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Magnetic Multi-Enzymatic System for Cladribine Manufacturing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113634. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated processes have proven to be a valuable and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this regard, the use of multi-enzymatic systems enables the realization of complex synthetic schemes, while also introducing a number of additional advantages, including the conversion of reversible reactions into irreversible processes, the partial or complete elimination of product inhibition problems, and the minimization of undesirable by-products. In addition, the immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic supports allows for easy reusability and streamlines the downstream process. Herein we have developed a cascade system for cladribine synthesis based on the sequential action of two magnetic biocatalysts. For that purpose, purine 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPDT) and Escherichia coli hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EcHPRT) were immobilized onto Ni2+-prechelated magnetic microspheres (MagReSyn®NTA). Among the resulting derivatives, MLmPDT3 (activity: 11,935 IU/gsupport, 63% retained activity, operational conditions: 40 °C and pH 5–7) and MEcHPRT3 (12,840 IU/gsupport, 45% retained activity, operational conditions: pH 5–8 and 40–60 °C) emerge as optimal catalysts for further synthetic application. Moreover, the MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 system was biochemically characterized and successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of cladribine under various conditions. This methodology not only displayed a 1.67-fold improvement in cladribine synthesis (compared to MLmPDT3), but it also implied a practically complete transformation of the undesired by-product into a high-added-value product (90% conversion of Hyp into IMP). Finally, MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 was reused for 16 cycles, which displayed a 75% retained activity.
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Rational Design of a Thermostable 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase for Nelarabine Production by Prediction of Disulfide Bond Engineering Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911806. [PMID: 36233108 PMCID: PMC9570332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of the industrial implementation of enzymatic processes is the low operational stability of the enzymes under tough industrial conditions. In this respect, the use of thermostable enzymes in the industry is gaining ground during the last decades. Herein, we report a structure-guided approach for the development of novel and thermostable 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) based on the computational design of disulfide bonds on hot spot positions. To this end, a small library of NDT variants from Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LdNDT) with introduced cysteine pairs was created. Among them, LdNDTS104C (100% retained activity) was chosen as the most thermostable variant, displaying a six- and two-fold enhanced long-term stability when stored at 55 °C (t1/255 °C ≈ 24 h) and 60 °C (t1/260 °C ≈ 4 h), respectively. Moreover, the biochemical characterization revealed that LdNDTS104C showed >60% relative activity across a broad range of temperature (30−90 °C) and pH (5−7). Finally, to study the potential application of LdNDTS104C as an industrial catalyst, the enzymatic synthesis of nelarabine was successfully carried out under different substrate conditions (1:1 and 3:1) at different reaction times. Under these experimental conditions, the production of nelarabine was increased up to 2.8-fold (72% conversion) compared with wild-type LdNDT.
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Wang H, Zhong YY, Xiao YC, Chen FE. Chemical and chemoenzymatic stereoselective synthesis of β-nucleosides and their analogues. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Nucleosides are fundamental building blocks of biological systems that are widely used as therapeutic agents for treating cancer and viral infections among others. In the last two years, nucleoside analogues...
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Fernández-Lucas J, Acebrón I, Wu RY, Alfaro Y, Acosta J, Kaminski PA, Arroyo M, Joachimiak A, Nocek BP, De la Mata I, Mancheño JM. Biochemical and structural studies of two tetrameric nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases from psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria: Insights into cold-adaptation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:138-150. [PMID: 34624379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds of 2'-deoxynucleosides and the following transfer of the 2'-deoxyribose moiety to acceptor nucleobases. Here, we report the crystal structures and biochemical properties of the first tetrameric NDTs: the type I NDT from the mesophilic bacterium Enterococcus faecalis V583 (EfPDT) and the type II NDT from the bacterium Desulfotalea psychrophila (DpNDT), the first psychrophilic NDT. This novel structural and biochemical data permitted an exhaustive comparative analysis aimed to shed light into the basis of the high global stability of the psychrophilic DpNDT, which has a higher melting temperature than EfPDT (58.5 °C versus 54.4 °C) or other mesophilic NDTs. DpNDT possesses a combination of unusual structural motifs not present neither in EfPDT nor any other NDT that most probably contribute to its global stability, in particular, a large aliphatic isoleucine-leucine-valine (ILV) bundle accompanied by a vicinal disulfide bridge and also an intersubunit disulfide bridge, the first described for an NDT. The functional and structural features of DpNDT do not fit the standard features of psychrophilic enzymes, which lead us to consider the implication of (sub)cellular levels together with the protein level in the adaptation of enzymatic activity to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 66, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Iván Acebrón
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruiying Y Wu
- Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yohana Alfaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre A Kaminski
- Institut Pasteur, Unite ́Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-positif, CNRS URL3526, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Boguslaw P Nocek
- Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Isabel De la Mata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Green Production of Cladribine by Using Immobilized 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii Stabilized through a Double Covalent/Entrapment Technology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050657. [PMID: 33947162 PMCID: PMC8146660 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, enzyme-mediated processes offer an eco-friendly and efficient alternative to the traditional multistep and environmentally harmful chemical processes. Herein we report the enzymatic synthesis of cladribine by a novel 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase (NDT)-based combined biocatalyst. To this end, Lactobacillus delbrueckii NDT (LdNDT) was successfully immobilized through a two-step immobilization methodology, including a covalent immobilization onto glutaraldehyde-activated biomimetic silica nanoparticles followed by biocatalyst entrapment in calcium alginate. The resulting immobilized derivative, SiGPEI 25000-LdNDT-Alg, displayed 98% retained activity and was shown to be active and stable in a broad range of pH (5-9) and temperature (30-60 °C), but also displayed an extremely high reusability (up to 2100 reuses without negligible loss of activity) in the enzymatic production of cladribine. Finally, as a proof of concept, SiGPEI 25000-LdNDT-Alg was successfully employed in the green production of cladribine at mg scale.
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Del Arco J, Acosta J, Fernández-Lucas J. New trends in the biocatalytic production of nucleosidic active pharmaceutical ingredients using 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107701. [PMID: 33515673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmaceutical industry demands competitive and eco-friendly processes for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) manufacturing. In this context, enzyme and whole-cell mediated processes offer an efficient, sustainable and cost-effective alternative to the traditional multi-step and environmentally-harmful chemical processes. Particularly, 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) have emerged as a novel synthetic alternative, not only to chemical but also to other enzyme-mediated synthetic processes. This review describes recent findings in the development and scaling up of NDTs as industrial biocatalysts, including the most relevant and recent examples of single enzymatic steps, multienzyme cascades, chemo-enzymatic approaches, and engineered biocatalysts. Finally, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps of NDT-mediated bioprocesses, a detailed analysis of recently granted patents, with specific focus on industrial synthesis of nucleoside-based APIs, is hereunder presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Acosta J, Pérez E, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Fillat C, Fernández-Lucas J. Molecular Basis of NDT-Mediated Activation of Nucleoside-Based Prodrugs and Application in Suicide Gene Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010120. [PMID: 33477716 PMCID: PMC7831932 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the first proof for the application of type II 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LdNDT) in suicide gene therapy for cancer treatment. To this end, we first confirm the hydrolytic ability of LdNDT over the nucleoside-based prodrugs 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUrd), 2′-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (dFAdo), and 2′-deoxy-6-methylpurine riboside (d6MetPRib). Such activity was significantly increased (up to 30-fold) in the presence of an acceptor nucleobase. To shed light on the strong nucleobase dependence for enzymatic activity, different molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. Finally, as a proof of concept, we tested the LdNDT/dFAdo system in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Interestingly, LdNDT/dFAdo showed a pronounced reduction in cellular viability with inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. These results open up future opportunities for the clinical implementation of nucleoside 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Pérez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66 Barranquilla, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J. Non-typical nucleoside analogs as fluorescent and fluorogenic indicators of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1139:119-128. [PMID: 33190694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Stachelska-Wierzchowska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 4 Oczapowskiego St., PL-10-710, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Wierzchowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 4 Oczapowskiego St., PL-10-710, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Méndez MB, Trelles JA, Rivero CW. Decitabine bioproduction using a biocatalyst with improved stability by adding nanocomposites. AMB Express 2020; 10:173. [PMID: 32990767 PMCID: PMC7524979 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel IDA-LaNDT derivative was able to reach the highest productivity in the biosynthesis of a well-known antitumoral agent called decitabine. However, the combination of two simple and inexpensive techniques such as ionic absorption and gel entrapment with the incorporation of a bionanocomposite such as bentonite significantly improved the stability of this biocatalyst. These modifications allowed the enhancement of storage stability (for at least 18 months), reusability (400 h of successive batches without significant loss of its initial activity), and thermal and solvent stability with respect to the non-entrapped derivative. Moreover, reaction conditions were optimized by increasing the solubility of 5-aza by dilution with dimethylsulfoxide. Therefore, a scale-up of the bioprocess was assayed using the developed biocatalyst, obtaining 221 mg/L·h of DAC. Finally, green parameters were calculated using the nanostabilized biocatalyst, whose results indicated that it was able to biosynthesize DAC by a smooth, cheap, and environmentally friendly methodology.![]()
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Rivero CW, De Benedetti EC, Sambeth J, Trelles JA. Biotransformation of cladribine by a nanostabilized extremophilic biocatalyst. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:166-173. [PMID: 32841608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine (2-chloro-2'-deoxy-β-d-adenosine) is a 2'-deoxyadenosine analogue, approved by the FDA for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and more recently has been proved for therapeutic against many autoimmune diseases as multiple sclerosis. The biosynthesis of this compound using Thermomonospora alba CECT 3324 as biocatalyst is herein reported. This thermophilic microorganism was successfully entrapped in polyacrylamide gel supplemented with nanoclays such as bentonite. The immobilized biocatalyst (T. alba-Ac-Bent 1.00 %), was able to biosynthesize cladribine with a conversion of 89 % in 1 h of reaction and retains its activity for more than 270 reuses without significantly activity loss, showing better operational stability and mechanical properties than the natural matrix. A microscale assay using the developed system, could allow the production of at least 181 mg of cladribine in successive bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia W Rivero
- Laboratory of Sustainable Biotechnology (LIBioS), National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Eliana C De Benedetti
- Laboratory of Sustainable Biotechnology (LIBioS), National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Jorge Sambeth
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, C1425FQB, Argentina; Center for Research and Development in Applied Sciences "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco", National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Trelles
- Laboratory of Sustainable Biotechnology (LIBioS), National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, C1425FQB, Argentina.
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Rinaldi F, Fernández-Lucas J, de la Fuente D, Zheng C, Bavaro T, Peters B, Massolini G, Annunziata F, Conti P, de la Mata I, Terreni M, Calleri E. Immobilized enzyme reactors based on nucleoside phosphorylases and 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase for the in-flow synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant nucleoside analogues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123258. [PMID: 32247276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a mono- and a bi-enzymatic analytical immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) were developed as prototypes for biosynthetic purposes and their performances in the in-flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues of pharmaceutical interest were evaluated. Two biocatalytic routes based on nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri (LrNDT) and uridine phosphorylase from Clostridium perfrigens (CpUP)/purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) were investigated in the synthesis of 2'-deoxy, 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside derivatives. LrNDT-IMER catalyzed the synthesis of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine in 65-59% conversion yield, while CpUP/AhPNP-IMER provided the best results for the preparation of arabinosyladenine (60% conversion yield). Both IMERs proved to be promising alternatives to chemical routes for the synthesis of nucleoside analogues. The developed in-flow system represents a powerful tool for the fast production on analytical scale of nucleosides for preliminary biological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rinaldi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, 080003 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Diego de la Fuente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Changping Zheng
- CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Benjamin Peters
- Instrumental Analytics R&D, Merck KGaA, DE-64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel de la Mata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Acosta J, Del Arco J, Del Pozo ML, Herrera-Tapias B, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Berenguer J, Hidalgo A, Fernández-Lucas J. Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase/adenylate Kinase From Zobellia galactanivorans: A Bifunctional Catalyst for the Synthesis of Nucleoside-5'-Mono-, Di- and Triphosphates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:677. [PMID: 32671046 PMCID: PMC7326950 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In our search for novel biocatalysts for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives, we found a good candidate in a putative dual-domain hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)/adenylate kinase (AMPK) from Zobellia galactanivorans (ZgHGPRT/AMPK). In this respect, we report for the first time the recombinant expression, production, and characterization of a bifunctional HGPRT/AMPK. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein indicates that the enzyme is a homodimer, with high activity in the pH range 6-7 and in a temperature interval from 30 to 80°C. Thermal denaturation experiments revealed that ZgHGPRT/AMPK exhibits an apparent unfolding temperature (Tm) of 45°C and a retained activity of around 80% when incubated at 40°C for 240 min. This bifunctional enzyme shows a dependence on divalent cations, with a remarkable preference for Mg2+ and Co2+ as cofactors. More interestingly, substrate specificity studies revealed ZgHGPRT/AMPK as a bifunctional enzyme, which acts as phosphoribosyltransferase or adenylate kinase depending upon the nature of the substrate. Finally, to assess the potential of ZgHGPRT/AMPK as biocatalyst for the synthesis of nucleoside-5′-mono, di- and triphosphates, the kinetic analysis of both activities (phosphoribosyltransferase and adenylate kinase) and the effect of water-miscible solvents on enzyme activity were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beliña Herrera-Tapias
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Berenguer
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hidalgo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
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13
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Acosta J, Del Arco J, Pisabarro V, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. N-Ribosyltransferase From Archaeoglobus veneficus: A Novel Halotolerant and Thermostable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Purine Ribonucleoside Analogs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:593. [PMID: 32612982 PMCID: PMC7308715 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-2′-deoxyribosyl-transferases (NDTs) catalyze a transglycosylation reaction consisting of the exchange of the 2′-deoxyribose moiety between a purine and/or pyrimidine nucleoside and a purine and/or pyrimidine base. Because NDTs are highly specific for 2′-deoxyribonucleosides they generally display poor activity on modified C2′ and C3′ nucleosides and this limitation hampers their applicability as biocatalysts for the synthesis of modified nucleosides. We now report the production and purification of a novel NDT from Archaeoglobus veneficus that is endowed with native ribosyltransferase activity and hence it is more properly classified as an N-ribosyltransferase (AvNRT). Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that AvNRT is a homotetramer that displays maximum activity at 80°C and pH 6 and shows remarkably high stability at high temperatures (60–80°C). In addition, the activity of AvNRT was found to increase up to 2-fold in 4 M NaCl aqueous solution and to be retained in the presence of several water-miscible organic solvents. For completeness, and as a proof of concept for possible industrial applications, this thermophilic and halotolerant biocatalyst was successfully employed in the synthesis of different purine ribonucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Pisabarro
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "IQM-CSIC Associated Unit", School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
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14
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Honarmand Ebrahimi K, Rowbotham JS, McCullagh J, James WS. Mechanism of Diol Dehydration by a Promiscuous Radical-SAM Enzyme Homologue of the Antiviral Enzyme Viperin (RSAD2). Chembiochem 2020; 21:1605-1612. [PMID: 31951306 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
3'-Deoxynucleotides are an important class of drugs because they interfere with the metabolism of nucleotides, and their incorporation into DNA or RNA terminates cell division and viral replication. These compounds are generally produced by multi-step chemical synthesis, and an enzyme with the ability to catalyse the removal of the 3'-deoxy group from different nucleotides has yet to be described. Here, using a combination of HPLC, HRMS and NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that a thermostable fungal radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme, with similarity to the vertebrate antiviral enzyme viperin (RSAD2), can catalyse the transformation of CTP, UTP and 5-bromo-UTP to their 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro (ddh) analogues. We show that, unlike the fungal enzyme, human viperin only catalyses the transformation of CTP to ddhCTP. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular docking and dynamics simulations in combination with mutagenesis studies, we provide insight into the origin of the unprecedented substrate promiscuity of the enzyme and the mechanism of dehydration of a nucleotide. Our findings highlight the evolution of substrate specificity in a member of the radical-SAM enzymes. We predict that our work will help in using a new class of the radical-SAM enzymes for the biocatalytic synthesis of 3'-deoxy nucleotide/nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Honarmand Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - James McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
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15
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Vichier-Guerre S, Ku TC, Pochet S, Seley-Radtke KL. An Expedient Synthesis of Flexible Nucleosides through Enzymatic Glycosylation of Proximal and Distal Fleximer Bases. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1412-1417. [PMID: 31899839 PMCID: PMC7228337 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The structurally unique “fleximer” nucleosides were originally designed to investigate how flexibility in a nucleobase could potentially affect receptor–ligand recognition and function. Recently they have been shown to have low‐to‐sub‐micromolar levels of activity against a number of viruses, including coronaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. However, the synthesis of distal fleximers in particular has thus far been quite tedious and low yielding. As a potential solution to this issue, a series of proximal fleximer bases (flex‐bases) has been successfully coupled to both ribose and 2′‐deoxyribose sugars by using the N‐deoxyribosyltransferase II of Lactobacillus leichmannii (LlNDT) and Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). To explore the range of this facile approach, transglycosylation experiments on a thieno‐expanded tricyclic heterocyclic base, as well as several distal and proximal flex‐bases were performed to determine whether the corresponding fleximer nucleosides could be obtained in this fashion, thus potentially significantly shortening the route to these biologically significant compounds. The results of those studies are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vichier-Guerre
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Therese C Ku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Sylvie Pochet
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
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16
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Del Arco J, Perona A, González L, Fernández-Lucas J, Gago F, Sánchez-Murcia PA. Reaction mechanism of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases: free-energy landscape supports an oxocarbenium ion as the reaction intermediate. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:7891-7899. [PMID: 31397456 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Insight into the catalytic mechanism of Lactobacillus leichmannii nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase (LlNDT) has been gained by calculating a quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics (QM/MM) free-energy landscape of the reaction within the enzyme active site. Our results support an oxocarbenium species as the reaction intermediate and thus an SN1 reaction mechanism in this family of bacterial enzymes. Our mechanistic proposal is validated by comparing experimental kinetic data on the impact of the single amino acid replacements Tyr7, Glu98 and Met125 with Ala, Asp and Ala/norLeu, respectively, and accounts for the specificity shown by this enzyme on a non-natural substrate. This work broadens our understanding of enzymatic C-N bond cleavage and C-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain and Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro A Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Lapponi MJ, Britos CN, Rivero CW, Trelles JA. Biotransformation of cladribine using a stabilized biocatalyst in calcium alginate beads. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2927. [PMID: 31595721 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analogue widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of several neoplasms, including hairy-cell leukemia among others. This compound has also shown efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. In this work, a green bioprocess for cladribine biosynthesis using immobilized Arthrobacter oxydans was developed. The microorganism was stabilized by entrapment immobilization in the natural matrix alginate. Different reaction parameters were optimized obtaining a biocatalyst able to achieve cladribine bioconversion values close to 85% after 1 hr, the shortest reaction times reported so far. The developed bioprocess was successfully scaled-up reaching a productivity of 138 mg L-1 hr-1 . Also, the biocatalyst was stable for 5 months in storage and in 96 hr at operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Lapponi
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Claudia N Britos
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Cintia W Rivero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Trelles
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
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18
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Del Arco J, Mills A, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. Structure-Guided Tuning of a Selectivity Switch towards Ribonucleosides in Trypanosoma brucei Purine Nucleoside 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2996-3000. [PMID: 31264760 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) as biocatalysts for the industrial synthesis of nucleoside analogues is often hindered by their strict preference for 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. It is shown herein that a highly versatile purine NDT from Trypanosoma brucei (TbPDT) can also accept ribonucleosides as substrates; this is most likely because of the distinct role played by Asn53 at a position that is usually occupied by Asp in other NDTs. Moreover, this unusual activity was improved about threefold by introducing a single amino acid replacement at position 5, following a structure-guided approach. Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that the TbPDTY5F variant is a homodimer that displays maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.5 and shows a remarkably high melting temperature of 69 °C. Substrate specificity studies demonstrate that 6-oxopurine ribonucleosides are the best donors (inosine>guanosine≫adenosine), whereas no significant preferences exist between 6-aminopurines and 6-oxopurines as base acceptors. In contrast, no transferase activity could be detected on xanthine and 7-deazapurines. TbPDTY5F was successfully employed in the synthesis of a wide range of modified ribonucleosides containing different purine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Mills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
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19
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Del Arco J, Jordaan J, Moral-Dardé V, Fernández-Lucas J. Sustainable production of nucleoside analogues by a high-efficient purine 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase immobilized onto Ni 2+ chelate magnetic microparticles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121772. [PMID: 31307865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to develop a magnetic biocatalyst for customized production of nucleoside analogues using mutant His-tagged purine 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei (TbPDTV11S) immobilized onto Ni2+ chelate magnetic iron oxide porous microparticles (MTbPDTV11S). Biochemical characterization revealed MTbPDTV11S5 as optimal candidate for further studies (10,552 IU g-1; retained activity 54% at 50 °C and pH 6.5). Interestingly, MTbPDTV11S5 displayed the highest activity value described up to date for an immobilized NDT. Moreover, MTbPDTV11S5 was successfully employed in the one-pot, one-step production of different therapeutic nucleoside analogues, such as cladribine or 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine, among others. Finally, MTbPDTV11S5 proved to be stable when stored at 50 °C for 8 h and pH 6.0 and reusable up to 10 times without negligible loss of activity in the enzymatic production of the antitumor prodrug 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Justin Jordaan
- ReSyn Biosciences, Meiring Naudé Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Verónica Moral-Dardé
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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20
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Li J, Yu L, Li J, Xie L, Zhang R, Wang H. Establishment of a high throughput-screening system for nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II mutant enzymes with altered substrate specificity. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:22-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Pant P, Pathak A, Jayaram B. Symmetrization of the backbone of nucleic acids: a molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:673-681. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1585292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - B. Jayaram
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, New Delhi, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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22
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Pérez E, Sánchez‐Murcia PA, Jordaan J, Blanco MD, Mancheño JM, Gago F, Fernández‐Lucas J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Therapeutic Nucleosides using a Highly Versatile Purine Nucleoside 2’‐DeoxyribosylTransferase from
Trypanosoma brucei. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pérez
- Applied Biotechnology GroupUniversidad Europea de Madrid Villaviciosa de Odón E-28670 Spain
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez‐Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna Vienna 1090 Austria
| | - Justin Jordaan
- Biotechnology Innovation CentreRhodes University Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- ReSyn Biosciences Meiring Naudé Road Brummeria Pretoria 0184 South Africa
| | - María Dolores Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III School of MedicineUniversidad Complutense Madrid E-28040 Spain
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural BiologyRocasolano Institute (CSIC) Madrid E-28006 Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and “U. A. IQM-CSIC” School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Alcalá Alcalá de Henares E-28805 Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández‐Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology GroupUniversidad Europea de Madrid Villaviciosa de Odón E-28670 Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial SostenibleUniversidad de la Costa Barranquilla 080002 Colombia
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23
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Del Arco J, Fernández-Lucas J. Purine and pyrimidine salvage pathway in thermophiles: a valuable source of biocatalysts for the industrial production of nucleic acid derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7805-7820. [PMID: 30027492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their similarity to natural counterparts, nucleic acid derivatives (nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides, among others) are interesting molecules for pharmaceutical, biomedical, or food industries. For this reason, there is increasing worldwide demand for the development of efficient synthetic processes for these compounds. Chemical synthetic methodologies require numerous protection-deprotection steps and often lead to the presence of undesirable by-products or enantiomeric mixtures. These methods also require harsh operating conditions, such as the use of organic solvents and hazard reagents. Conversely, enzymatic production by whole cells or enzymes improves regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivity and provides an eco-friendly alternative. Because of their essential role in purine and pyrimidine scavenging, enzymes from purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways are valuable candidates for the synthesis of many different nucleic acid components. In recent years, many different enzymes from these routes, such as nucleoside phosphorylases, nucleoside kinases, 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases, phosphoribosyl transferases, or deaminases, have been successfully employed as biocatalysts in the production of nucleobase, nucleoside, or nucleotide analogs. Due to their great activity and stability at extremely high temperatures, the use of enzymes from thermophiles in industrial biocatalysis is gaining momentum. Thermophilic enzymes not only display unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability but also provide many different advantages from an industrial perspective. This mini-review aims to cover the most representative enzymatic approaches for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives. In this regard, we provide detailed comments about enzymes involved in crucial steps of purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways in thermophiles, as well as their biological role, biochemical characterization, active site mechanism, and substrate specificity. In addition, the most interesting synthetic examples reported in the literature are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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24
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Alexeev CS, Kulikova IV, Gavryushov S, Tararov VI, Mikhailov SN. Quantitative Prediction of Yield in Transglycosylation Reaction Catalyzed by Nucleoside Phosphorylases. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril S. Alexeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Irina V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei Gavryushov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vitali I. Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
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25
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Characterization of an atypical, thermostable, organic solvent- and acid-tolerant 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6947-6957. [PMID: 29872887 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In our search for thermophilic and acid-tolerant nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs), we found a good candidate in an enzyme encoded by Chroococcidiopsis thermalis PCC 7203 (CtNDT). Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed CtNDT as a homotetramer endowed with good activity and stability at both high temperatures (50-100 °C) and a wide range of pH values (from 3 to 7). CtNDT recognizes purine bases and their corresponding 2'-deoxynucleosides but is also proficient using cytosine and 2'-deoxycytidine as substrates. These unusual features preclude the strict classification of CtNDT as either a type I or a type II NDT and further suggest that this simple subdivision may need to be updated in the future. Our findings also hint at a possible link between oligomeric state and NDT's substrate specificity. Interestingly from a practical perspective, CtNDT displays high activity (80-100%) in the presence of several water-miscible co-solvents in a proportion of up to 20% and was successfully employed in the enzymatic production of several therapeutic nucleosides such as didanosine, vidarabine, and cytarabine.
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26
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27
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Méndez MB, Rivero CW, López-Gallego F, Guisán JM, Trelles JA. Development of a high efficient biocatalyst by oriented covalent immobilization of a novel recombinant 2′- N -deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus animalis. J Biotechnol 2018; 270:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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2′-Deoxyribosyltransferase from Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus: A Mesophilic-Like Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides from a Psychrotolerant Bacterium. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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29
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One-Pot Multi-Enzymatic Production of Purine Derivatives with Application in Pharmaceutical and Food Industry. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu K, Chu J, Zhang Y, He B. Ca2+-induced stabilization of the nucleoside 2′- deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus hilgardii ZJS01: Characteristics and application in nucleosides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:963-968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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del Arco J, Acosta J, Pereira HM, Perona A, Lokanath NK, Kunishima N, Fernández-Lucas J. Enzymatic Production of Non-Natural Nucleoside-5′-Monophosphates by a Thermostable Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Urbanización El Bosque Calle Tajo s/n 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid) Spain
| | - Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Urbanización El Bosque Calle Tajo s/n 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid) Spain
| | - Humberto M. Pereira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; CP369 13560-970 São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - Almudena Perona
- Applied Biotechnology Group; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Urbanización El Bosque Calle Tajo s/n 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid) Spain
| | - Neratur K. Lokanath
- Department of Studies in Physics; University of Mysore; Mysore 570 006 India
| | - Naoki Kunishima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center; 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Urbanización El Bosque Calle Tajo s/n 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid) Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible; Universidad de la Costa; CUC; Calle 58 # 55-66 Barranquilla Colombia
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32
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Crespo N, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Gago F, Cejudo-Sanches J, Galmes MA, Fernández-Lucas J, Mancheño JM. 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana, an efficient biocatalyst for one-pot, one-step synthesis of nucleosides from poorly soluble purine bases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7187-7200. [PMID: 28785897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Processes catalyzed by enzymes offer numerous advantages over chemical methods although in many occasions the stability of the biocatalysts becomes a serious concern. Traditionally, synthesis of nucleosides using poorly water-soluble purine bases, such as guanine, xanthine, or hypoxanthine, requires alkaline pH and/or high temperatures in order to solubilize the substrate. In this work, we demonstrate that the 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPDT) exhibits an unusually high activity and stability under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10) across a broad range of temperatures (30-70 °C) and ionic strengths (0-500 mM NaCl). Conversely, analysis of the crystal structure of LmPDT together with comparisons with hexameric, bacterial homologues revealed the importance of the relationships between the oligomeric state and the active site architecture within this family of enzymes. Moreover, molecular dynamics and docking approaches provided structural insights into the substrate-binding mode. Biochemical characterization of LmPDT identifies the enzyme as a type I NDT (PDT), exhibiting excellent activity, with specific activity values 100- and 4000-fold higher than the ones reported for other PDTs. Interestingly, LmPDT remained stable during 36 h at different pH values at 40 °C. In order to explore the potential of LmPDT as an industrial biocatalyst, enzymatic production of several natural and non-natural therapeutic nucleosides, such as vidarabine (ara A), didanosine (ddI), ddG, or 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, was carried out using poorly water-soluble purines. Noteworthy, this is the first time that the enzymatic synthesis of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, ara G, and ara H by a 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Crespo
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.,Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - P A Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and "Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - F Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J Cejudo-Sanches
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Galmes
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Cra. 55 #58-66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Downey AM, Hocek M. Strategies toward protecting group-free glycosylation through selective activation of the anomeric center. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1239-1279. [PMID: 28694870 PMCID: PMC5496566 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an immensely important biological process and one that is highly controlled and very efficient in nature. However, in a chemical laboratory the process is much more challenging and usually requires the extensive use of protecting groups to squelch reactivity at undesired reactive moieties. Nonetheless, by taking advantage of the differential reactivity of the anomeric center, a selective activation at this position is possible. As a result, protecting group-free strategies to effect glycosylations are available thanks to the tremendous efforts of many research groups. In this review, we showcase the methods available for the selective activation of the anomeric center on the glycosyl donor and the mechanisms by which the glycosylation reactions take place to illustrate the power these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michael Downey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Vichier-Guerre S, Dugué L, Bonhomme F, Pochet S. An expedient synthesis of flexible nucleosides via a regiocontrolled enzymatic glycosylation of functionalized imidazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8193-8203. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A versatile two-step synthesis of C4- and C5-arylated 2′-deoxyribosylimidazoles was elaborated by enzymaticN-transglycosylation followed by microwave-assisted Pd-catalysed arylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vichier-Guerre
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS
- UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - L. Dugué
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS
- UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - F. Bonhomme
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS
- UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - S. Pochet
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS
- UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
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35
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Lapponi MJ, Rivero CW, Zinni MA, Britos CN, Trelles JA. New developments in nucleoside analogues biosynthesis: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Biotransformation of halogenated nucleosides by immobilized Lactobacillus animalis 2′- N -deoxyribosyltransferase. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Vichier-Guerre S, Dugué L, Bonhomme F, Pochet S. Expedient and generic synthesis of imidazole nucleosides by enzymatic transglycosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3638-53. [PMID: 26986701 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward route to original imidazole-based nucleosides that makes use of an enzymatic N-transglycosylation step is reported in both the ribo- and deoxyribo-series. To illustrate the scope of this approach, a diverse set of 4-aryl and 4-heteroaryl-1H-imidazoles featuring variable sizes and hydrogen-bonding patterns was prepared using a microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. These imidazole derivatives were examined as possible substrates for the nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from L. leichmannii and the purine nucleoside phosphorylase from E. coli. The optimum transglycosylation conditions, including the use of co-adjuvants to address solubility issues, were defined. Enzymatic conversion of 4-(hetero)arylimidazoles to 2'-deoxyribo- or ribo-nucleosides proceeded in good to high conversion yields, except bulky hydrophobic imidazole derivatives. Nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase of class II was found to convert the widest range of functionalized imidazoles into 2'-deoxyribonucleosides and was even capable of bis-glycosylating certain heterocyclic substrates. Our findings should enable chemoenzymatic access to a large diversity of flexible nucleoside analogues as molecular probes, drug candidates and original building blocks for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vichier-Guerre
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3523, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Synthetic analog of anticancer drug daunorubicin from daunorubicinone using one-pot enzymatic UDP-recycling glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Fresco-Taboada A, Serra I, Arroyo M, Fernández-Lucas J, de la Mata I, Terreni M. Development of an immobilized biocatalyst based on Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus NDT for the preparative synthesis of trifluridine and decytabine. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Fernández-Lucas J. Multienzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives: a general perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4615-27. [PMID: 25952113 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Living cells are most perfect synthetic factory. The surprising synthetic efficiency of biological systems is allowed by the combination of multiple processes catalyzed by enzymes working sequentially. In this sense, biocatalysis tries to reproduce nature's synthetic strategies to perform the synthesis of different organic compounds using natural catalysts such as cells or enzymes. Nowadays, the use of multienzymatic systems in biocatalysis is becoming a habitual strategy for the synthesis of organic compounds that leads to the realization of complex synthetic schemes. By combining several steps in one pot, a significant step economy can be realized and the potential for environmentally benign synthesis is improved. Using this sustainable synthetic system, several work-up steps can be avoided and pure products are ideally isolated after a series of reactions in one single vessel after just one straightforward purification step. In recent years, enzymatic methodology for the preparation of nucleic acid derivatives (NADs) has become a standard technique for the synthesis of a wide variety of natural NADs. Enzymatic methods have been shown to be an efficient alternative for the synthesis of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs to the traditional multistep chemical methods, since chemical glycosylation reactions include several protection-deprotection steps and the use of chemical reagents and organic solvents that are expensive and environmentally harmful. In this minireview, we want to illustrate what we consider the most current relevant examples of in vivo and in vitro multienzymatic systems used for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives showing advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Finally, a detailed perspective about the impact of -omics in multienzymatic systems has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain,
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41
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New biocatalysts for one pot multistep enzymatic synthesis of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphates from readily available reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Iglesias LE, Lewkowicz ES, Medici R, Bianchi P, Iribarren AM. Biocatalytic approaches applied to the synthesis of nucleoside prodrugs. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:412-34. [PMID: 25795057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides are valuable bioactive molecules, which display antiviral and antitumour activities. Diverse types of prodrugs are designed to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, however this strategy faces the troublesome selectivity issues of nucleoside chemistry. In this context, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the opportunities provided by biocatalytic procedures in the preparation of nucleoside prodrugs. The potential of biocatalysis in this research area will be presented through examples covering the different types of nucleoside prodrugs: nucleoside analogues as prodrugs, nucleoside lipophilic prodrugs and nucleoside hydrophilic prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth S Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Medici
- Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, INGEBI-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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43
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Ye W, Paul D, Gao L, Seckute J, Sangaiah R, Jayaraj K, Zhang Z, Kaminski PA, Ealick SE, Gold A, Ball LM. Ethenoguanines undergo glycosylation by nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases at non-natural sites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115082. [PMID: 25521390 PMCID: PMC4270796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribosyl transferases and functionally related purine nucleoside phosphorylases are used extensively for synthesis of non-natural deoxynucleosides as pharmaceuticals or standards for characterizing and quantitating DNA adducts. Hence exploring the conformational tolerance of the active sites of these enzymes is of considerable practical interest. We have determined the crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution of Lactobacillus helveticus purine deoxyribosyl transferase (PDT) with the tricyclic purine 8,9-dihydro-9-oxoimidazo[2,1-b]purine (N2,3-ethenoguanine) at the active site. The active site electron density map was compatible with four orientations, two consistent with sites for deoxyribosylation and two appearing to be unproductive. In accord with the crystal structure, Lactobacillus helveticus PDT glycosylates the 8,9-dihydro-9-oxoimidazo[2,1-b]purine at N7 and N1, with a marked preference for N7. The activity of Lactobacillus helveticus PDT was compared with that of the nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase enzymes (DRT Type II) from Lactobacillus leichmannii and Lactobacillus fermentum, which were somewhat more effective in the deoxyribosylation than Lactobacillus helveticus PDT, glycosylating the substrate with product profiles dependent on the pH of the incubation. The purine nucleoside phosphorylase of Escherichia coli, also commonly used in ribosylation of non-natural bases, was an order of magnitude less efficient than the transferase enzymes. Modeling based on published active-site structures as templates suggests that in all cases, an active site Phe is critical in orienting the molecular plane of the purine derivative. Adventitious hydrogen bonding with additional active site residues appears to result in presentation of multiple nucleophilic sites on the periphery of the acceptor base for ribosylation to give a distribution of nucleosides. Chemical glycosylation of O9-benzylated 8,9-dihydro-9-oxoimidazo[2,1-b]purine also resulted in N7 and N1 ribosylation. Absent from the enzymatic and chemical glycosylations is the natural pattern of N3 ribosylation, verified by comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with an authentic standard synthesized by an unambiguous route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debamita Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jolita Seckute
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ramiah Sangaiah
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karupiah Jayaraj
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Steven E. Ealick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Louise M. Ball
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Fresco-Taboada A, Serra I, Fernández-Lucas J, Acebal C, Arroyo M, Terreni M, de la Mata I. Nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from psychrophilic bacterium Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus--preparation of an immobilized biocatalyst for the enzymatic synthesis of therapeutic nucleosides. Molecules 2014; 19:11231-49. [PMID: 25090115 PMCID: PMC6270756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase (NDT) from the psychrophilic bacterium Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus CECT 4074 has been cloned and produced for the first time. A preliminary characterization of the recombinant protein indicates that the enzyme is an NDT type II since it catalyzes the transfer of 2'-deoxyribose between purines and pyrimidines. The enzyme (BpNDT) displays a high activity and stability in a broad range of pH and temperature. In addition, different approaches for the immobilization of BpNDT onto several supports have been studied in order to prepare a suitable biocatalyst for the one-step industrial enzymatic synthesis of different therapeutic nucleosides. Best results were obtained by adsorbing the enzyme on PEI-functionalized agarose and subsequent cross-linking with aldehyde-dextran (20 kDa and 70% oxidation degree). The immobilized enzyme could be recycled for at least 30 consecutive cycles in the synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine from 2'-deoxyuridine and adenine at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with a 25% loss of activity. High conversion yield of trifluridine (64.4%) was achieved in 2 h when 20 mM of 2'-deoxyuridine and 10 mM 5-trifluorothymine were employed in the transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by immobilized BpNDT at 37 °C and pH 7.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Fresco-Taboada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Acebal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Isabel de la Mata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Fernández-Lucas J, Harris R, Mata-Casar I, Heras A, de la Mata I, Arroyo M. Magnetic chitosan beads for covalent immobilization of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase: application in nucleoside analogues synthesis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:955-66. [PMID: 23832437 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked magnetic chitosan beads were prepared in presence of epichlorohydrin under alkaline conditions, and subsequently incubated with glutaraldehyde in order to obtain an activated support for covalent attachment of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri (LrNDT). Changing the amount of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) and epichlorohydrin (EPI) led to different macroscopic beads to be used as supports for enzyme immobilization, whose morphology and properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, spin electron resonance (ESR), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Once activated with glutaraldehyde, the best support was chosen after evaluation of immobilization yield and product yield in the synthesis of thymidine from 2'-deoxyuridine and thymine. In addition, optimal conditions for highest activity of immobilized LrNDT on magnetic chitosan were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). Immobilized biocatalyst retained 50 % of its maximal activity after 56.3 h at 60 °C, whereas 100 % activity was observed after storage at 40 °C for 144 h. This novel immobilized biocatalyst has been successfully employed in the enzymatic synthesis of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside analogues as well as arabinosyl-nucleosides such as vidarabine (ara-A) and cytarabine (ara-C). Furthermore, this is the first report which describes the enzymatic synthesis of these arabinosyl-nucleosides catalyzed by an immobilized nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase. Finally, the attached enzyme to magnetic chitosan beads could be easily recovered and recycled for 30 consecutive batch reactions with negligible loss of catalytic activity in the synthesis of 2,6-diaminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside and 5-trifluorothymidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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