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Li N, Zhang R, Zhou J, Huang Z. Structures, Biochemical Characteristics, and Functions of β-Xylosidases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7961-7976. [PMID: 37192316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The complete degradation of abundant xylan derived from plants requires the participation of β-xylosidases to produce the xylose which can be converted to xylitol, ethanol, and other valuable chemicals. Some phytochemicals can also be hydrolyzed by β-xylosidases into bioactive substances, such as ginsenosides, 10-deacetyltaxol, cycloastragenol, and anthocyanidins. On the contrary, some hydroxyl-containing substances such as alcohols, sugars, and phenols can be xylosylated by β-xylosidases into new chemicals such as alkyl xylosides, oligosaccharides, and xylosylated phenols. Thus, β-xylosidases shows great application prospects in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on the molecular structures, biochemical properties, and bioactive substance transformation function of β-xylosidases derived from bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and metagenomes. The molecular mechanisms of β-xylosidases related to the properties and functions are also discussed. This review will serve as a reference for the engineering and application of β-xylosidases in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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Klaus T, Ninck S, Albersmeier A, Busche T, Wibberg D, Jiang J, Elcheninov AG, Zayulina KS, Kaschani F, Bräsen C, Overkleeft HS, Kalinowski J, Kublanov IV, Kaiser M, Siebers B. Activity-Based Protein Profiling for the Identification of Novel Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Involved in Xylan Degradation in the Hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeon Thermococcus sp. Strain 2319x1E. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:734039. [PMID: 35095781 PMCID: PMC8790579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has so far scarcely been applied in Archaea in general and, especially, in extremophilic organisms. We herein isolated a novel Thermococcus strain designated sp. strain 2319x1E derived from the same enrichment culture as the recently reported Thermococcus sp. strain 2319x1. Both strains are able to grow with xylan as the sole carbon and energy source, and for Thermococcus sp. strain 2319x1E (optimal growth at 85°C, pH 6–7), the induction of xylanolytic activity in the presence of xylan was demonstrated. Since the solely sequence-based identification of xylanolytic enzymes is hardly possible, we established a complementary approach by conducting comparative full proteome analysis in combination with ABPP using α- or β-glycosidase selective probes and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. This complementary proteomics approach in combination with recombinant protein expression and classical enzyme characterization enabled the identification of a novel bifunctional maltose-forming α-amylase and deacetylase (EGDIFPOO_00674) belonging to the GH57 family and a promiscuous β-glycosidase (EGIDFPOO_00532) with β-xylosidase activity. We thereby further substantiated the general applicability of ABPP in archaea and expanded the ABPP repertoire for the identification of glycoside hydrolases in hyperthermophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klaus
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ninck
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Albersmeier
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Section of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexander G Elcheninov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya S Zayulina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Section of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ilya V Kublanov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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β-Xylosidases: Structural Diversity, Catalytic Mechanism, and Inhibition by Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225524. [PMID: 31698702 PMCID: PMC6887791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan, a prominent component of cellulosic biomass, has a high potential for degradation into reducing sugars, and subsequent conversion into bioethanol. This process requires a range of xylanolytic enzymes. Among them, β-xylosidases are crucial, because they hydrolyze more glycosidic bonds than any of the other xylanolytic enzymes. They also enhance the efficiency of the process by degrading xylooligosaccharides, which are potent inhibitors of other hemicellulose-/xylan-converting enzymes. On the other hand, the β-xylosidase itself is also inhibited by monosaccharides that may be generated in high concentrations during the saccharification process. Structurally, β-xylosidases are diverse enzymes with different substrate specificities and enzyme mechanisms. Here, we review the structural diversity and catalytic mechanisms of β-xylosidases, and discuss their inhibition by monosaccharides.
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Xu B, Dai L, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wu Q, Li J, Tang X, Zhou J, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Characterization of a novel salt-, xylose- and alkali-tolerant GH43 bifunctional β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the gut bacterial genome. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:429-437. [PMID: 31109875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A GH43 bifunctional β-xylosidase encoding gene (XylRBM26) was cloned from Massilia sp. RBM26 and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant XylRBM26 exhibited β-xylosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase activities. When 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside was used as a substrate, the enzyme reached optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 50°C and remained stable at pH 5.0-10.0. Purified XylRBM26 presented good salt tolerance and retained 96.6% activity in 3.5 M NaCl and 77.9% initial activity even in 4.0 M NaCl. In addition, it exhibited high tolerance to xylose with Ki value of 500 mM. This study was the first to identify and characterize NaCl-tolerant β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the gut microbiota. The enzyme's salt, xylose, and alkali stability and resistance to various chemicals make it a potential biocatalyst for the saccharification of lignocellulose, the food industry, and industrial processes conducted in sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Dai
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Jinghong 666100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Duque E, Daddaoua A, Cordero BF, Udaondo Z, Molina‐Santiago C, Roca A, Solano J, Molina‐Alcaide E, Segura A, Ramos J. Ruminal metagenomic libraries as a source of relevant hemicellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:781-787. [PMID: 29663699 PMCID: PMC6011990 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of second-generation (2G) ethanol technology relies on the efficient transformation of hemicellulose into monosaccharides and, particularly, on the full conversion of xylans into xylose for over 18% of fermentable sugars. We sought new hemicellulases using ruminal liquid, after enrichment of microbes with industrial lignocellulosic substrates and preparation of metagenomic libraries. Among 150 000 fosmid clones tested, we identified 22 clones with endoxylanase activity and 125 with β-xylosidase activity. These positive clones were sequenced en masse, and the analysis revealed open reading frames with a low degree of similarity with known glycosyl hydrolases families. Among them, we searched for enzymes that were thermostable (activity at > 50°C) and that operate at high rate at pH around 5. Upon a wide series of assays, the clones exhibiting the highest endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities were identified. The fosmids were sequenced, and the corresponding genes cloned, expressed and proteins purified. We found that the activity of the most active β-xylosidase was at least 10-fold higher than that in commercial enzymatic fungal cocktails. Endoxylanase activity was in the range of fungal enzymes. Fungal enzymatic cocktails supplemented with the bacterial hemicellulases exhibited enhanced release of sugars from pretreated sugar cane straw, a relevant agricultural residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Duque
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Abdelali Daddaoua
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of Granada18071GranadaSpain
| | - Baldo F. Cordero
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Zulema Udaondo
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Carlos Molina‐Santiago
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Amalia Roca
- BioIliberis R&DPolígono JuncarilCalle Capileira 718220AlboloteGranadaSpain
| | - Jennifer Solano
- BioIliberis R&DPolígono JuncarilCalle Capileira 718220AlboloteGranadaSpain
| | | | - Ana Segura
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Juan‐Luis Ramos
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
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Liu C, Zou G, Yan X, Zhou X. Screening of multimeric β-xylosidases from the gut microbiome of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:608-615. [PMID: 29904275 PMCID: PMC6001650 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Termite gut microbiome is a rich reservoir for glycoside hydrolases, a suite of enzymes critical for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. To search for hemicellulases, we screened 12,000 clones from a fosmid gut library of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. As a common Southeastern Asian genus, Globitermes distributes predominantly in tropical rain forests and relies on the lignocellulases from themselves and bacterial symbionts to digest wood. In total, 22 positive clones with β-xylosidase activity were isolated, in which 11 representing different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were pooled and subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. As a result, eight putative β-xylosidases were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells. After purification using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, recombinant G. brachycerastes symbiotic β-xylosidases were characterized enzymatically, including their pH and temperature optimum. In addition to β-xylosidase activity, four of them also exhibited either β-glucosidase or α-arabinosidases activities, suggesting the existence of bifunctional hemicellulases in the gut microbiome of G. brachycerastes. In comparison to multimeric protein engineering, the involvement of naturally occurring multifunctional biocatalysts streamlines the genetic modification procedures and simplifies the overall production processes. Alternatively, these multimeric enzymes could serve as the substitutes for β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase to facilitate a wide range of industrial applications, including food processing, animal feed, environment and waste management, and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Gen Zou
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
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Li F, Neves ALA, Ghoshal B, Guan LL. Symposium review: Mining metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data for clues about microbial metabolic functions in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:5605-5618. [PMID: 29274958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics can capture the whole genome and transcriptome repertoire of microorganisms through sequencing total DNA/RNA from various environmental samples, providing both taxonomic and functional information with high resolution. The unique and complex rumen microbial ecosystem is receiving great research attention because the rumen microbiota coevolves with the host and equips ruminants with the ability to convert cellulosic plant materials to high-protein products for human consumption. To date, hundreds to thousands of microbial phylotypes have been identified in the rumen using culture-independent molecular-based approaches, and genomic information of rumen microorganisms is rapidly accumulating through the single genome sequencing. However, functional characteristics of the rumen microbiome have not been well described because there are numerous uncultivable microorganisms in the rumen. The advent of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics along with advanced bioinformatics methods can help us better understand mechanisms of the rumen fermentation, which is vital for improving nutrient utilization and animal productivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarize a general workflow to conduct rumen metagenomics and metatranscriptomics and discuss how the data can be interpreted to be useful information. Moreover, we review recent literatures studying associations between the rumen microbiome and host phenotypes (e.g., feed efficiency and methane emissions) using these approaches, aiming to provide a useful guide to include studying the rumen microbiome as one of the research objectives using these 2 approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Andre L A Neves
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Bibaswan Ghoshal
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Tiwari R, Singh PK, Singh S, Nain PKS, Nain L, Shukla P. Bioprospecting of novel thermostable β-glucosidase from Bacillus subtilis RA10 and its application in biomass hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:246. [PMID: 29093750 PMCID: PMC5663093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharification is the most crucial and cost-intensive process in second generation biofuel production. The deficiency of β-glucosidase in commercial enzyme leads to incomplete biomass hydrolysis. The decomposition of biomass at high temperature environments leads us to isolate thermotolerant microbes with β-glucosidase production potential. RESULTS A total of 11 isolates were obtained from compost and cow dung samples that were able to grow at 50 °C. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative estimation of β-glucosidase enzyme production, Bacillus subtilis RA10 was selected for further studies. The medium components and growth conditions were optimized and β-glucosidase enzyme production was enhanced up to 19.8-fold. The β-glucosidase from B. subtilis RA10 retained 78% of activity at 80 °C temperature and 68.32% of enzyme activity was stable even at 50 °C after 48 h of incubation. The supplementation of β-glucosidase from B. subtilis RA10 into commercial cellulase enzyme resulted in 1.34-fold higher glucose release. Furthermore, β-glucosidase was also functionally elucidated by cloning and overexpression of full length GH1 family β-glucosidase gene from B. subtilis RA10. The purified protein was characterized as thermostable β-glucosidase enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The thermostable β-glucosidase enzyme from B. subtilis RA10 would facilitate efficient saccharification of cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugar. Consequently, after saccharification, thermostable β-glucosidase enzyme would be recovered and reused to reduce the cost of overall bioethanol production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Tiwari
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016 India
| | - Puneet Kumar Singh
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Surender Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Pawan K. S. Nain
- Design and Mechatronic Division, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201312 India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
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Berini F, Casciello C, Marcone GL, Marinelli F. Metagenomics: novel enzymes from non-culturable microbes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4329276. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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10
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Influence of glycosides on behavior of Oenococcus oeni in wine conditions: growth, substrates and aroma compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:151. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Characterization of a recombinant multifunctional glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase/β-glucosidase from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans sp. 21. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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The use of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases improves the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to valuable molecules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7577-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Secretory expression, characterization and docking study of glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase from B. subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Yang C, Rooke JA, Cabeza I, Wallace RJ. Nitrate and Inhibition of Ruminal Methanogenesis: Microbial Ecology, Obstacles, and Opportunities for Lowering Methane Emissions from Ruminant Livestock. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:132. [PMID: 26904008 PMCID: PMC4751266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminal methane production is among the main targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation for the animal agriculture industry. Many compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy to suppress enteric methane production by ruminal microorganisms. Of these, nitrate as an alternative hydrogen sink has been among the most promising, but it suffers from variability in efficacy for reasons that are not understood. The accumulation of nitrite, which is poisonous when absorbed into the animal’s circulation, is also variable and poorly understood. This review identifies large gaps in our knowledge of rumen microbial ecology that handicap the further development and safety of nitrate as a dietary additive. Three main bacterial species have been associated historically with ruminal nitrate reduction, namely Wolinella succinogenes, Veillonella parvula, and Selenomonas ruminantium, but others almost certainly exist in the largely uncultivated ruminal microbiota. Indications are strong that ciliate protozoa can reduce nitrate, but the significance of their role relative to bacteria is not known. The metabolic fate of the reduced nitrate has not been studied in detail. It is important to be sure that nitrate metabolism and efforts to enhance rates of nitrite reduction do not lead to the evolution of the much more potent GHG, nitrous oxide. The relative importance of direct inhibition of archaeal methanogenic enzymes by nitrite or the efficiency of capture of hydrogen by nitrate reduction in lowering methane production is also not known, nor are nitrite effects on other members of the microbiota. How effective would combining mitigation methods be, based on our understanding of the effects of nitrate and nitrite on the microbiome? Answering these fundamental microbiological questions is essential in assessing the potential of dietary nitrate to limit methane emissions from ruminant livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Yang
- Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanning, China
| | | | | | - Robert J Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen Bucksburn, UK
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Research Progress Concerning Fungal and Bacterial β-Xylosidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:766-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Wallace RJ, Rooke JA, McKain N, Duthie CA, Hyslop JJ, Ross DW, Waterhouse A, Watson M, Roehe R. The rumen microbial metagenome associated with high methane production in cattle. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:839. [PMID: 26494241 PMCID: PMC4619255 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methane represents 16 % of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It has been estimated that ruminant livestock produce ca. 29 % of this methane. As individual animals produce consistently different quantities of methane, understanding the basis for these differences may lead to new opportunities for mitigating ruminal methane emissions. Metagenomics is a powerful new tool for understanding the composition and function of complex microbial communities. Here we have applied metagenomics to the rumen microbial community to identify differences in the microbiota and metagenome that lead to high- and low-methane-emitting cattle phenotypes. Methods Four pairs of beef cattle were selected for extreme high and low methane emissions from 72 animals, matched for breed (Aberdeen-Angus or Limousin cross) and diet (high or medium concentrate). Community analysis was carried out by qPCR of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and by alignment of Illumina HiSeq reads to the GREENGENES database. Total genomic reads were aligned to the KEGG genes databasefor functional analysis. Results Deep sequencing produced on average 11.3 Gb per sample. 16S rRNA gene abundances indicated that archaea, predominantly Methanobrevibacter, were 2.5× more numerous (P = 0.026) in high emitters, whereas among bacteria Proteobacteria, predominantly Succinivibrionaceae, were 4-fold less abundant (2.7 vs. 11.2 %; P = 0.002). KEGG analysis revealed that archaeal genes leading directly or indirectly to methane production were 2.7-fold more abundant in high emitters. Genes less abundant in high emitters included acetate kinase, electron transport complex proteins RnfC and RnfD and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Sequence data were assembled de novo and over 1.5 million proteins were annotated on the subsequent metagenome scaffolds. Less than half of the predicted genes matched matched a domain within Pfam. Amongst 2774 identified proteins of the 20 KEGG orthologues that correlated with methane emissions, only 16 showed 100 % identity with a publicly available protein sequence. Conclusions The abundance of archaeal genes in ruminal digesta correlated strongly with differing methane emissions from individual animals, a finding useful for genetic screening purposes. Lower emissions were accompanied by higher Succinovibrionaceae abundance and changes in acetate and hydrogen production leading to less methanogenesis, as similarly postulated for Australian macropods. Large numbers of predicted protein sequences differed between high- and low-methane-emitting cattle. Ninety-nine percent were unknown, indicating a fertile area for future exploitation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2032-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK.
| | | | - Nest McKain
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Mick Watson
- Edinburgh Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Montella S, Amore A, Faraco V. Metagenomics for the development of new biocatalysts to advance lignocellulose saccharification for bioeconomic development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:998-1009. [PMID: 26381035 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The world economy is moving toward the use of renewable and nonedible lignocellulosic biomasses as substitutes for fossil sources in order to decrease the environmental impact of manufacturing processes and overcome the conflict with food production. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the feedstock is a key technology for bio-based chemical production, and the identification of novel, less expensive and more efficient biocatalysts is one of the main challenges. As the genomic era has shown that only a few microorganisms can be cultured under standard laboratory conditions, the extraction and analysis of genetic material directly from environmental samples, termed metagenomics, is a promising way to overcome this bottleneck. Two screening methodologies can be used on metagenomic material: the function-driven approach of expression libraries and sequence-driven analysis based on gene homology. Both techniques have been shown to be useful for the discovery of novel biocatalysts for lignocellulose conversion, and they enabled identification of several (hemi)cellulases and accessory enzymes involved in (hemi)cellulose hydrolysis. This review summarizes the latest progress in metagenomics aimed at discovering new enzymes for lignocellulose saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Montella
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella Amore
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
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Petkun S, Rozman Grinberg I, Lamed R, Jindou S, Burstein T, Yaniv O, Shoham Y, Shimon LJ, Bayer EA, Frolow F. Reassembly and co-crystallization of a family 9 processive endoglucanase from its component parts: structural and functional significance of the intermodular linker. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1126. [PMID: 26401442 PMCID: PMC4579020 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cellulosomal processive endoglucanase 9I (Cel9I) from Clostridium thermocellum is a modular protein, consisting of a family-9 glycoside hydrolase (GH9) catalytic module and two family-3 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM3c and CBM3b), separated by linker regions. GH9 does not show cellulase activity when expressed without CBM3c and CBM3b and the presence of the CBM3c was previously shown to be essential for endoglucanase activity. Physical reassociation of independently expressed GH9 and CBM3c modules (containing linker sequences) restored 60-70% of the intact Cel9I endocellulase activity. However, the mechanism responsible for recovery of activity remained unclear. In this work we independently expressed recombinant GH9 and CBM3c with and without their interconnecting linker in Escherichia coli. We crystallized and determined the molecular structure of the GH9/linker-CBM3c heterodimer at a resolution of 1.68 Å to understand the functional and structural importance of the mutual spatial orientation of the modules and the role of the interconnecting linker during their re-association. Enzyme activity assays and isothermal titration calorimetry were performed to study and compare the effect of the linker on the re-association. The results indicated that reassembly of the modules could also occur without the linker, albeit with only very low recovery of endoglucanase activity. We propose that the linker regions in the GH9/CBM3c endoglucanases are important for spatial organization and fixation of the modules into functional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Petkun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Rozman Grinberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Sadanari Jindou
- Department of Life Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tal Burstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Yaniv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Shoham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Linda J.W. Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Felix Frolow
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Tiwari R, Pranaw K, Singh S, Nain PKS, Shukla P, Nain L. Two-step statistical optimization for cold active β-glucosidase production from Pseudomonas lutea BG8 and its application for improving saccharification of paddy straw. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26202604 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase is an essential part of cellulase enzyme system for efficient and complete hydrolysis of biomass. Psychrotolerant Pseudomonas lutea BG8 produced β-glucosidase with lower temperature optima and hence can play important role in bringing down the energy requirement for bioethanol production. To enhance β-glucosidase production, two statistical tools: Taguchi and Box-Behnken designs were applied to reveal the most influential factors and their respective concentration for maximum production of β-glucosidase under submerged fermentation. The optimal medium composition for maximum β-glucosidase production were 2.99% (w/v) bagasse, 0.33% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.38% (w/v) Triton X-100, 0.39% (w/v) NaNO3 , and pH 8.0 at temperature 30 °C. Under optimized conditions, β-glucosidase production increased up to 9.12-fold (17.52 ± 0.24 IU/g) in shake flask. Large-scale production in 7-L stirred tank bioreactor resulted in higher β-glucosidase production (23.29 ± 0.23 IU/g) within 80 H of incubation, which was 1.34-fold higher than shake flask studies. Commercial cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5L) when supplemented with this crude β-glucosidase resulted in improved sugar release (548.4 ± 2.76 mg/gds) from paddy straw at comparatively low temperature (40 °C) of saccharification. P. lutea BG8 therefore showed great potential for cold active β-glucosidase production and can be used as accessory enzyme along with commercial cellulase to improve saccharification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Tiwari
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Laboratory of Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kumar Pranaw
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan K S Nain
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Justo PI, Corrêa JM, Maller A, Kadowaki MK, da Conceição-Silva JL, Gandra RF, Simão RDCG. Analysis of the xynB5 gene encoding a multifunctional GH3-BglX β-glucosidase-β-xylosidase-α-arabinosidase member in Caulobacter crescentus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:993-1007. [PMID: 26264062 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Caulobacter crescentus (NA1000) xynB5 gene (CCNA_03149) encodes a predicted β-glucosidase-β-xylosidase enzyme that was amplified by polymerase chain reaction; the product was cloned into the blunt ends of the pJet1.2 plasmid. Analysis of the protein sequence indicated the presence of conserved glycosyl hydrolase 3 (GH3), β-glucosidase-related glycosidase (BglX) and fibronectin type III-like domains. After verifying its identity by DNA sequencing, the xynB5 gene was linked to an amino-terminal His-tag using the pTrcHisA vector. A recombinant protein (95 kDa) was successfully overexpressed from the xynB5 gene in E. coli Top 10 and purified using pre-packed nickel-Sepharose columns. The purified protein (BglX-V-Ara) demonstrated multifunctional activities in the presence of different substrates for β-glucosidase (pNPG: p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside) β-xylosidase (pNPX: p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xyloside) and α-arabinosidase (pNPA: p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinosidase). BglX-V-Ara presented an optimal pH of 6 for all substrates and optimal temperature of 50 °C for β-glucosidase and α-L-arabinosidase and 60 °C for β-xylosidase. BglX-V-Ara predominantly presented β-glucosidase activity, with the highest affinity for its substrate and catalytic efficiency (Km 0.24 ± 0.0005 mM, Vmax 0.041 ± 0.002 µmol min(-1) mg(-1) and Kcat/Km 0.27 mM(-1) s(-1)), followed by β-xylosidase (Km 0.64 ± 0.032 mM, Vmax 0.055 ± 0.002 µmol min(-1) mg(-1) and Kcat/Km 0.14 mM(-1)s(-1)) and finally α-L-arabinosidase (Km 1.45 ± 0.05 mM, Vmax 0.091 ± 0.0004 µmol min(-1) mg(-1) and Kcat/Km 0.1 mM(-1) s(-1)). To date, this is the first report to demonstrate the characterization of a GH3-BglX family member in C. crescentus that may have applications in biotechnological processes (i.e., the simultaneous saccharification process) because the multifunctional enzyme could play an important role in bacterial hemicellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Innocenti Justo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069, Cascavel, PR, 85814-110, Brazil
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Loaces I, Amarelle V, Muñoz-Gutierrez I, Fabiano E, Martinez A, Noya F. Improved ethanol production from biomass by a rumen metagenomic DNA fragment expressed in Escherichia coli MS04 during fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9049-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang M, Lai GL, Nie Y, Geng S, Liu L, Zhu B, Shi Z, Wu XL. Synergistic function of four novel thermostable glycoside hydrolases from a long-term enriched thermophilic methanogenic digester. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:509. [PMID: 26052323 PMCID: PMC4441150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In biofuel production from lignocellulose, low thermostability and product inhibition strongly restrict the enzyme activities and production process. Application of multiple thermostable glycoside hydrolases, forming an enzyme "cocktail", can result in a synergistic action and therefore improve production efficiency and reduce operational costs. Therefore, increasing enzyme thermostabilities and compatibility are important for the biofuel industry. In this study, we reported the screening, cloning and biochemical characterization of four novel thermostable lignocellulose hydrolases from a metagenomic library of a long-term dry thermophilic methanogenic digester community, which were highly compatible with optimal conditions and specific activities. The optimal temperatures of the four enzymes, β-xylosidase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, and cellulase ranged from 60 to 75°C, and over 80% residual activities were observed after 2 h incubation at 50°C. Mixtures of these hydrolases retained high residual synergistic activities after incubation with cellulose, xylan, and steam-exploded corncob at 50°C for 72 h. In addition, about 55% dry weight of steam-exploded corncob was hydrolyzed to glucose and xylose by the synergistic action of the four enzymes at 50°C for 48 h. This work suggested that since different enzymes from a same ecosystem could be more compatible, screening enzymes from a long-term enriching community could be a favorable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China ; Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Li Lai
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, China ; Institute of Engineering (Baotou), College of Engineering, Peking University Baotou, China
| | - Yong Nie
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, China ; Institute of Engineering (Baotou), College of Engineering, Peking University Baotou, China
| | - Shuang Geng
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Shi
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Wu
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, China ; Institute of Engineering (Baotou), College of Engineering, Peking University Baotou, China
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Gao J, Wakarchuk W. Characterization of five β-glycoside hydrolases from Cellulomonas fimi ATCC 484. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:4103-10. [PMID: 25225266 PMCID: PMC4248878 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02194-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Cellulomonas fimi produces a large array of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Analysis of the collection of carbohydrate-active enzymes from the recent genome sequence of C. fimi ATCC 484 shows a large number of uncharacterized genes for glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzymes potentially involved in biomass utilization. To investigate the enzymatic activity of potential β-glucosidases in C. fimi, genes encoding several GH3 enzymes and one GH1 enzyme were cloned and recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemical analysis of these proteins revealed that the enzymes exhibited different substrate specificities for para-nitrophenol-linked substrates (pNP), disaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Celf_2726 encoded a bifunctional enzyme with β-d-xylopyranosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase activities, based on pNP-linked substrates (CfXyl3A). Celf_0140 encoded a β-d-glucosidase with activity on β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked glucosyl disaccharides as well as pNP-β-Glc (CfBgl3A). Celf_0468 encoded a β-d-glucosidase with hydrolysis of pNP-β-Glc and hydrolysis/transglycosylation activities only on β-1,6-linked glucosyl disaccharide (CfBgl3B). Celf_3372 encoded a GH3 family member with broad aryl-β-d-glycosidase substrate specificity. Celf_2783 encoded the GH1 family member (CfBgl1), which was found to hydrolyze pNP-β-Glc/Fuc/Gal, as well as cellotetraose and cellopentaose. CfBgl1 also had good activity on β-1,2- and β-1,3-linked disaccharides but had only very weak activity on β-1,4/6-linked glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Matsumoto T, Shimada S, Hata Y, Tanaka T, Kondo A. Multi-functional glycoside hydrolase: Blon_0625 from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 68:10-4. [PMID: 25435500 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We here describe a unique β-D-glucosidase (BGL; Blon_0625) derived from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697. The Blon_0625 gene was expressed by recombinant Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant Blon_0625 retains hydrolyzing activity against both p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG; 17.3±0.24Umg(-1)) and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPX; 16.7±0.32Umg(-1)) at pH 6.0, 30°C. To best of our knowledge, no previously described BGL retains the same level of both pNPGase and pNPXase activity. Furthermore, Blon_0625 also retains the activity against 4-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofranoside (pNPAf; 5.6±0.09Umg(-1)). In addition, the results of the degradation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) or xylan using endoglucanase from Thermobifida fusca YX (Tfu_0901) or xylanase from Kitasatospora setae KM-6054 (KSE_59480) show that Blon_0625 acts as a BGL and as a β-D-xylosidase (XYL) for hydrolyzing oligosaccharides. These results clearly indicate that Blon_0625 is a multi-functional glycoside hydrolase which retains the activity of BGL, XYL, and also α-l-arabinofuranosidase. Therefore, the utilization of multi-functional Blon_0625 may contribute to facilitating the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic materials and help enhance bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Shimada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Hata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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