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Yue X, Ren X, Fu J, Wei N, Altomare C, Haidukowski M, Logrieco AF, Zhang Q, Li P. Characterization and mechanism of aflatoxin degradation by a novel strain of Trichoderma reesei CGMCC3.5218. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003039. [PMID: 36312918 PMCID: PMC9611206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are recognized as the most toxic mycotoxins, which are strongly carcinogenic and pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Therefore, strategies to degrade or eliminate aflatoxins in agro-products are urgently needed. We investigated 65 Trichoderma isolates belonging to 23 species for their aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-degrading capabilities. Trichoderma reesei CGMCC3.5218 had the best performance, and degraded 100% of 50 ng/kg AFB1 within 3 days and 87.6% of 10 μg/kg AFB1 within 5 days in a liquid-medium system. CGMCC3.5218 degraded more than 85.0% of total aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2) at 108.2–2323.5 ng/kg in artificially and naturally contaminated peanut, maize, and feed within 7 days. Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology showed that the optimal degradation conditions for CGMCC3.5218 were pH 6.7 and 31.3°C for 5.1 days in liquid medium. Possible functional detoxification components were analyzed, indicating that the culture supernatant of CGMCC3.5218 could efficiently degrade AFB1 (500 ng/kg) with a ratio of 91.8%, compared with 19.5 and 8.9% by intracellular components and mycelial adsorption, respectively. The aflatoxin-degrading activity of the fermentation supernatant was sensitive to proteinase K and proteinase K plus sodium dodecyl sulfonate, but was stable at high temperatures, suggesting that thermostable enzymes or proteins in the fermentation supernatant played a major role in AFB1 degradation. Furthermore, toxicological experiments by a micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes and by intraperitoneal injection and skin irritation tests in mice proved that the degradation products by CGMCC3.5218 were nontoxic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on Trichoderma aflatoxin detoxification, and the candidate strain T. reesei CGMCC3.5218 has high efficient and environment-friendly characteristics, and qualifies as a potential biological detoxifier for application in aflatoxin removal from contaminated feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiayun Fu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Wei
- Institutions of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Altomare,
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
- Qi Zhang,
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Peiwu Li,
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Schmoll M, Hinterdobler W. Tools for adapting to a complex habitat: G-protein coupled receptors in Trichoderma. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:65-97. [PMID: 36357080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing the environment and interpretation of the received signals are crucial competences of living organisms in order to properly adapt to their habitat, succeed in competition and to reproduce. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of a large family of sensors for extracellular signals and represent the starting point of complex signaling cascades regulating a plethora of intracellular physiological processes and output pathways in fungi. In Trichoderma spp. current research involves a wide range of topics from enzyme production, light response and secondary metabolism to sexual and asexual development as well as biocontrol, all of which require delicate balancing of resources in response to the environmental challenges or biotechnological needs at hand, which are crucially impacted by the surroundings of the fungi and their intercellular signaling cascades triggering a precisely tailored response. In this review we summarize recent findings on sensing by GPCRs in Trichoderma, including the function of pheromone receptors, glucose sensing by CSG1 and CSG2, regulation of secondary metabolism by GPR8 and impacts on mycoparasitism by GPR1. Additionally, we provide an overview on structural determinants, posttranslational modifications and interactions for regulation, activation and signal termination of GPCRs in order to inspire future in depth analyses of their function and to understand previous regulatory outcomes of natural and biotechnological processes modulated or enabled by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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He F, Zhang R, Zhao J, Qi T, Kang Z, Guo J. Host-Induced Silencing of Fusarium graminearum Genes Enhances the Resistance of Brachypodium distachyon to Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1362. [PMID: 31737001 PMCID: PMC6831556 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium pathogens are devastating diseases worldwide. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) which involves host expression of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-generating constructs directed against genes in the pathogen has been a potential strategy for the ecological sound control of FHB. In this study, we constructed transgenic Brachypodium distachyon lines carrying RNA interference (RNAi) cassettes to target two essential protein kinase genes Fg00677 and Fg08731, and cytochrome P450 lanosterol C14-α-demethylase (CYP51) encoding genes (CYP51A, CYP51B, and CYP51C) of Fusarium graminearum, respectively. Northern blotting confirmed the presence of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) derived from Fg00677, Fg08731, and CYP51 in transgenic B. distachyon plants, and the transcript levels of the corresponding genes were down-regulated in the F. graminearum colonizing B. distachyon spikes. All the corresponding independent, Fg00677-RNAi, Fg08731-RNAi, and CYP51-RNAi transgenic T2 lines exhibited strong resistance to F. graminearum, suggesting that silencing molecules produced by transgenic plants inhibited the corresponding gene function by down-regulating its expression, thereby reducing pathogenicity. Our results indicate that Fg00677 and Fg08731 are effective targets for HIGS and can be applied to construct transgenic HIGS materials to enhance FHB resistance in wheat and other cereal crops.
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New Genomic Approaches to Enhance Biomass Degradation by the Industrial Fungus Trichoderma reesei. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1974151. [PMID: 30345291 PMCID: PMC6174759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1974151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well-studied cellulolytic microorganisms. It is the most important fungus for the industrial production of enzymes to biomass deconstruction being widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Here, we performed an analytic review of the holocellulolytic system presented by T. reesei as well as the transcriptional and signaling mechanisms involved with holocellulase expression in this fungus. We also discuss new perspectives about control of secretion and cellulase expression based on RNA-seq and functional characterization data of T. reesei growth in different carbon sources, which comprise glucose, cellulose, sophorose, and sugarcane bagasse.
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