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Chrisnasari R, Hennebelle M, Nguyen KA, Vincken JP, van Berkel WJH, Ewing TA. Engineering the substrate specificity and regioselectivity of Burkholderia thailandensis lipoxygenase. N Biotechnol 2024; 84:64-76. [PMID: 39341453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the regioselective dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), generating fatty acid hydroperoxides (FAHPs) with diverse industrial applications. Bacterial LOXs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their broad activity towards PUFAs, yet knowledge about the structural factors influencing their substrate preferences remains limited. Here, we characterized a bacterial LOX from Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt-LOX), and identified key residues affecting its substrate preference and regioselectivity through site-directed mutagenesis. Bt-LOX preferred ω-6 PUFAs and exhibited regioselectivity at the ω-5 position. Mutations targeting the substrate binding pocket and the oxygen access channel led to the production of three active variants with distinct catalytic properties. The A431G variant bifurcated dioxygenation between the ω-5 and ω-9 positions, while F446V showed reduced regioselectivity with longer PUFAs. Interestingly, L445A displayed altered substrate specificity, favoring ω-3 over ω-6 PUFAs. Furthermore, L445A shifted the regioselectivity of dioxygenation to the ω-2 position in ω-3 PUFAs, and, for some substrates, facilitated dioxygenation closer to the carboxylic acid terminus, suggesting an altered substrate orientation. Among these variants, L445A represents a significant milestone in LOX research, as these alterations in substrate specificity, dioxygenation regioselectivity, and substrate orientation were achieved by a single mutation only. These findings illuminate key residues governing substrate preference and regioselectivity in Bt-LOX, offering opportunities for synthesizing diverse FAHPs and highlighting the potential of bacterial LOXs as biocatalysts with widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chrisnasari
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya (UBAYA), Surabaya 60293, Indonesia.
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Khoa A Nguyen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Lee TE, Ko YJ, Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of docosahexaenoic acid into 10R,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid as protectin DX 10-epimer by serial reactions of arachidonate 8R- and 15S-lipoxygenases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:219. [PMID: 38809492 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Protectins, 10,17-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (10,17-DiHDHAs), are belonged to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Protectins are generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in humans and resolve inflammation and infection in trace amounts. However, the quantitative production of protectin DX 10-epimer (10-epi-PDX, 10R,17S-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-DiHDHA) has been not attempted to date. In this study, 10-epi-PDX was quantitatively produced from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by serial whole-cell biotransformation of Escherichia coli expressing arachidonate (ARA) 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX) from the coral Plexaura homomalla and E. coli expressing ARA 15S-LOX from the bacterium Archangium violaceum. The optimal bioconversion conditions to produce 10R-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (10R-HDHA) and 10-epi-PDX were pH 8.0, 30 °C, 2.0 mM DHA, and 4.0 g/L cells; and pH 8.5, 20 °C, 1.4 mM 10R-HDHA, and 1.0 g/L cells, respectively. Under these optimized conditions, 2.0 mM (657 mg/L) DHA was converted into 1.2 mM (433 mg/L) 10-epi-PDX via 1.4 mM (482 mg/L) 10R-HDHA by the serial whole-cell biotransformation within 90 min, with a molar conversion of 60% and volumetric productivity of 0.8 mM/h (288 mg/L/h). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative production of 10-epi-PDX. Our results contribute to the efficient biocatalytic synthesis of SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Amoah AS, Pestov NB, Korneenko TV, Prokhorenko IA, Kurakin GF, Barlev NA. Lipoxygenases at the Intersection of Infection and Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3961. [PMID: 38612771 PMCID: PMC11011848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The persisting presence of opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a significant threat to many immunocompromised cancer patients with pulmonary infections. This review highlights the complexity of interactions in the host's defensive eicosanoid signaling network and its hijacking by pathogenic bacteria to their own advantage. Human lipoxygenases (ALOXs) and their mouse counterparts are integral elements of the innate immune system, mostly operating in the pro-inflammatory mode. Taking into account the indispensable role of inflammation in carcinogenesis, lipoxygenases have counteracting roles in this process. In addition to describing the structure-function of lipoxygenases in this review, we discuss their roles in such critical processes as cancer cell signaling, metastases, death of cancer and immune cells through ferroptosis, as well as the roles of ALOXs in carcinogenesis promoted by pathogenic infections. Finally, we discuss perspectives of novel oncotherapeutic approaches to harness lipoxygenase signaling in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Saleem Amoah
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Nikolay B. Pestov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
- Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow 108819, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Korneenko
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Igor A. Prokhorenko
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Georgy F. Kurakin
- Department of Biochemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117513, Russia;
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow 108819, Russia
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Chrisnasari R, Ewing TA, Hilgers R, van Berkel WJH, Vincken JP, Hennebelle M. Versatile ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay for high-throughput screening of lipoxygenase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:266. [PMID: 38498184 PMCID: PMC10948578 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into fatty acid hydroperoxides (FAHPs), which can be further transformed into a number of value-added compounds. LOXs have garnered interest as biocatalysts for various industrial applications. Therefore, a high-throughput LOX activity assay is essential to evaluate their performance under different conditions. This study aimed to enhance the suitability of the ferrous-oxidized xylenol orange (FOX) assay for screening LOX activity across a wide pH range with different PUFAs. The narrow linear detection range of the standard FOX assay restricts its utility in screening LOX activity. To address this, the concentration of perchloric acid in the xylenol orange reagent was adjusted. The modified assay exhibited a fivefold expansion in the linear detection range for hydroperoxides and accommodated samples with pH values ranging from 3 to 10. The assay could quantify various hydroperoxide species, indicating its applicability in assessing LOX substrate preferences. Due to sensitivity to pH, buffer types, and hydroperoxide species, the assay required calibration using the respective standard compound diluted in the same buffer as the measured sample. The use of correction factors is suggested when financial constraints limit the use of FAHP standard compounds in routine LOX substrate preference analysis. FAHP quantification by the modified FOX assay aligned well with results obtained using the commonly used conjugated diene method, while offering a quicker and broader sample pH range assessment. Thus, the modified FOX assay can be used as a reliable high-throughput screening method for determining LOX activity. KEY POINTS: • Modifying perchloric acid level in FOX reagent expands its linear detection range • The modified FOX assay is applicable for screening LOX activity in a wide pH range • The modified FOX assay effectively assesses substrate specificity of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chrisnasari
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya (UBAYA), Surabaya, 60293, Indonesia
| | - Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Seo MJ, Lee TE, Yeom SJ, Oh DK, Shin KC. Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Trioxilins by Lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sajor-caju. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300556. [PMID: 37749055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sajor-caju (PsLOX) was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified as a soluble protein with a specific activity of 629 μmol/min/mg for arachidonic acid (AA). The native PsLOX exhibited a molecular mass of 146 kDa, including a 73-kDa homodimer, as estimated by gel-filtration chromatography. The major products converted from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including AA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were identified as trioxilins (TrXs), namely 13,14,15-TrXB3 , 13,14,15-TrXB4 , and 15,16,17-TrXB5 , respectively, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The enzyme displayed its maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 20 °C. Under these conditions, the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of PsLOX for PUFAs exhibited the following order: AA>EPA>DHA. Based on HPLC analysis and substrate specificity, PsLOX was identified as an arachidonate 15-LOX. PsLOX efficiently converted 10 mM of AA, EPA, and DHA to 8.7 mM of 13,14,15-TrXB3 (conversion rate: 87 %), 7.9 mM of 13,14,15-TrXB4 (79 %), and 7.2 mM of 15,16,17-TrXB5 (72 %) in 15, 20, and 20 min, respectively, marking the highest conversion rates reported to date. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PsLOX is an efficient TrXs-producing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Seo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Chi J, Cheng J, Wang S, Li C, Chen M. Promising Anti-Inflammatory Tools: Biomedical Efficacy of Lipoxins and Their Synthetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13282. [PMID: 37686088 PMCID: PMC10487465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins (LXs) have attracted widespread attention as a class of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that are produced endogenously by the organism. LXs are arachidonic acid (ARA) derivatives that include four different structures: lipoxin A4 (LXA4), lipoxin B4 (LXB4), and the aspirin-induced differential isomers 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4. Because of their unique biological activity of reducing inflammation in the body, LXs have great potential for neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory treatment of COVID-19, and other related diseases. The synthesis of LXs in vivo is achieved through the action of lipoxygenase (LO). As a kind of important enzyme, LO plays a major role in the physiological processes of living organisms in mammals and functions in some bacteria and fungi. This suggests new options for the synthesis of LXs in vitro. Meanwhile, there are other chemical and biochemical methods to synthesize LXs. In this review, the recent progress on physiological activity and synthetic pathways of LXs is summarized, and new insights into the synthesis of LXs in vitro are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Xia B, Chi H, Zhang B, Lu Z, Liu H, Lu F, Zhu P. Computational Insights and In Silico Characterization of a Novel Mini-Lipoxygenase from Nostoc Sphaeroides and Its Application in the Quality Improvement of Steamed Bread. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097941. [PMID: 37175648 PMCID: PMC10177866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (EC1.13.11.12, LOX) has been potentially used in the food industry for food quality improvement. However, the low activity, poor thermal stability, narrow range of pH stability, as well as undesirable isoenzymes and off-flavors, have hampered the application of current commercial LOX. In this study, a putative mini-lipoxygenase gene from cyanobacteria, Nostoc sphaeroides (NsLOX), was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21. NsLOX displayed only 26.62% structural identity with the reported LOX from Cyanothece sp., indicating it as a novel LOX. The purified NsLOX showed the maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 15 °C, with superior stability at a pH range from 6.0 to 13.0, retaining about 40% activity at 40 °C for 90 min. Notably, NsLOX exhibited the highest specific activity of 78,080 U/mg towards linoleic acid (LA), and the kinetic parameters-Km, kcat, and kcat/Km-attain values of 19.46 μM, 9199.75 s-1, and 473.85 μM-1 s-1, respectively. Moreover, the activity of NsLOX was obviously activated by Ca2+, but it was completely inhibited by Zn2+ and Cu2+. Finally, NsLOX was supplied in steamed bread and contributed even better improved bread quality than the commercial LOX. These results suggest NsLOX as a promising substitute of current commercial LOX for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huibing Chi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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8
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Shin KC, Lee J, Oh DK. Characterization of Arachidonate 5S-Lipoxygenase from Danio rerio with High Activity for the Production of 5S- and 7S-Hydroxy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:958-972. [PMID: 36251113 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant putative lipoxygenase (LOX) from Danio rerio (zebrafish), ALOX3c protein with 6-histidine tag, was purified using affinity chromatography, with a specific activity of 17.2 U mg-1 for arachidonic acid (AA). The molecular mass of the native ALOX3c was 156 kDa composed of a 78-kDa dimer by gel-filtration chromatography. The product obtained from the conversion of AA was identified as 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE) by HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of the LOX from D. rerio for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) followed the order AA (17.2 U mg-1, 1.96 s-1 μM-1) > docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 13.6 U mg-1, 0.91 s-1 μM-1) > eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 10.5 U mg-1, 0.65 s-1 μM-1) and these values for AA were the highest among the 5S-LOXs reported to date. Based on identified products and substrate specificity, the enzyme is an AA 5S-LOX. The enzyme exhibited the maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 20 °C with 0.1 mM Zn2+ in the presence of 10 mM cysteine. Under these reaction conditions, 6.88 U mL-1 D. rerio 5S-LOX converted 1.0 mM of AA, EPA, and DHA to 0.91 mM 5S-HETE, 0.72 mM 5S-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5S-HEPE), and 0.68 mM 7S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (7S-HDHA) in 25, 30, and 25 min, corresponding to molar conversion rates of 91, 72, and 68% and productivities of 2.18, 1.44, and 1.63 mM h-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the bioconversion into 5S-HETE, 5S-HEPE, and 7S-HDHA for the application of biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Bacterial lipoxygenases: Biochemical characteristics, molecular structure and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Production of C20 9S- and C22 11S-hydroxy fatty acids by cells expressing Shewanella hanedai arachidonate 9S-lipoxygenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:247-260. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Enzymatic Formation of Protectin Dx and Its Production by Whole-Cell Reaction Using Recombinant Lipoxygenases. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contained in fish oil is converted to trace amounts of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as the principal bioactive metabolites for their pharmacological effects. Protectin Dx (PDX), an SPM, is an important medicinal compound with biological activities such as modulation of endogenous antioxidant systems, inflammation pro-resolving action, and inhibition of influenza virus replication. Although it can be biotechnologically synthesized from DHA, it has not yet been produced quantitatively. Here, we found that 15S-lipoxygenase from Burkholderia thailandensis (BT 15SLOX) converted 10S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (10S-HDHA) to PDX using enzymatic reactions, which was confirmed by LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses. Thus, whole-cell reactions of Escherichia coli cells expressing BT 15SLOX were performed in flasks to produce PDX from lipase-treated DHA-enriched fish oil along with E. coli cells expressing Mus musculus (mouse) 8S-lipoxygenase (MO 8SLOX) that converted DHA to 10S-HDHA. First, 1 mM DHA (DHA-enriched fish oil hydrolysate, DFOH) was obtained from 455 mg/L DHA-enriched fish oil by lipase for 1 h. Second, E. coli cells expressing MO 8SLOX converted 1 mM DHA in DFOH to 0.43 mM 10S-HDHA for 6 h. Finally, E. coli cells expressing BT 15SLOX converted 0.43 mM 10S-HDHA in MO 8SLOX-treated DFOH to 0.30 mM (108 mg/L) PDX for 5 h. Consequently, DHA-enriched fish oil at 455 mg/L was converted to 108 mg/L PDX after a total of 12 h (conversion yield: 24% (w/w); productivity: 4.5 mg/L/h). This study is the first report on the quantitative production of PDX via biotechnological approaches.
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Zhang B, Chen M, Xia B, Lu Z, Khoo KS, Show PL, Lu F. Characterization and Preliminary Application of a Novel Lipoxygenase from Enterovibrio norvegicus. Foods 2022; 11:2864. [PMID: 36140992 PMCID: PMC9498203 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases have proven to be a potential biocatalyst for various industrial applications. However, low catalytic activity, low thermostability, and narrow range of pH stability largely limit its application. Here, a lipoxygenase (LOX) gene from Enterovibrio norvegicus DSM 15893 (EnLOX) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). EnLOX showed the catalytic activity of 40.34 U mg-1 at 50 °C, pH 8.0. Notably, the enzyme showed superior thermostability, and wide pH range stability. EnLOX remained above 50% of its initial activity after heat treatment below 50 °C for 6 h, and its melting point temperature reached 78.7 °C. More than 70% of its activity was maintained after incubation at pH 5.0-9.5 and 4 °C for 10 h. In addition, EnLOX exhibited high substrate specificity towards linoleic acid, and its kinetic parameters of Vmax, Km, and Kcat values were 12.42 mmol min-1 mg-1, 3.49 μmol L-1, and 16.86 s-1, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that EnLOX can be classified as 13-LOX, due to its ability to catalyze C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid to form 13-hydroxy fatty acid. Additionally, EnLOX could improve the farinograph characteristics and rheological properties of wheat dough. These results reveal the potential applications of EnLOX in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meirong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Kim SE, Lee J, An JU, Kim TH, Oh CW, Ko YJ, Krishnan M, Choi J, Yoon DY, Kim Y, Oh DK. Regioselectivity of an arachidonate 9S-lipoxygenase from Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida that biosynthesizes 9S,15S- and 11S,17S-dihydroxy fatty acids from C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159091. [PMID: 34902567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) biosynthesize lipid mediators (LMs) as human signaling molecules. Among LMs, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are involved in the resolution of inflammation and infection in humans. Here, the putative LOX from the bacterium Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida was identified as arachidonate 9S-LOX. The enzyme catalyzed oxygenation at the n-12 position of C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to form 9S- and 11S-hydroperoxy fatty acids, which were reduced to 9S- and 11S-hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) by cysteine, respectively, and it catalyzed again oxygenation at the n-6 position of HFAs to form 9S,15S- and 11S,17S-DiHFAs, respectively. The regioselective residues of 9S-LOX were determined as lle395 and Val569 based on the amino acid alignment and homology models. The regioselectivity of the I395F variant was changed from the n-12 position on C20 PUFA to the n-6 position to form 15S-HFAs. This may be due to the reduction of the substrate-binding pocket by replacing the smaller Ile with a larger Phe. The V569W variant had a significantly lower second‑oxygenating activity compared to wild-type 9S-LOX because the insertion of the hydroxyl group of the first‑oxygenating products at the active site was seemed to be hindered by substituting a larger Trp for a smaller Val. The compounds, 11S-hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, 9S,15S-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 9S,15S-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 11S,17S-hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, and 11S,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, were newly identified by polarimeter, LC-MS/MS, and NMR. 11S,17S-DiHFAs as SPM isomers biosynthesized from C22 PUFAs showed anti-inflammatory activities in mouse and human cells. Our study contributes may stimulate physiological studies by providing new LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Manigandan Krishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyeok Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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An JU, Kim SE, Oh DK. Molecular insights into lipoxygenases for biocatalytic synthesis of diverse lipid mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101110. [PMID: 34144023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins derived mainly from C20- and C22-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed lipid mediators (LMs), are essential signalling messengers involved in human physiological responses associated with homeostasis and healing process for infection and inflammation. Some LMs involved in the resolution of inflammation and infection are termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are generated by human M2 macrophages or polymorphonuclear leukocytes and have the potential to protect and treat hosts from bacterial and viral infections by phagocytosis activation. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) biosynthesize regio- and stereoselective LMs. Thus, understanding the regio- and stereoselectivities of LOXs for PUFAs at a molecular level is important for the biocatalytic synthesis of diverse LMs. Here, we elucidate the catalytic mechanisms and discuss regio- and stereoselectivities and their changes of LOXs determined by insertion direction and position of the substrate and oxygen at a molecular level for the biosynthesis of diverse human LMs. Recently, the biocatalytic synthesis of PUFAs to human LMs or analogues has been conducted using microbial LOXs. Such microbial LOXs involved in the biosynthesis of LMs are expected to exert significantly higher activity and stability than human LOXs. Diverse regio- and stereoselective LOXs can be obtained from microorganisms, which represent a wealth of genomic sources. We reconstruct the biosynthetic pathways of LOX-catalyzed LMs in humans and other organisms. Furthermore, we suggest the effective methods of biocatalytic synthesis of diverse human LMs from PUFAs or glucose by using microbial LOXs, increasing the stability and activity of LOXs, combining the reactions of LOXs, and constructing metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Combinatorial strategy towards the efficient expression of lipoxygenase in Escherichia coli at elevated temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10047-10057. [PMID: 33037915 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of non-heme iron oxidoreductases, which catalyze the addition of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids. They have applications in the food and medical industries. In most studies, the soluble expression of LOXs in microbes requires low temperature (< 20 °C), which increases the cost and fermentation time. Achievement of soluble expression in elevated temperatures (> 30 °C) would shorten the production phase, leading to cost-efficient industrial applications. In this study, a combinatorial strategy was used to enhance the expression of soluble LOXs, comprising plasmid stability systems plus optimized carbon source used for auto-induction expression. Plasmid stability analysis suggested that both active partition systems and plasmid-dependent systems were essential for plasmid stability. Among them, the parBCA in it resulted in the enzyme activity increasing by a factor of 2 (498 ± 13 units per gram dry cell weight (U/g-DCW) after 6-h induction). Furthermore, the optimized carbon source, composed of glucose, lactose, and glycerol, could be used as an auto-induction expression medium and effectively improve the total and soluble expression of LOX, which resulted in the soluble expression of LOX increased by 7 times. Finally, the soluble expression of LOX was 11 times higher with a combinatorial strategy that included both optimized plasmid partition and auto-induction medium. Our work provides a broad, generalizable, and combinatorial strategy for the efficient production of heterologous proteins at elevated temperatures in the E. coli system. KEY POINTS : • Soluble expression of lipoxygenase at 30 °C or higher temperatures is industrially beneficial. • Strategies comprise plasmid partition and optimized auto-induction medium with glucose, lactose, and glycerol as carbon source. • Combinatorial strategy further improved LOX soluble expression at 30 °C and 37 °C.
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16
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Park JY, Kim CH, Choi Y, Park KM, Chang PS. Catalytic characterization of heterodimeric linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase from black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109595. [PMID: 32732043 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipoxygenase (BLOX) was purified from black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and its catalytic properties were characterized. The molecular weight of BLOX was 101 kDa and its unique heterodimeric structure with two different subunits of molecular weight 46 kDa and 55 kDa was elucidated. The optimum pH and temperature of BLOX were pH 9.5 and 40 °C, respectively. BLOX was highly stable at the pH range of 6.0-10.0 and below 40 °C, and was stimulated by adding ferrous ion (Fe2+). In terms of substrate specificity, BLOX showed a substrate preference to linoleic acid that is the main substance to produce hydroperoxides in soybean. When it reacted with linoleic acid, the major product was 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; therefore, it could be classified into the linoleate 13S-LOX family (EC 1.13.11.12). Finally, the kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km, and kcat) of BLOX were 0.124 mM min-1, 0.636 mM, and 12.28 s-1, respectively, and consequently, the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was calculated as 1.93 × 104 M-1·s-1. These catalytic characteristics of BLOX could contribute to understanding the enzymatic rancidification of black soybean, and to further biotechnical approaches to control and mitigate the deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lee J, Kim TH, Oh DK. Bioconversion of arachidonic acid into human 14,15-hepoxilin B3 and 13,14,15-trioxilin B3 by recombinant cells expressing microbial 15-lipoxygenase without and with epoxide hydrolase. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2001-2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Saika A, Nagatake T, Kunisawa J. Host- and Microbe-Dependent Dietary Lipid Metabolism in the Control of Allergy, Inflammation, and Immunity. Front Nutr 2019; 6:36. [PMID: 31024921 PMCID: PMC6468274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body, provides the first line of defense against pathogens, and prevents excessive immune reactions to harmless or beneficial non-self-materials, such as food and intestinal bacteria. Allergic and inflammatory diseases in the intestine occur as a result of dysregulation of immunological homeostasis mediated by intestinal immunity. Several lines of evidence suggest that gut environmental factors, including nutrition and intestinal bacteria, play important roles in controlling host immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. Among nutritional factors, ω3 and ω6 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) profoundly influence the host immune system. Recent advances in lipidomics technology have led to the identification of lipid mediators derived from ω3- and ω6-PUFAs. In particular, lipid metabolites from ω3-PUFAs (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) have recently been shown to exert anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory responses; these metabolites include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Furthermore, a new class of anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory lipid metabolites of 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid has recently been identified in the control of allergic and inflammatory diseases in the gut and skin. Although these lipid metabolites were found to be endogenously generated in the host, accumulating evidence indicates that intestinal bacteria also participate in lipid metabolism and thus generate bioactive unique lipid mediators. In this review, we discuss the production machinery of lipid metabolites in the host and intestinal bacteria and the roles of these metabolites in the regulation of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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19
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An JU, Lee IG, Ko YJ, Oh DK. Microbial Synthesis of Linoleate 9 S-Lipoxygenase Derived Plant C18 Oxylipins from C18 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3209-3219. [PMID: 30808175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins, including hydroxy fatty acids, epoxy hydroxy fatty acids, and trihydroxy fatty acids, which are biosynthesized from C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are involved in pathogen-specific defense mechanisms against fungal infections. However, their quantitative biotransformation by plant enzymes has not been reported. A few bacteria produce C18 trihydroxy fatty acids, but the enzymes and pathways related to the biosynthesis of plant oxylipins in bacteria have not been reported. In this study, we first report the biotransformation of C18 PUFAs into plant C18 oxylipins by expressing linoleate 9 S-lipoxygenase with and without epoxide hydrolase from the proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus in recombinant Escherichia coli. Among the nine types of plant oxylipins, 12,13-epoxy-14-hydroxy- cis, cis-9,15-octadecadienoic acid was identified as a new compound by NMR analysis, and 9,10,11-hydroxy- cis, cis-6,12-octadecadienoic acid and 12,13,14-trihydroxy- cis, cis-9,15-octadecadienoic were suggested as new compounds by LC-MS/MS analysis. This study shows that bioactive plant oxylipins can be produced by microbial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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20
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An JU, Oh DK. Stabilization and improved activity of arachidonate 11 S-lipoxygenase from proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2153-2163. [PMID: 30257932 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the dioxygenation of PUFAs to produce regio- and stereospecific oxygenated fatty acids. The identification of regio- and stereospecific LOXs is important because their specific products are involved in different physiological activities in various organisms. Bacterial LOXs are found only in some proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, and they are not stable in vitro. Here, we used C20 and C22 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid to identify an 11S-specific LOX from the proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus and explore its in vitro stability and activity. The activity and stability of M. xanthus ARA 11S-LOX as well as the production of 11S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid from ARA were significantly increased by the addition of phosphatidylcholine, Ca2+, and coactosin-like protein (newly identified in the yeast Rhodosporidium toluroides) as stimulatory factors; in fact, LOX activity in the presence of all three factors increased approximately 3-fold. Our results indicate that these stimulatory factors can be used to increase the activity and stability of bacterial LOX and the production of bioactive hydroxy fatty acids, which can contribute to new academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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21
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Regiospecificity of a novel bacterial lipoxygenase from Myxococcus xanthus for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:823-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Choi JH, Seo MJ, Lee KT, Oh DK. Biotransformation of fatty acid-rich tree oil hydrolysates to hydroxy fatty acid-rich hydrolysates by hydroxylases and their feasibility as biosurfactants. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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An JU, Song YS, Kim KR, Ko YJ, Yoon DY, Oh DK. Biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to bioactive hepoxilins and trioxilins by microbial enzymes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:128. [PMID: 29317615 PMCID: PMC5760719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are involved in physiological processes such as inflammation, insulin secretion and pain perception in human. They are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, formed by 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) expressed by mammalian cells. Here, we identify ten types of HXs and TrXs, produced by the prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus, of which six types are new, namely, HXB5, HXD3, HXE3, TrXB5, TrXD3 and TrXE3. We succeed in the biotransformation of PUFAs into eight types of HXs (>35% conversion) and TrXs (>10% conversion) by expressing M. xanthus 12-LOX or 11-LOX with or without EH in Escherichia coli. We determine 11-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, HXB3, HXB4, HXD3, TrXB3 and TrXD3 as potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ partial agonists. These findings may facilitate physiological studies and drug development based on lipid mediators. Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are lipid metabolites with roles in inflammation and insulin secretion. Here, the authors discover a prokaryotic source of HXs and TrXs, identify the biosynthetic enzymes and heterologously express HXs and TrXs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Kim KR, An JU, Lee SH, Oh DK. Selective Production of 9R-Hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-Octadecatrienoic Acid from α-Linolenic Acid in Perilla Seed Oil Hydrolyzate by a Lipoxygenase from Nostoc Sp. SAG 25.82. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137785. [PMID: 26379279 PMCID: PMC4574779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been known as versatile bioactive molecules. However, its practical production from omega-3 or omega-3 rich oil has not been well established. In the present study, the stereo-selective enzymatic production of 9R-hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (9R-HOTE) from α-linolenic acid (ALA) in perilla seed oil (PO) hydrolyzate was achieved using purified recombinant 9R-lipoxygenase (9R-LOX) from Nostoc sp. SAG 25.82. The specific activity of the enzyme followed the order linoleic acid (LA) > ALA > γ-linolenic acid (GLA). A total of 75% fatty acids (ALA and LA) were used as a substrate for 9R-LOX from commercial PO by hydrolysis of Candida rugosa lipase. The optimal reaction conditions for the production of 9R-HOTE from ALA using 9R-LOX were pH 8.5, 15°C, 5% (v/v) acetone, 0.2% (w/v) Tween 80, 40 g/L ALA, and 1 g/L enzyme. Under these conditions, 9R-LOX produced 37.6 g/L 9R-HOTE from 40 g/L ALA for 1 h, with a conversion yield of 94% and a productivity of 37.6 g/L/h; and the enzyme produced 34 g/L 9R-HOTE from 40 g/L ALA in PO hydrolyzate for 1 h, with a conversion yields of 85% and a productivity of 34 g/L/h. The enzyme also converted 9R-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9R-HODE) from 40 g/L LA for 1.0 h, with a conversion yield of 95% and a productivity of 38.4 g/L. This is the highest productivity of HFA from both ALA and ALA-rich vegetable oil using LOX ever reported. Therefore, our result suggests an efficient method for the production of 9R-HFAs from LA and ALA in vegetable oil using recombinant LOX in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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