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Haresh Liya D, Elanchezhian M, Pahari M, Mouroug Anand N, Suresh S, Balaji N, Kumar Jainarayanan A. QPromoters: sequence based prediction of promoter strength in Saccharomyces cesrevisiae. ALL LIFE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2023.2168304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devang Haresh Liya
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Mirudula Elanchezhian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Mukulika Pahari
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, DY Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nithishwer Mouroug Anand
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Shivani Suresh
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nivedha Balaji
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences (SBES), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashwin Kumar Jainarayanan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Bioscience Doctoral Training Program and Exeter College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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He S, Zhang Z, Lu W. Natural promoters and promoter engineering strategies for metabolic regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:6986260. [PMID: 36633543 PMCID: PMC9936215 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sharomyces cerevisiae is currently one of the most important foreign gene expression systems. S. cerevisiae is an excellent host for high-value metabolite cell factories due to its advantages of simplicity, safety, and nontoxicity. A promoter, as one of the basic elements of gene transcription, plays an important role in regulating gene expression and optimizing metabolic pathways. Promoters control the direction and intensity of transcription, and the application of promoters with different intensities and performances will largely determine the effect of gene expression and ultimately affect the experimental results. Due to its significant role, there have been many studies on promoters for decades. While some studies have explored and analyzed new promoters with different functions, more studies have focused on artificially modifying promoters to meet their own scientific needs. Thus, this article reviews current research on promoter engineering techniques and related natural promoters in S. cerevisiae. First, we introduce the basic structure of promoters and the classification of natural promoters. Then, the classification of various promoter strategies is reviewed. Finally, by grouping related articles together using various strategies, this review anticipates the future development direction of promoter engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhanwei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: W. Y. Lu, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China. Phone: +86-22-853-56523. Fax: +86-22-274-00973. E-mail:
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Li S, Ma L, Fu W, Su R, Zhao Y, Deng Y. Programmable Synthetic Upstream Activating Sequence Library for Fine-Tuning Gene Expression Levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1228-1239. [PMID: 35195994 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A wide dynamic range of promoters is necessary for fine-tuning transcription levels. However, weak intensity and narrow dynamic range limit transcriptional regulation via constitutive promoters. The upstream activation sequence (UAS) located upstream of the core promoter is a crucial region that could obviously enhance promoter strength. Herein, we created a random mutagenesis library consisting of 330 different variants based on the UAS of the TDH3 promoter with an ∼37-fold dynamic range by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and obtained strong intensity mutant UAS, which was ∼12-fold greater than the wild-type UASTDH3. Analysis of the mutant library revealed 15 strength-enhancing sites and their corresponding bases of the UASTDH3 regions, which provided the impetus for a synthetic library. The resulting 32 768 mutant UAS library was constructed by permutation and combination of the bases of the 15 enhancing sites. To characterize the library, a strength prediction model was built by correlating DNA structural features and UAS strength, which provided a model between UAS sequence and intensity. Following characterization, the UAS library was applied to precisely regulate gene expression in the production of β-carotene, proving that the UAS library would be a useful tool for gene tuning in metabolic engineering. In summary, we designed, constructed, and characterized a UAS library that facilitated precise tuning of transcription levels of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lizhou Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ruifang Su
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yunying Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Zhu L, Xu S, Li Y, Shi G. Improvement of 2-phenylethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by evolutionary and rational metabolic engineering. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258180. [PMID: 34665833 PMCID: PMC8525735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a valuable aromatic compound with favorable flavors and good properties, resulting in its widespread application in the cosmetic, food and medical industries. In this study, a mutant strain, AD032, was first obtained by adaptive evolution under 2-PE stress. Then, a fusion protein from the Ehrlich pathway, composed of tyrB from Escherichia coli, kdcA from Lactococcus lactis and ADH2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was constructed and expressed. As a result, 3.14 g/L 2-PE was achieved using L-phenylalanine as a precursor. To further increase 2-PE production, L-glutamate oxidase from Streptomyces overexpression was applied for the first time in our research to improve the supply of α-ketoglutarate in the transamination of 2-PE synthesis. Furthermore, we found that the disruption of the pyruvate decarboxylase encoding gene PDC5 caused an increase in 2-PE production, which has not yet been reported. Finally, assembly of the efficient metabolic modules and process optimization resulted in the strain RM27, which reached 4.02 g/L 2-PE production from 6.7 g/L L-phenylalanine without in situ product recovery. The strain RM27 produced 2-PE (0.8 mol/mol) with L-phenylalanine as a precursor, which was considerably high, and displayed manufacturing potential regarding food safety and process simplification aspects. This study suggests that innovative strategies regarding metabolic modularization provide improved prospects for 2-PE production in food exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghuan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Promoter Engineering before and during the Synthetic Biology Era. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060504. [PMID: 34204069 PMCID: PMC8229000 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Promoters are DNA sequences where the process of transcription starts. They can work constitutively or be controlled by environmental signals of different types. The quantity of proteins and RNA present in yeast genetic circuits highly depends on promoter strength. Hence, they have been deeply studied and modified over, at least, the last forty years, especially since the year 2000 when Synthetic Biology was born. Here, we present how promoter engineering changed over these four decades and discuss its possible future directions due to novel computational methods and technology. Abstract Synthetic gene circuits are made of DNA sequences, referred to as transcription units, that communicate by exchanging proteins or RNA molecules. Proteins are, mostly, transcription factors that bind promoter sequences to modulate the expression of other molecules. Promoters are, therefore, key components in genetic circuits. In this review, we focus our attention on the construction of artificial promoters for the yeast S. cerevisiae, a popular chassis for gene circuits. We describe the initial techniques and achievements in promoter engineering that predated the start of the Synthetic Biology epoch of about 20 years. We present the main applications of synthetic promoters built via different methods and discuss the latest innovations in the wet-lab engineering of novel promoter sequences.
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Tang H, Wu Y, Deng J, Chen N, Zheng Z, Wei Y, Luo X, Keasling JD. Promoter Architecture and Promoter Engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080320. [PMID: 32781665 PMCID: PMC7466126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoters play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression for fine-tuning genetic circuits and metabolic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). However, native promoters in S. cerevisiae have several limitations which hinder their applications in metabolic engineering. These limitations include an inadequate number of well-characterized promoters, poor dynamic range, and insufficient orthogonality to endogenous regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to perform promoter engineering to create synthetic promoters with better properties. Here, we review recent advances related to promoter architecture, promoter engineering and synthetic promoter applications in S. cerevisiae. We also provide a perspective of future directions in this field with an emphasis on the recent advances of machine learning based promoter designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Tang
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yanling Wu
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiliang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Nanzhu Chen
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.T.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (N.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (J.D.K.)
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Promoter engineering strategies for the overproduction of valuable metabolites in microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8725-8736. [PMID: 31630238 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Promoter engineering is an enabling technology in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. As an indispensable part of synthetic biology, the promoter is a key factor in regulating genetic circuits and in coordinating multi-gene biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses in promoter engineering in microbes. Specifically, the endogenous promoters are firstly discussed, followed by the statement of the influence of nucleotides exchange on the strength of promoters explored by site-selective mutagenesis. We then introduced the promoter libraries with a wide range of strength, which are constructed focusing on core promoter regions and upstream activating sequences by rational designs. Finally, the application of promoter libraries in the optimization of multi-gene metabolic pathways for high-yield production of metabolites was illustrated with a couple of recent examples.
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Zhou S, Du G, Kang Z, Li J, Chen J, Li H, Zhou J. The application of powerful promoters to enhance gene expression in industrial microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Biosynthesis of therapeutic natural products using synthetic biology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:96-106. [PMID: 27094795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are a group of bioactive structurally diverse chemicals produced by microorganisms and plants. These molecules and their derivatives have contributed to over a third of the therapeutic drugs produced in the last century. However, over the last few decades traditional drug discovery pipelines from natural products have become far less productive and far more expensive. One recent development with promise to combat this trend is the application of synthetic biology to therapeutic natural product biosynthesis. Synthetic biology is a young discipline with roots in systems biology, genetic engineering, and metabolic engineering. In this review, we discuss the use of synthetic biology to engineer improved yields of existing therapeutic natural products. We further describe the use of synthetic biology to combine and express natural product biosynthetic genes in unprecedented ways, and how this holds promise for opening up completely new avenues for drug discovery and production.
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Bae SJ, Kim S, Hahn JS. Efficient production of acetoin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by disruption of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase and expression of NADH oxidase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27667. [PMID: 27279026 PMCID: PMC4899745 DOI: 10.1038/srep27667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetoin is widely used in food and cosmetic industry as taste and fragrance enhancer. For acetoin production in this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae JHY605 was used as a host strain, where the production of ethanol and glycerol was largely eliminated by deleting five alcohol dehydrogenase genes (ADH1, ADH2, ADH3, ADH4, and ADH5) and two glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes (GPD1 and GPD2). To improve acetoin production, acetoin biosynthetic genes from Bacillus subtilis encoding α-acetolactate synthase (AlsS) and α-acetolactate decarboxylase (AlsD) were overexpressed, and BDH1 encoding butanediol dehydrogenase, which converts acetoin to 2,3-butanediol, was deleted. Furthermore, by NAD+ regeneration through overexpression of water-forming NADH oxidase (NoxE) from Lactococcus lactis, the cofactor imbalance generated during the acetoin production from glucose was successfully relieved. As a result, in fed-batch fermentation, the engineered strain JHY617-SDN produced 100.1 g/L acetoin with a yield of 0.44 g/g glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jeong Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical and Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical and Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical and Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Leavitt JM, Tong A, Tong J, Pattie J, Alper HS. Coordinated transcription factor and promoter engineering to establish strong expression elements in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:866-76. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Leavitt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Alice Tong
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Joyce Tong
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Jonathan Pattie
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Hal S. Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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Kim S, Bae SJ, Hahn JS. Redirection of pyruvate flux toward desired metabolic pathways through substrate channeling between pyruvate kinase and pyruvate-converting enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24145. [PMID: 27052099 PMCID: PMC4823786 DOI: 10.1038/srep24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial organization of metabolic enzymes allows substrate channeling, which accelerates processing of intermediates. Here, we investigated the effect of substrate channeling on the flux partitioning at a metabolic branch point, focusing on pyruvate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a platform strain for the channeling of pyruvate flux, PYK1-Coh-Myc strain was constructed in which PYK1 gene encoding pyruvate kinase is tagged with cohesin domain. By using high-affinity cohesin-dockerin interaction, the pyruvate-forming enzyme Pyk1 was tethered to heterologous pyruvate-converting enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and α-acetolactate synthase, to produce lactic acid and 2,3-butanediol, respectively. Pyruvate flux was successfully redirected toward desired pathways, with a concomitant decrease in ethanol production even without genetic attenuation of the ethanol-producing pathway. This pyruvate channeling strategy led to an improvement of 2,3-butanediol production by 38%, while showing a limitation in improving lactic acid production due to a reduced activity of lactate dehydrogenase by dockerin tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jeong Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Institute of Chemical Processes, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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