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Xue J, Dou Z, Sun Z, Luo T, Chen X, Ni Y, Xu G. Biocatalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Precursors for Liposoluble β 1 Receptor Blocker Nebivolol. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11043-11047. [PMID: 39042018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric reduction of 2-chloro-1-(6-fluorochroman-2-yl)ethan-1-one (NEB-7) into 2-chloro-1-(6-fluorochroman-2-yl)ethan-1-ol (NEB-8) is the crucial step for synthesis of liposoluble β1 receptor blocker nebivolol. Four efficient and stereoselective alcohol dehydrogenases were identified, enabling the stereoselective synthesis of all enantiomers of NEB-8 at a substrate loading of 137 g·L-1 with ee values of >99% and high space-time yields. This study provides novel biocatalysts for the efficient synthesis of nebivolol precursors and uncovers the molecular basis for enantioselectivity manipulation by parametrization of Prelog's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Dou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Zewen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Tianwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Liu J, Wang M, Liang C, Deng H, Yu X. Redox cascade reaction for kinetic resolution of racemic α-methylbenzylamine and biosynthesis of α-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:125-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Efficient One-Step Biocatalytic Multienzyme Cascade Strategy for Direct Conversion of Phytosterol to C-17-Hydroxylated Steroids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0032121. [PMID: 34586911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00321-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal 17-carbonyl reduction is crucial to the production of natural bioactive steroid medicines, and boldenone (BD) is one of the important C-17-hydroxylated steroids. Although efforts have been made to produce BD through biotransformation, the challenges of the complex transformation process, high substrate costs, and low catalytic efficiencies have yet to be mastered. Phytosterol (PS) is the most widely accepted substrate for the production of steroid medicines due to its similar foundational structure and ubiquitous sources. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) and its native electron donor play significant roles in the 17β-carbonyl reduction reaction of steroids. In this study, we bridged 17βHSD with a cofactor regeneration strategy in Mycobacterium neoaurum to establish a one-step biocatalytic carbonyl reduction strategy for the efficient biosynthesis of BD from PS for the first time. After investigating different intracellular electron transfer strategies, we rationally designed the engineered strain with the coexpression of 17βhsd and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) gene in M. neoaurum. With the establishment of an intracellular cofactor regeneration strategy, the ratio of [NADPH]/[NADP+] was maintained at a relatively high level, the yield of BD increased from 17% (in MNR M3M-ayr1S.c) to 78% (in MNR M3M-ayr1&g6p with glucose supplementation), and the productivity was increased by 6.5-fold. Furthermore, under optimal glucose supplementation conditions, the yield of BD reached 82%, which is the highest yield reported for transformation from PS in one step. This study demonstrated an excellent strategy for the production of many other valuable carbonyl reduction steroidal products from natural inexpensive raw materials. IMPORTANCE Steroid C-17-carbonyl reduction is one of the important transformations for the production of valuable steroidal medicines or intermediates for the further synthesis of steroidal medicines, but it remains a challenge through either chemical or biological synthesis. Phytosterol can be obtained from low-cost residues of waste natural materials, and it is preferred as the economical and applicable substrate for steroid medicine production by Mycobacterium. This study explored a green and efficient one-step biocatalytic carbonyl reduction strategy for the direct conversion of phytosterol to C-17-hydroxylated steroids by bridging 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with a cofactor regeneration strategy in Mycobacterium neoaurum. This work has practical value for the production of many valuable hydroxylated steroids from natural inexpensive raw materials.
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A new lipase (Alip2) with high potential for enzymatic hydrolysis of the diester diethyladipate to the monoester monoethyladipate. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109898. [PMID: 34670183 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several putative lipase genes from the genome of the yeast Blastobotrys (Arxula) raffinosifermentans (adeninivorans) LS3 were overexpressed in the yeast itself and screened for the desymmetrization of the dicarboxylic acid diester diethyl adipate (DEA) into the monoester monoethyl adipate (MEA). MEA can serve as a monomeric spacer group for functional polymers used in medical chemistry and dental applications. The selected lipase Alip2-c6hp was intracellularly located. After overexpression of the corresponding gene, it was purified and biochemically characterized using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as the substrate for standard activity tests. In fed-batch cultivation with constructed yeast strain B. raffinosifermentans G1212/YRC102-Alip2-c6h for large scale production of the Alip2-c6hp biocatalyst enzyme activities up to 674 U L-1 were reached. Several tested diesters were hydrolyzed selectively to monoesters. Under optimized conditions, the purified enzyme Alip2p-c6h converted 96 % of the substrate DEA to MEA within 30 min incubation, whereby only 1.6 % of the unwanted side-product adipic acid (AA) was formed. At room temperature the dicarboxylic acid esters diethyl malonate (DEM), diethyl succinate (DES), dimethyl adipate (DMA) and dimethyl suberate (DMSub) were completely hydrolyzed to their corresponding monoesters. A high yield of 87 % and 25 % could also be achieved with the dioldiesters 1,4-diacetoxybutane (DAB) and diacetoxyhexane (DAH). In conclusion the potential of the lipase Alip2-c6hp expressed in B. raffinosifermentans is very promising for selective hydrolysis of DEA to MEA as well as for the production of other monoesters.
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Sanya DRA, Onésime D, Passoth V, Maiti MK, Chattopadhyay A, Khot MB. Yeasts of the Blastobotrys genus are promising platform for lipid-based fuels and oleochemicals production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4879-4897. [PMID: 34110474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strains of the yeast genus Blastobotrys (subphylum Saccharomycotina) represent a valuable biotechnological resource for basic biochemistry research, single-cell protein, and heterologous protein production processes. Species of this genus are dimorphic, non-pathogenic, thermotolerant, and can assimilate a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. These can constitute a single-cell oil platform in an emerging bio-based economy as oleaginous traits have been discovered recently. However, the regulatory network of lipogenesis in these yeasts is poorly understood. To keep pace with the growing market demands for lipid-derived products, it is critical to understand the lipid biosynthesis in these unconventional yeasts to pinpoint what governs the preferential channelling of carbon flux into lipids instead of the competing pathways. This review summarizes information relevant to the regulation of lipid metabolic pathways and prospects of metabolic engineering in Blastobotrys yeasts for their application in food, feed, and beyond, particularly for fatty acid-based fuels and oleochemicals. KEY POINTS: • The production of biolipids by heterotrophic yeasts is reviewed. • Summary of information concerning lipid metabolism regulation is highlighted. • Special focus on the importance of diacylglycerol acyltransferases encoding genes in improving lipid production is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruben Akiola Sanya
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Micalis, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Djamila Onésime
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Micalis, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mahesh B Khot
- Laboratorio de Recursos Renovables, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Concepcion, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepcion, Chile
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Chen N, Chen Y, Tang Y, Zhao Q, Liu C, Niu W, Huang P, Yu F, Yang Z, Ding G. Efficient synthesis of (S)-2-chloro-1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl) ethanol using a tetrad mutant alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Oeggl R, Neumann T, Gätgens J, Romano D, Noack S, Rother D. Citrate as Cost-Efficient NADPH Regenerating Agent. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:196. [PMID: 30631764 PMCID: PMC6315136 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The economically efficient utilization of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes requires the regeneration of consumed reduction equivalents. Classically, this is done by substrate supplementation, and if necessary by addition of one or more enzymes. The simplest method thereof is whole cell NADPH regeneration. In this context we now present an easy-to-apply whole cell cofactor regeneration approach, which can especially be used in screening applications. Simply by applying citrate to a buffer or directly using citrate/-phosphate buffer NADPH can be regenerated by native enzymes of the TCA cycle, practically present in all aerobic living organisms. Apart from viable-culturable cells, this regeneration approach can also be applied with lyophilized cells and even crude cell extracts. This is exemplarily shown for the synthesis of 1-phenylethanol from acetophenone with several oxidoreductases. The mechanism of NADPH regeneration by TCA cycle enzymes was further investigated by a transient isotopic labeling experiment feeding [1,5-13C]citrate. This revealed that the regeneration mechanism can further be optimized by genetic modification of two competing internal citrate metabolism pathways, the glyoxylate shunt, and the glutamate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Oeggl
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany.,Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Timo Neumann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochem Gätgens
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephan Noack
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany.,Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Zhou Y, Peng Q, Zhang L, Cheng S, Zeng L, Dong F, Yang Z. Characterization of enzymes specifically producing chiral flavor compounds (R)- and (S)-1-phenylethanol from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers. Food Chem 2018; 280:27-33. [PMID: 30642496 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1-Phenylethanol is a chiral flavor compound that has enantiomers, (R)- and (S)-1-phenylethanol, with different flavor properties. Given that isolating these enantiomers from plants is low yielding and costly, enzymatic synthesis presents an alternative approach. However, the genes/enzymes that specifically produce (R)- and (S)-1-phenylethanol in plants are unknown. To identify these enzymes in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers, 21 short chain dehydrogenase (SDR) genes were isolated from tea flowers, cloned, and functionally characterized. Several recombinant SDRs in Escherichia coli exhibited activity for converting acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethanol (CsSPESs, >99.0%), while only one SDR produced (R)-1-phenylethanol (CsRPES, 98.6%). A pair of homologue enzymes (CsSPES and CsRPES) showed a strong preference for NADPH cofactor, with optimal enzymatic reaction conditions of 45-55 °C and pH 8.0. Identification of the tea flower-derived gene responsible for specific synthesis of (R)- and (S)-1-phenylethanolsuggests enzymatic synthesis of enantiopure 1-phenylethanol is possible using a plant-derived gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiyuan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Longdongbei Road 321, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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Li J, Zhang R, Xu Y, Xiao R, Li K, Liu H, Jiang J, Zhou X, Li L, Zhou L, Gu Y. Ala258Phe substitution in Bacillus sp. YX-1 glucose dehydrogenase improves its substrate preference for xylose. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Malak A, Baronian K, Kunze G. Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans: a promising alternative yeast for biotechnology and basic research. Yeast 2016; 33:535-547. [PMID: 27372304 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastobotrys adeninivorans (syn. Arxula adeninivorans) is a non-conventional, non-pathogenic, imperfect, haploid yeast, belonging to the subphylum Saccharomycotina, which has to date received comparatively little attention from researchers. It possesses unusual properties such as thermo- and osmotolerance, and a broad substrate spectrum. Depending on the cultivation temperature B. (A.) adeninivorans exhibits different morphological forms and various post-translational modifications and protein expression properties that are strongly correlated with the morphology. The genome has been completely sequenced and, in addition, there is a well-developed transformation/expression platform, which makes rapid, simple gene manipulations possible. This yeast species is a very good host for homologous and heterologous gene expression and is also a useful gene donor. Blastobotrys (A.) adeninivorans is able to use a very wide range of substrates as carbon and/or nitrogen sources and is an interesting organism owing to the presence of many metabolic pathways, for example degradation of n-butanol, purines and tannin. In addition, its unusual properties and robustness make it a useful bio-component for whole cell biosensors. There are currently a number of products on the market produced by B. (A.) adeninivorans and further investigation may contribute further innovative solutions for current challenges that exist in the biotechnology industry. Additionally it may become a useful alternative to existing commercial yeast strains and as a model organism in research. In this review we present information relevant to the exploitation of B. (A.) adeninivorans in research and industrial settings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malak
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kim Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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Both P, Busch H, Kelly PP, Mutti FG, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for Stereoselective C-H Amination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1511-3. [PMID: 26689856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure chiral amines are ubiquitous chemical building blocks in bioactive pharmaceutical products and their synthesis from simple starting materials is of great interest. One of the most attractive strategies is the stereoselective installation of a chiral amine through C-H amination, which is a challenging chemical transformation. Herein we report the application of a multienzyme cascade, generated in a single bacterial whole-cell system, which is able to catalyze stereoselective benzylic aminations with ee values of 97.5%. The cascade uses four heterologously expressed recombinant enzymes with cofactors provided by the host cell and isopropyl amine added as the amine donor. The cascade presents the first example of the successful de novo design of a single whole-cell biocatalyst for formal stereoselective C-H amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Hanna Busch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Paul P Kelly
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Francesco G Mutti
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Both P, Busch H, Kelly PP, Mutti FG, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Ganzzellen-Biokatalysator für stereoselektive C-H-Aminierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Hanna Busch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Paul P. Kelly
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Francesco G. Mutti
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Vereinigtes Königreich
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