we use the crude enzymes from engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to directionally convert TCDCA from chicken bile powder to TUDCA at the committed ratio in vitro. This S. cerevisiae strain was modified with heterologous 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) genes. S. cerevisiae host and HSDH gene combinatorial optimization and response surface methodology was applied to get the best engineered strain and the optimal biotransformation condition, respectively, under which 10.99 ± 0.16 g/L of powder products containing 36.73 ± 6.68% of TUDCA and 28.22 ± 6.05% of TCDCA were obtained using 12.00 g/L of chicken bile powder as substrate. CONCLUSION This study provides a healthy and environmentally friendly way to produce potential alternative resource for bear bile powder from cheap and readily available chicken bile powder, and also gives a reference for the green manufacturing of other rare and endangered animal-derived valuable resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jin
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ferrandi EE, Bertuletti S, Monti D, Riva S. Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: An Ongoing Story. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Giuseppe Colombo 60 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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Meng S, Guo J, Li Z, Nie K, Xu H, Tan T, Liu L. Enzymatic cascade biosynthesis reaction of musky macrolactones from fatty acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109417. [PMID: 31615680 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Musky macrolactones are an important group of compounds used in high-valued perfumery. An enzymatic cascade reaction including cytochrome P450 hydroxylase and lipase was explored to biosynthesize musky macrolactones. Firstly, fatty acids were hydroxylated by P450 hydroxylase to produce the corresponding ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Then ω-hydroxy fatty acids were lactonized by lipase. ω-Hydroxy fatty acids can difficultly be synthesized by traditional chemical methods, and the production of these compounds were key constraint factors during the whole reaction. To obtain enough precursors of macrolactones, an efficient production of ω-hydroxy fatty acids was explored. A mutant of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium was used as terminal hydroxylases. To improve the yield of ω-hydroxy fatty acids, the coenzyme regeneration system and auxiliary organic solvent were optimized. The conversion using the P450 BM3 mutant under the biphase system was up to 42% towards ω-hydroxy pentadecanoic acid and 98% towards ω-hydroxy palmitic acid. The results reveal that the musky macrolactones, exaltolide and silvanone supra, could be synthesized in the hydroxylation-lactonization cascade reaction. Finally, 81 mg of exaltolide was obtained from 242 mg pentadecanoic acid, and 199 mg of silvanone supra from 256 mg palmitic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Meng
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd, Shunping Road 2, Beijing, 100123, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Kaili Nie
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Haijun Xu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Shi S, You Z, Zhou K, Chen Q, Pan J, Qian X, Xu J, Li C. Efficient Synthesis of 12‐Oxochenodeoxycholic Acid Using a 12α‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase fromRhodococcus ruber. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Cheng Shi
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Long Qian
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co. Ltd. No. 8 Yanjiuyuan Road, Economic Development Zone, Changshu Jiangsu 215512 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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Switching the substrate specificity from NADH to NADPH by a single mutation of NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:328-336. [PMID: 31128193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic NADP+ regeneration is a promising approach to produce valuable chemicals under economic conditions. Among all the enzymatic routes, using water-forming NADH oxidase is an ideal one because there is no by-product. However, most NADH oxidases have a low specific activity to NADPH. In this work, a thermostable NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LrNox) was rationally engineered to switch its specificity from NADH to NADPH. The results show that mutants D177A, G178R, D177A/G178R, D177A/G178R/L179S improved the NADPH activity by a factor of 4-6. The highest NADPH catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km 223.71 S-1 μm-1, 47.6-fold higher than wild-type LrNox) and 51% of NADH activity retention were achieved by replacing the single amino acid Leu179 for serine (L179S) in LrNox. Modeling of L179S-NADPH complex reveals that the phosphate group of NADPH interacts with the hydroxyl of Ser179 with a strong hydrogen bond and several shorter hydrogen bonds with the amino group of Lys185 could stabilize the binding of NADPH in the L179S mutant. This work provides an efficient method for converting NAD(P)H specificity and shows that L179S mutant is a potential and efficient auxiliary enzyme for NADP+ regeneration.
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8
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Tonin F, Alvarenga N, Ye JZ, Arends IWCE, Hanefeld U. Clean Enzymatic Oxidation of 12α‐Hydroxysteroids to 12‐Oxo‐Derivatives Catalyzed by Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Natália Alvarenga
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Zheng Ye
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of Science Utrecht University Budapestlaan 6 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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Xu Y, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. Large-scale production of tauroursodeoxycholic acid products through fermentation optimization of engineered Escherichia coli cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:34. [PMID: 30736766 PMCID: PMC6368744 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bear bile powder is a valuable medicinal material characterized by high content of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) at a certain ratio to taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). We had created an engineered E. coli harboring two-step bidirectional oxidative and reductive enzyme-catalyzing pathway that could rapidly convert TCDCA to TUDCA at a specific percentage in shake flasks. Results We reported here the large-scale production of TUDCA containing products by balancing the bidirectional reactions through optimizing fermentation process of the engineered E. coli in fermenters. The fermentation medium was firstly optimized based on M9 medium using response surface methodology, leading to a glycerol and yeast extract modified M9-GY medium benefits for both cell growth and product conversion efficiency. Then isopropylthio-β-galactoside induction and fed-stock stage was successively optimized. Finally, a special deep-tank static process was developed to promote the conversion from TCDCA to TUDCA. Applying the optimal condition, fermentation was performed by separately supplementing 30 g refined chicken bile powder and 35 g crude chicken bile powder as substrates, resulting in 29.35 ± 2.83 g and 30.78 ± 3.04 g powder products containing 35.85 ± 3.85% and 27.14 ± 4.23% of TUDCA at a ratio of 1.49 ± 0.14 and 1.55 ± 0.19 to TCDCA, respectively, after purification and evaporation of the fermentation broth. The recovery yield was 92.84 ± 4.21% and 91.83 ± 2.56%, respectively. Conclusion This study provided a practical and environment friendly industrialized process for producing artificial substitute of bear bile powder from cheap and readily available chicken bile powder using engineered E. coli microbial cell factory. It also put forward an interesting deep-tank static process to promote the enzyme-catalyzing reactions toward target compounds in synthetic biology-based fermentation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1076-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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10
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Tonin F, Arends IWCE. Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:470-483. [PMID: 29520309 PMCID: PMC5827811 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a pharmaceutical ingredient widely used in clinics. As bile acid it solubilizes cholesterol gallstones and improves the liver function in case of cholestatic diseases. UDCA can be obtained from cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. The now available chemical routes for the obtainment of UDCA yield about 30% of final product. For these syntheses several protection and deprotection steps requiring toxic and dangerous reagents have to be performed, leading to the production of a series of waste products. In many cases the cholic acid itself first needs to be prepared from its taurinated and glycilated derivatives in the bile, thus adding to the complexity and multitude of steps involved of the synthetic process. For these reasons, several studies have been performed towards the development of microbial transformations or chemoenzymatic procedures for the synthesis of UDCA starting from CA or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). This promising approach led several research groups to focus their attention on the development of biotransformations with non-pathogenic, easy-to-manage microorganisms, and their enzymes. In particular, the enzymatic reactions involved are selective hydrolysis, epimerization of the hydroxy functions (by oxidation and subsequent reduction) and the specific hydroxylation and dehydroxylation of suitable positions in the steroid rings. In this minireview, we critically analyze the state of the art of the production of UDCA by several chemical, chemoenzymatic and enzymatic routes reported, highlighting the bottlenecks of each production step. Particular attention is placed on the precursors availability as well as the substrate loading in the process. Potential new routes and recent developments are discussed, in particular on the employment of flow-reactors. The latter technology allows to develop processes with shorter reaction times and lower costs for the chemical and enzymatic reactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W C E Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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Cao H, Nie K, Li C, Xu H, Wang F, Tan T, Liu L. Rational design of substrate binding pockets in polyphosphate kinase for use in cost-effective ATP-dependent cascade reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5325-5332. [PMID: 28417169 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the energy equivalent of the living system. Polyphosphate (polyP) is the ancient energy storage equivalent of organisms. Polyphosphate kinases (PPKs) catalyze the polyP formation or ATP formation, to store energy or to regenerate ATP, respectively. However, most PPKs are active only in the presence of long polyPs, which are more difficult and more expensive to generate than the short polyPs. We investigated the PPK preference towards polyPs by site-directed mutagenesis and computational simulation, to understand the mechanism and further design enzymes for effective ATP regeneration using short polyPs for in vitro cascade reactions, which are highly desired for research and applications. The results suggest that the short polyPs inhibit PPK by blocking the ADP-binding pocket. Structural comparison between PPK (Corynebacterium glutamicum) and PPK (Sinorhizobium meliloti) indicates that three amino acid residues, i.e., lysine, glutamate, and threonine, are involved in the activity towards short polyP by fixing the adenosine group of ADP in between the subunits of the dimer, while the terminal phosphate group of ADP still offers an active site, which presents a binding pocket for ADP. A proposed triple mutant PPK (SMc02148-KET) demonstrates significant activity towards short polyP to form ATP from ADP. The obtained high glutathione titer (38.79 mM) and glucose-6-phosphate titer (87.35 mM) in cascade reactions with ATP regeneration using the triple mutant PPK (SMc02148-KET) reveal that the tailored PPK establishes the effective ATP regeneration system for ATP-dependent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cao
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Nie
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Xu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Shi J, Wang J, Yu L, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. Rapidly directional biotransformation of tauroursodeoxycholic acid through engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1073-1082. [PMID: 28332050 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bear bile powder is a precious medicinal material. It is characterized by high content of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) at a ratio of 1.0-1.5 to taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). Here, we reported the biotransformation of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) through Escherichia coli engineered with a two-step mimic biosynthetic pathway of TUDCA from taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). Two 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and two 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) genes (named as α1, α2, β1, and β2) were selected and synthesized to create four pathway variants using ePathBrick. All could convert TCDCA to TUDCA and the one harboring α1 and β2 (pα1β2) showed the strongest capability. Utilizing the oxidative and reductive properties of 7α- and 7β-HSDH, an ideal balance between TUDCA and TCDCA was established by optimizing the fermentation conditions. By applying the optimal condition, E. coli containing pα1β2 (BL-pα1β2) produced up to 1.61 ± 0.13 g/L of TUDCA from 3.23 g/L of TCDCA at a ratio of 1.3 to TCDCA. This study provides a potential approach for bear bile substitute production from cheap and readily available chicken bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Yu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Huang X, Cao X. Preparation of ursodeoxycholic acid from 7-ketone lithocholic acid by stereoselective electroreduction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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14
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Zheng MM, Wang RF, Li CX, Xu JH. Two-step enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid with a new 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Ruminococcus torques. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Sun B, Hartl F, Castiglione K, Weuster-Botz D. Dynamic mechanistic modeling of the multienzymatic one-pot reduction of dehydrocholic acid to 12-keto ursodeoxycholic acid with competing substrates and cofactors. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:375-86. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boqiao Sun
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; Technische Universität München; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Florian Hartl
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; Technische Universität München; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; Technische Universität München; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; Technische Universität München; Garching 85748 Germany
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Eggert T, Bakonyi D, Hummel W. Enzymatic routes for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:11-21. [PMID: 25131646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, is used as a drug for the treatment of various liver diseases, the optimal dose comprises the range of 8-10mg/kg/day. For industrial syntheses, the structural complexity of this bile acid requires the use of an appropriate starting material as well as the application of regio- and enantio-selective enzymes for its derivatization. Most strategies for the synthesis start from cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid. The latter requires the conversion of the hydroxyl group at C-7 from α- into β-position in order to obtain ursodeoxycholic acid. Cholic acid on the other hand does not only require the same epimerization reaction at C-7 but the removal of the hydroxyl group at C-12 as well. There are several bacterial regio- and enantio-selective hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) to carry out the desired reactions, for example 7α-HSDHs from strains of Clostridium, Bacteroides or Xanthomonas, 7β-HSDHs from Clostridium, Collinsella, or Ruminococcus, or 12α-HSDH from Clostridium or from Eggerthella. However, all these bioconversion reactions need additional steps for the regeneration of the coenzymes. Selected multi-step reaction systems for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Eggert
- evocatal GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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