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Xu G, Zhang X, Xiao W, Shi J, Xu Z. Production of L-serine and its derivative L-cysteine from renewable feedstocks using Corynebacterium glutamicum: advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:448-461. [PMID: 36944486 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2170863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
L-serine and its derivative L-cysteine have broad industrial applications, and their direct fermentative production from renewable biomass is gaining increasing attention. Corynebacterium glutamicum is an extensively studied and well-established industrial microorganism, which is a predominant microbial host for producing amino acids. In this review, updated information on the genetics and molecular mechanisms underlying L-serine and L-cysteine production using C. glutamicum is presented, including their synthesis and degradation pathways, and other intracellular processes related to their production, as well as the mechanisms underlying substrate import and product export are also analyzed. Furthermore, metabolic strategies for strain improvement are systematically discussed, and conclusions and future perspectives for bio-based L-serine and L-cysteine production using C. glutamicum are presented. This review can provide a thorough understanding of L-serine and L-cysteine metabolic pathways to facilitate metabolic engineering modifications of C. glutamicum and development of more efficient industrial fermentation processes for L-serine and L-cysteine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenhan Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
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mRNA levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle genes in Streptomyces coelicolor M145 cultured on glucose. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:719-730. [PMID: 36372816 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptomyces strains degrade many complex organic compounds and produce secondary metabolites. In aerobic organisms such as Streptomyces species, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle represents an indispensable central carbon metabolic pathway for energy generation and metabolic intermediary replenishment. Although various precursors for antibiotic biosynthesis are derived from this cycle, relatively few studies have focused on determining how a single carbon source can impact this metabolic pathway at different growth phases. In this study, we identified chromosomal genes involved in the TCA cycle in Streptomyces coelicolor and determined their mRNA levels. METHODS AND RESULTS We searched the genes involved in the TCA cycle in S. coelicolor through bioinformatic analysis. Growth, glucose concentration quantification and RNA isolation were made from cultures of S. coelicolor grown on minimal medium with glucose along 72 h. mRNA levels of all identified genes were obtained by RT-qPCR. Five enzymes encoded by a single gene each were found, while for the rest at least two genes were found. The results showed that all the genes corresponding to the TCA enzymes were transcribed at very different levels and some of them displayed growth-phase dependent expression. CONCLUSION All TCA cycle-associated genes, including paralog genes, were differentially transcribed in S. coelicolor grown in minimal medium with glucose as carbon source. Some of them, such as succinyl-CoA synthetase and succinate dehydrogenase, have low mRNA levels, which could limit the carbon flux through the TCA cycle. Our findings suggest that the genetic expansion of TCA cycle genes could confer to S. coelicolor the ability to adapt to diverse nutritional conditions and metabolic changes through different paralog genes expression.
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Yang HD, Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. The cysS gene (ncgl0127) of Corynebacterium glutamicum is required for sulfur assimilation and affects oxidative stress-responsive cysteine import. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103983. [PMID: 35931248 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The OsnR protein functions as a transcriptional repressor of genes involved in redox-dependent stress responses. Here, we studied Corynebacterium glutamicum ORF ncgl0127 (referred to as cysS in this study), one of the target genes of OsnR, to reveal its role in osnR-mediated stress responses. The ΔcysS strain was found to be a cysteine auxotroph, and the transcription levels of the sulfur assimilatory genes and cysR, the master regulatory gene for sulfur assimilation, were low in this strain. Complementation of the strain with cysR transformed the strain into a cysteine prototroph. Cells challenged with oxidants or cysteine showed transcriptional stimulation of the cysS gene and decreased transcription of the ncgl2463 gene, which encodes a cysteine/cystine importer. The transcription of the ncgl2463 gene was increased in the ΔcysS strain and further stimulated by cysteine. Unlike the wild-type strain, ΔcysS cells grown with an excess amount of cysteine showed an oxidant- and alkylating agent-resistant phenotype, suggesting deregulated cysteine import. Collectively, our data suggest that the cysS gene plays a positive role in sulfur assimilation and a negative role in cysteine import, in particular in cells under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Deul Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haeri Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungbuk 27136, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang J, Hu L, Zhang H, He Z. Cyclic
di‐GMP
triggers the hypoxic adaptation of
Mycobacterium bovis
through a metabolic switching regulator
ArgR. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4382-4400. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Lihua Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zheng‐Guo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
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Yuan Z, Wang J, Che R, God’spower BO, Zhou Y, Dong C, Li L, Chen M, Eliphaz N, Liu X, Li Y. Relationship between L-lactate dehydrogenase and multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus xylosus. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Joo YC, Hyeon JE, Han SO. Metabolic Design of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Production of l-Cysteine with Consideration of Sulfur-Supplemented Animal Feed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4698-4707. [PMID: 28560868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Cysteine is a valuable sulfur-containing amino acid widely used as a nutrition supplement in industrial food production, agriculture, and animal feed. However, this amino acid is mostly produced by acid hydrolysis and extraction from human or animal hairs. In this study, we constructed recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strains that overexpress combinatorial genes for l-cysteine production. The aims of this work were to investigate the effect of the combined overexpression of serine acetyltransferase (CysE), O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK), and the transcriptional regulator CysR on l-cysteine production. The CysR-overexpressing strain accumulated approximately 2.7-fold more intracellular sulfide than the control strain (empty pMT-tac vector). Moreover, in the resulting CysEKR recombinant strain, combinatorial overexpression of genes involved in l-cysteine production successfully enhanced its production by approximately 3.0-fold relative to that in the control strain. This study demonstrates a biotechnological model for the production of animal feed supplements such as l-cysteine using metabolically engineered C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19702, United States
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Sawers RG, Falke D, Fischer M. Oxygen and Nitrate Respiration in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 68:1-40. [PMID: 27134020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces species belong to the phylum Actinobacteria and can only grow with oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. Like other members of this phylum, such as corynebacteria and mycobacteria, the aerobic respiratory chain lacks a soluble cytochrome c. It is therefore implicit that direct electron transfer between the cytochrome bc1 and the cytochrome aa3 oxidase complexes occurs. The complex developmental cycle of streptomycetes manifests itself in the production of spores, which germinate in the presence of oxygen into a substrate mycelium that greatly facilitates acquisition of nutrients necessary to support their saprophytic lifestyle in soils. Due to the highly variable oxygen levels in soils, streptomycetes have developed means of surviving long periods of hypoxia or even anaerobiosis but they fail to grow under these conditions. Little to nothing is understood about how they maintain viability under conditions of oxygen limitation. It is assumed that they can utilise a number of different electron acceptors to help them maintain a membrane potential, one of which is nitrate. The model streptomycete remains Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), and it synthesises three nonredundant respiratory nitrate reductases (Nar). These Nar enzymes are synthesised during different phases of the developmental cycle and they are functional only under oxygen-limiting (<5% oxygen in air) conditions. Nevertheless, the regulation of their synthesis does not appear to be responsive to nitrate and in the case of Nar1, it appears to be developmentally regulated. This review highlights some of the novel aspects of our current, but somewhat limited, knowledge of respiration in these fascinating bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Sawers
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - D Falke
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M Fischer
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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