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Vasquez-Martínez N, Guillen D, Andrea Moreno-Mendieta S, Medina-Granados P, Guadalupe Casañas-Pimentel R, San Martín-Martínez E, Ángel Morales M, Sanchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. In vivo tracing of immunostimulatory raw starch microparticles after mucosal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:96-106. [PMID: 37094693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Raw starch microparticles (SMPs) proved efficient antigen carriers with adjuvant properties when administered via the mucosal route; however, the underlying mechanisms associated with this bioactivity are unknown. In the present study, we explored the mucoadhesion properties, fate, and toxicity of starch microparticles after mucosal administration. Nasally administered microparticles were mainly retained in nasal turbinates, reaching the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue; this step is facilitated by the ability of the microparticles to penetrate through the mucous epithelium. Likewise, we found intraduodenally administered SMPs on the small intestinal villi, follicle-associated epithelium, and Peyer's patches. Furthermore, under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions, we detected mucoadhesion between the SMPs and mucins, regardless of microparticle swelling. SMPs' mucoadhesion and translocation to mucosal immune responses induction sites explain the previously reported role of these microparticles as vaccine adjuvants and immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito de Posgrado, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, CDMX, México.
| | - Daniel Guillen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Silvia Andrea Moreno-Mendieta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT).
| | - Pedro Medina-Granados
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Rocío Guadalupe Casañas-Pimentel
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, 11500, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Eduardo San Martín-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, 11500, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Miguel Ángel Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Sergio Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Multi-instrumental approach to unravel molecular mechanisms of natural bioactive compounds: Case studies for flavonoids. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wu Y, Zha M, Yin S, Yang H, Boutet J, Huet R, Wang C, Sun B. Novel Method for l-Methionine Production Catalyzed by the Aminotransferase ARO8 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6116-6122. [PMID: 29806462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aminotransferase ARO8 was proved to play an efficient role in conversion of l-methionine into methionol via the Ehrlich pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in our previous work. In this work, the reversible transamination activity of ARO8 for conversion of α-keto-γ-(methylthio) butyric acid (KMBA) into l-methionine was confirmed in vitro. ARO8 was cloned from S. cerevisiae S288c and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21. A 2-fold higher aminotransferase activity was detected in the recombinant strain ARO8-BL21, and ARO8 was detected in the supernatant of ARO8-BL21 lysate with IPTG induction by SDS-PAGE analysis. The recombinant ARO8 was then purified and used for transforming KMBA into l-methionine. An approximately 100% conversion rate of KMBA into l-methionine was achieved by optimized enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ARO8. This work fulfilled l-methionine biosynthesis catalyzed by the aminotransferase ARO8 using glutamate and KMBA, which provided a novel method for l-methionine production by enzymatic catalysis with the potential application prospect in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Musu Zha
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Huaqing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Julien Boutet
- Adisseo France SAS, Antony Parc 2 , 10 Place du Général de Gaulle , F-92160 Antony , France
- Bluestar Adisseo Nanjing Co., LTD , 389 Changfenghe Road, Nanjing Chemical Industry Park , Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210047 , China
| | - Robert Huet
- Adisseo France SAS, Antony Parc 2 , 10 Place du Général de Gaulle , F-92160 Antony , France
- Bluestar Adisseo Nanjing Co., LTD , 389 Changfenghe Road, Nanjing Chemical Industry Park , Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210047 , China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
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Moreno-Mendieta S, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Sánchez S, Hernández-Pando R, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Raw starch microparticles have immunostimulant activity in mice vaccinated with BCG and challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2017; 35:5123-5130. [PMID: 28818565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge for vaccine development or improvement is the lack of safe adjuvants or immunostimulants that induce protective immune responses and can be used for mucosal immunization, which is a highly desirable strategy for vaccination against infectious diseases acquired by oral or intranasal routes. One promising alternative is the use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric microparticles. Recently, we developed an immobilization and delivery system with starch microparticles (SMPs) and a starch-binding domain (SBDtag) suitable for the mucosal administration of antigens and the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we explore the immunostimulant and reinforcing potential of the system using BALB/c mice with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis (PPT). The heat shock protein alpha-crystallin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis immobilized on SMPs (µAcr-SBDtag) or SMPs alone were administered nasally as boosters to BCG-vaccinated mice without any extra adjuvant. The mice were challenged intratracheally with either moderately virulent or highly virulent M. tuberculosis strains. Our results showed that the administration of either the immobilized antigen or SMPs asa booster for the BCG vaccination induced a significant reduction of bacterial loads in the lungs of mice, even more than in mice that received the BCG vaccination alone. Since no difference was observed in pulmonary bacillary burdens between the two reinforced groups, the obtained effect was most likely primarily caused by the starch. As determined by histological study, the administration of boosters did not contribute to the progress of pneumonia, which diminishes the safety concerns related to the administration of SMPs intranasally. Taken together, our findings suggest that this system may be considered asa new carbohydrate-based adjuvant suitable for mucosal vaccines against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and more generally, they highlight the potential of particulate α-glucans as immune response modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Armenta S, Moreno-Mendieta S, Sánchez-Cuapio Z, Sánchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Advances in molecular engineering of carbohydrate-binding modules. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. [PMID: 28547780 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains that are generally appended to carbohydrate-active enzymes. CBMs have a broadly conserved structure that allows recognition of a notable variety of carbohydrates, in both their soluble and insoluble forms, as well as in their alpha and beta conformations and with different types of bonds or substitutions. This versatility suggests a high functional plasticity that is not yet clearly understood, in spite of the important number of studies relating protein structure and function. Several studies have explored the flexibility of these systems by changing or improving their specificity toward substrates of interest. In this review, we examine the molecular strategies used to identify CBMs with novel or improved characteristics. The impact of the spatial arrangement of the functional amino acids of CBMs is discussed in terms of unexpected new functions that are not related to the original biological roles of the enzymes. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Armenta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Zaira Sánchez-Cuapio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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Kanpiengjai A, Nguyen TH, Haltrich D, Khanongnuch C. Expression and comparative characterization of complete and C-terminally truncated forms of saccharifying α-amylase from Lactobacillus plantarum S21. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:1294-1301. [PMID: 28587961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum S21 α-amylase possesses 475 amino acids at the C-terminal region identified as the starch-binding domain (SBD) and has been previously reported to play a role in raw starch degradation. To understand the specific roles of this SBD, cloning and expression of the complete (AmyL9) and C-terminally truncated (AmyL9ΔSBD) forms of α-amylase were conducted for enzyme purification and comparative characterization. AmyL9 and AmyL9ΔSBD were overproduced in Escherichia coli at approximately 10- and 20-times increased values of volumetric productivity when compared to α-amylase produced by the wild type, respectively. AmyL9ΔSBD was unable to hydrolyze raw starch and exhibited substrate specificity in a similar manner to that of AmyL9, but it was weakly active toward amylopectin and glycogen. The hydrolysis products obtained from the amylaceous substrates of both enzymes were the same. In addition, AmyL9ΔSBD showed comparatively higher Km values than AmyL9 when it reacted with starch and amylopectin, and lower values for other kinetic constants namely vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km. The results indicated that the C-terminal SBDs of L. plantarum S21 α-amylase contribute to not only substrate preference but also substrate affinity and the catalytic efficiency of the α-amylase without any changes in the degradation mechanisms of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinun Kanpiengjai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Chartchai Khanongnuch
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
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Yu X, Sun J, Wang W, Jiang L, Wang R, Xiao W, Cheng B, Fan J. Tobacco etch virus protease mediating cleavage of the cellulose-binding module tagged colored proteins immobilized on the regenerated amorphous cellulose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1101-1110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Božić N, Lončar N, Slavić MŠ, Vujčić Z. Raw starch degrading α-amylases: an unsolved riddle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amylase-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarch is an important food ingredient and a substrate for the production of many industrial products. Biological and industrial processes involve hydrolysis of raw starch, such as digestion by humans and animals, starch metabolism in plants, and industrial starch conversion for obtaining glucose, fructose and maltose syrup or bioethanol. Raw starch degrading α-amylases (RSDA) can directly degrade raw starch below the gelatinization temperature of starch. Knowledge of the structures and properties of starch and RSDA has increased significantly in recent years. Understanding the relationships between structural peculiarities and properties of RSDA is a prerequisite for efficient application in different aspects of human benefit from health to the industry. This review summarizes recent advances on RSDA research with emphasizes on representatives of glycoside hydrolase family GH13. Definite understanding of raw starch digesting ability is yet to come with accumulating structural and functional studies of RSDA.
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Salazar-González JA, Decker EL, Reski R. Implications of plant glycans in the development of innovative vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:915-25. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1155987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Salazar-González
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, Mexico
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS – Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- FRIAS – Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
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Starch granules as a vehicle for the oral administration of immobilized antigens. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Moreno-Mendieta SA, Guillén D, Espitia C, Hernández-Pando R, Sanchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. A novel antigen-carrier system: the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acr protein carried by raw starch microparticles. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:241-8. [PMID: 25093695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles have been used as promising carriers for in vivo vaccine delivery. However, the processes for immobilizing peptides or proteins on microparticles usually require the use of undesirable compounds and complex protocols. In this work, we propose a new immobilization and delivery system with raw starch microparticles and a starch binding domain (SBD) tag fusion protein. The heat shock protein alpha crystallin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis was used as model. The immunogenicity of the system was investigated in BALB/c mice inoculated with purified Acr-SBDtag protein (pAcr-SBDtag) and starch immobilized Acr-SBDtag protein (μAcr-SBDtag) by oral and intranasal routes. We demonstrated mucosal immunization with the μAcr-SBDtag protein induced systemic antibodies that were predominantly immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a). An analysis of the cytokines from spleen cells and lung homogenates revealed that loaded microparticles induced the secretion of interferon-γ (INF-γ), suggesting an adjuvant effect from the immobilization. The immune responses induced by immobilized protein were primarily affected by the route of administration. These results demonstrate that the system exhibits the necessary characteristics to improve antigen release and presentation to antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the mucosae. Because no extra adjuvants were used, we posit that the system may be suitable for delivery and presentation to the field of subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Moreno-Mendieta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - D Guillén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - C Espitia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Servicio de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - S Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - R Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P.70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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Wood DW. New trends and affinity tag designs for recombinant protein purification. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 26:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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