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Zhou R, Zhang L, Zeng B, Zhou Y, Jin W, Zhang G. A novel self-purified auxiliary protein enhances the lichenase activity towards lichenan for biomass degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12608-y. [PMID: 37272940 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex composition of lichenan, lichenase alone cannot always hydrolyze it efficiently. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been confirmed to increase the hydrolysis efficiency of lichenases. However, their practical application was hampered by the complex and costly preparation procedure, as well as the poor stability of LPMOs. Herein, we discovered a novel and stable auxiliary protein named SCE to boost the hydrolysis efficiency. SCE was composed of SpyCatcher (SC) and elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and could be easily and cheaply prepared. Under the optimal conditions, the boosting degree for SCE/lichenase was 1.45, and the reducing sugar yield improved by nearly 45%. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that SCE had no influence on the hydrolysis pattern of lichenase. Through the experimental verification and bioinformatics analysis, we proposed the role of SCE in promoting the interaction between the lichenase and substrates. These findings endow SC with a novel function in binding to insoluble lichenan, paving the way for biomass degradation and biorefinery. KEY POINTS: • A novel self-purification auxiliary protein that could boost the hydrolysis efficiency of lichenase has been identified. • The protein is highly produced, simple to prepare, well stable, and does not require any external electron donor. • The novel function of SpyCatcher in binding to insoluble lichenan was first demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Jin
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Guo X, An Y, Lu F, Liu F, Wang B. Efficient Secretory Production of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase BaLPMO10 and Its Application in Plant Biomass Conversion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119710. [PMID: 37298661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can oxidatively break the glycosidic bonds of crystalline cellulose, providing more actionable sites for cellulase to facilitate the conversion of cellulose to cello-oligosaccharides, cellobiose and glucose. In this work, a bioinformatics analysis of BaLPMO10 revealed that it is a hydrophobic, stable and secreted protein. By optimizing the fermentation conditions, the highest protein secretion level was found at a IPTG concentration of 0.5 mM and 20 h of fermentation at 37 °C, with a yield of 20 mg/L and purity > 95%. The effect of metal ions on the enzyme activity of BaLPMO10 was measured, and it was found that 10 mM Ca2+ and Na+ increased the enzyme activity by 47.8% and 98.0%, respectively. However, DTT, EDTA and five organic reagents inhibited the enzyme activity of BaLPMO10. Finally, BaLPMO10 was applied in biomass conversion. The degradation of corn stover pretreated with different steam explosions was performed. BaLPMO10 and cellulase had the best synergistic degradation effect on corn stover pretreated at 200 °C for 12 min, improving reducing sugars by 9.2% compared to cellulase alone. BaLPMO10 was found to be the most efficient for ethylenediamine-pretreated Caragana korshinskii by degrading three different biomasses, increasing the content of reducing sugars by 40.5% compared to cellulase alone following co-degradation with cellulase for 48 h. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed that BaLPMO10 disrupted the structure of Caragana korshinskii, making its surface coarse and poriferous, which increased the accessibility of other enzymes and thus promoted the process of conversion. These findings provide guidance for improving the efficiency of enzymatic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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3
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Guo X, Jiang L, An Y, Lu F, Liu F, Wang B. Construction and characterization of a Myceliophthora thermophila lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase mutant S174C/A93C with improved thermostability. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 168:110255. [PMID: 37178549 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can oxidatively cleave the glycosidic bonds of crystalline polysaccharides, providing more accessible sites for polysaccharide hydrolases and promoting efficient conversion of biomass. In order to promote industrial applications of LPMOs, the stability of an LPMO of Myceliophthora thermophila C1 (MtC1LPMO) was improved by adding disulfide bonds in this study. Firstly, the structural changes of wild-type (WT) MtC1LPMO at different temperatures were explored using molecular dynamics simulations, and eight mutants were selected by combining the predicted results from Disulfide by Design (DBD), Multi agent stability prediction upon point mutations (Maestro) and Bridge disulfide (BridgeD) websites. Then, the enzymatic properties of the different mutants were determined after their expression and purification, and the mutant S174C/A93C with the highest thermal stability was obtained. The specific activities of unheated S174C/A93C and WT were 160.6 ± 1.7 U/g and 174.8 ± 7.5 U/g, respectively, while those of S174C/A93C and WT treated at 70 °C for 4 h were 77.7 ± 3.4 U/g and 46.1 ± 0.4 U/g, respectively. The transition midpoint temperature of S174C/A93C was 2.7 °C higher than that of WT. The conversion efficiency of S174C/A93C for both microcrystalline cellulose and corn straw was about 1.5 times higher than that of WT. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the introduction of disulfide bonds increased the β-sheet content of the H1-E34 region, thus improving the rigidity of the protein. Therefore, the overall structural stability of S174C/A93C was improved, which in turn improved its thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Luying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China.
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
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4
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Tamburino R, Castiglia D, Marcolongo L, Sannino L, Ionata E, Scotti N. Tobacco Plastid Transformation as Production Platform of Lytic Polysaccharide MonoOxygenase Auxiliary Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010309. [PMID: 36613758 PMCID: PMC9820616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is the most abundant renewable resource in nature. In a circular economy perspective, the implementation of its bioconversion into fermentable sugars is of great relevance. Lytic Polysaccharide MonoOxygenases (LPMOs) are accessory enzymes able to break recalcitrant polysaccharides, boosting biomass conversion and subsequently reducing costs. Among them, auxiliary activity of family 9 (AA9) acts on cellulose in synergism with traditional cellulolytic enzymes. Here, we report for the first time, the production of the AA9 LPMOs from the mesophilic Trichoderma reesei (TrAA9B) and the thermophilic Thermoascus aurantiacus (TaAA9B) microorganisms in tobacco by plastid transformation with the aim to test this technology as cheap and sustainable manufacture platform. In order to optimize recombinant protein accumulation, two different N-terminal regulatory sequences were used: 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) from T7g10 gene (DC41 and DC51 plants), and 5' translation control region (5'-TCR), containing the 5'-UTR and the first 14 amino acids (Downstream Box, DB) of the plastid atpB gene (DC40 and DC50 plants). Protein yields ranged between 0.5 and 5% of total soluble proteins (TSP). The phenotype was unaltered in all transplastomic plants, except for the DC50 line accumulating AA9 LPMO at the highest level, that showed retarded growth and a mild pale green phenotype. Oxidase activity was spectrophotometrically assayed and resulted higher for the recombinant proteins without the N-terminal fusion (DC41 and DC51), with a 3.9- and 3.4-fold increase compared to the fused proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Tamburino
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Castiglia
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055 Portici, Italy
- CNR-ICB, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Lorenza Sannino
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Elena Ionata
- CNR-IRET, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence:
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5
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Cai L, Zheng Y, Chu Y, Lin Y, Liu L, Zhang G. The synergism of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with lichenase and their co-immobilization on silica nanospheres for green conversion of lichen biomass. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970540. [PMID: 36337671 PMCID: PMC9626761 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted valorization of lichenan represents a green and sustainable alternative to the conventional chemical industry. The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are essential components of state-of-the-art enzyme cocktails for lichenin bioconversion. The LPMOs named SpyTag fused LPMOs (AST) from Chaetomium globosum was functionally expressed in E. coli and exhibited 1.25-fold synergism with lichenase, whereas AST alone produced no detectable reducing sugars. HPLC results further confirm that AST does not alter the endogenous hydrolysis mode of lichenase but rather enhances its hydrolysis efficiency by disrupting the long chain of lichenan and releasing more reducing ends. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on the synergistic effect of LPMOs and lichenase, which may have great synergistic potential in the conversion of lichen biomass. Furthermore, a novel strategy for the covalently immobilizing AST and lichenase on silica nanoparticles (SNPs) from the cell lysate in a single step was proposed, which exhibited high activity recovery (82.9%) and high immobilization yield (94.8%). After 12 independent runs, about 67.4 % of the initial activity of the immobilized enzymes was retained. The resulted biocatalyst systems exhibited the green and sustainable strategy in the bioconversion of lichen biomass as well as other diverse polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixi Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Putian University, Putian, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Yunmeng Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanqing Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lixing Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Putian University, Putian, China
- Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Guangya Zhang,
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6
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Guo X, An Y, Liu F, Lu F, Wang B. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase - A new driving force for lignocellulosic biomass degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127803. [PMID: 35995343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can catalyze polysaccharides by oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds and have catalytic activity for cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, starch and pectin, thus playing an important role in the biomass conversion of lignocellulose. The catalytic substrates of LPMOs are different and the specific catalytic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Although there have been many studies related to LPMOs, few have actually been put into industrial biomass conversion, which poses a challenge for their expression, regulation and application. In this review, the origin, substrate specificity, structural features, and the relationship between structure and function of LPMOs are described. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism and electron donor of LPMOs and their heterologous expression and regulation are discussed. Finally, the synergistic degradation of biomass by LPMOs with other polysaccharide hydrolases is reviewed, and their current problems and future research directions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
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7
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Kim IJ, Jeong D, Kim SR. Upstream processes of citrus fruit waste biorefinery for complete valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127776. [PMID: 35970501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit waste (CW) is a useful biomass and its valorization into fuels and biochemicals has received much attention. For economic feasibility, increased efficiency of the preceding extraction and enzyme saccharification processes is necessary. However, at present, there is a lack of systematic reviews addressing these two integral upstream processes in concert for CW biorefinery. Here, the state-of-the-art advancements in enzyme extraction and saccharification processes-using which relevant essential oils, flavonoids, and sugars can be obtained-are reviewed. Specifically, the extraction options for two commercially available CW-derived products, essential oils and pectin, are discussed. With respect to enzyme saccharification, the use of an undefined commercial mixture routinely results in suboptimal sugar production. In this respect, applicable strategies for enzyme mixture customization are suggested for maximizing the hydrolytic efficiency of CW. The enzyme degradation system for CW-derived carbohydrates and its extensive application for sugar production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Deokyeol Jeong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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8
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Moon M, Lee JP, Park GW, Lee JS, Park HJ, Min K. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO)-derived saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127501. [PMID: 35753567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given that traditional biorefineries have been based on microbial fermentation to produce useful fuels, materials, and chemicals as metabolites, saccharification is an important step to obtain fermentable sugars from biomass. It is well-known that glycosidic hydrolases (GHs) are responsible for the saccharification of recalcitrant polysaccharides through hydrolysis, but the discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), which is a kind of oxidative enzyme involved in cleaving polysaccharides and boosting GH performance, has profoundly changed the understanding of enzyme-based saccharification. This review briefly introduces the classification, structural information, and catalytic mechanism of LPMOs. In addition to recombinant expression strategies, synergistic effects with GH are comprehensively discussed. Challenges and perspectives for LPMO-based saccharification on a large scale are also briefly mentioned. Ultimately, this review can provide insights for constructing an economically viable lignocellulose-based biorefinery system and a closed-carbon loop to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon Woo Park
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Karnaouri A, Chorozian K, Zouraris D, Karantonis A, Topakas E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases as powerful tools in enzymatically assisted preparation of nano-scaled cellulose from lignocellulose: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126491. [PMID: 34871721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, either in the form of fibers or crystals, constitutes a renewable, biobased, biocompatible material with advantageous mechanical properties that can be isolated from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme-assisted isolation of nanocellulose is an attractive, environmentally friendly approach that leads to products of higher quality compared to their chemically prepared counterparts. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are enzymes that oxidatively cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic bond of polysaccharides upon activation of O2 or H2O2 and presence of an electron donor. Their use for treatment of cellulose fibers towards the preparation of nano-scaled cellulose is related to the ability of LPMOs to create nicking points on the fiber surface, thus facilitating fiber disruption and separation. The aim of this review is to describe the mode of action of LPMOs on cellulose fibers towards the isolation of nanostructures, thus highlighting their great potential for the production of nanocellulose as a novel value added product from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zouraris
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Karantonis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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10
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Semenova MV, Gusakov AV, Telitsin VD, Sinitsyn AP. Enzymatic Destruction of Cellulose: Characteristics of the Kinetic Interaction of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases and Individual Cellulases. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Rani Singhania R, Dixit P, Kumar Patel A, Shekher Giri B, Kuo CH, Chen CW, Di Dong C. Role and significance of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in lignocellulose deconstruction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125261. [PMID: 34000697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) emerged a decade ago and have been described as biomass deconstruction boosters as they play an extremely important role in unravelling the enzymatic biomass hydrolysis scheme. These are oxidative enzymes requiring partners to donate electrons during catalytic action on cellulose backbone. Commercial cellulase preparations are mostly from the robust fungal sources, hence LPMOs from fungi (AA9) have been discussed. Characterisation of LPMOs suffers due to multiple complications which has been discussed and challenges in detection of LPMOs in secretomes has also been highlighted. This review focuses on the significance of LPMOs on biomass hydrolysis due to which it has become a key component of cellulolytic cocktail available commercially for biomass deconstruction and its routine analysis challenge has also been discussed. It has also outlined a few key points that help in expressing catalytic active recombinant AA9 LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pooja Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039 India
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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12
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Evaluation of temperature, pH and nutrient conditions in bacterial growth and extracellular hydrolytic activities of two Alicyclobacillus spp. strains. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4557-4570. [PMID: 34159433 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extremophile bacteria have developed the metabolic machinery for living in extreme temperatures, pH, and high-salt content. Two novel bacterium strains Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2, were isolated from crater lake El Chichon in Chiapas, Mexico. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the 16SrRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 were closely related to Alicyclobacillus species (98% identity and 94.73% identity, respectively). Both strains were Gram variable, and colonies were circular, smooth and creamy. Electron microscopy showed than Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 has a daisy-like form and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 is a regular rod. Both strains can use diverse carbohydrates and triglycerides as carbon source and they also can use organic and inorganic nitrogen source. But, the two strains can grow without any carbon or nitrogen sources in the culture medium. Temperature, pH and nutrition condition affect bacterial growth. Maximum growth was produced at 65 °C for Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 (0.732 DO600) at pH 3 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 (0.725 DO600) at pH 5. Inducible extracellular extremozyme activities were determined for β-galactosidase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 88.07 ± 0.252 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 51.57 ± 0.308 U/mg), cellulose (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 141.20 ± 0.585 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 51.57 ± 0.308 U/mg), lipase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 138.25 ± 0.600 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 175.75 ± 1.387 U/mg), xylanase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 174.72 ± 1.746 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 172.69 ± 0.855U/mg), and protease (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 15.12 ± 0.121 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 15.33 ± 0.284 U/mg). These results provide new insights on extreme enzymatic production on Alicyclobacillus species.
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Guo X, An Y, Chai C, Sang J, Jiang L, Lu F, Dai Y, Liu F. Construction of the R17L mutant of MtC1LPMO for improved lignocellulosic biomass conversion by rational point mutation and investigation of the mechanism by molecular dynamics simulations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 317:124024. [PMID: 32836036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the biomass conversion efficiency, the R17L mutant of the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) MtC1LPMO with improved catalytic efficiency was constructed via rational point mutation based on the HotSpot Wizard 3.0 and dezyme web servers. Compared with the wild-type (WT) MtC1LPMO, R17L exhibited a 1.8-fold increase of specific activity and 1.92-fold increase of catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The degree of increase of the reducing sugar yield from microcrystalline cellulose and three plant biomass materials during synergistic hydrolysis using cellulase in combination with R17L was about 2 times higher than with the WT. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the R17L mutation reduced the stability of the region R18-I36, which then weakened the direct interactions between region N24-V31 and the substrate cellohexaose. Consequently, the deflection time of the cellohexaose conformation in R17L was prolonged compared to the WT, which enhanced its catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Chai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Sang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Luying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Bunterngsook B, Mhuantong W, Kanokratana P, Iseki Y, Watanabe T, Champreda V. Identification and characterization of a novel AA9-type lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from a bagasse metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:197-210. [PMID: 33230603 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are auxiliary enzymes catalyzing oxidative cleavages of cellulose chains in crystalline regions, resulting in their increasing accessibility to the hydrolytic enzyme counterparts and hence higher released sugars from biomass saccharification. In this study, a novel auxiliary protein family 9 LPMO (BgAA9) was identified from a metagenomic library derived from a thermophilic microbial community in bagasse collection site where diverse AA9 and AA10 putative sequences were annotated. The enzyme showed highest similarity to a glycoside hydrolase family 61 from Chaetomium thermophilum. Recombinant BgAA9 expressed in Pichia pastoris cleaved cellohexaose (DP6) into shorter cellooligosaccharides (DP2, DP3, and DP4). Supplementation BgAA9 to a commercial cellulase, Accellerase® 1500 showed strong synergistic effect on saccharification of Avicel® PH101, decrystallized cellulose, filter paper, and alkaline-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, resulting in 63-93% increase in the total reducing sugar yield after incubation at 50 °C for 72 h. Strong synergism was shown between BgAA9 and the cellulase with the highest total fermentable sugar yield obtained from 75:25% of Accellerase®1500:BgAA9 which released 39 mg glucose/FPU (filter paper unit) equivalent to 38.7% higher than Accellerase®1500 alone at the same total protein dosage of 5 mg/g substrate according to the mixture design study. The enzyme represented the first characterized LPMO from environmental metagenome and a potent auxiliary component for biomass saccharification. KEY POINTS: • BgAA9 represents the first characterized LPMO from metagenome. • 12 AA families were annotated in thermophilic bagasse fosmid library by NGS. • BgAA9 showed homology to Cel61 in Chaetomium thermophilum. • BgAA9 oxidized cellohexaose and PASC to DP2, DP4, and DP6. • BgAA9 showed strong synergism to Accellerase on bagasse hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjarat Bunterngsook
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yu Iseki
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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Synergistic Action of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase and a Cellobiohydrolase from Penicillium funiculosum in Cellulose Saccharification under High-Level Substrate Loading. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01769-20. [PMID: 32978122 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01769-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are crucial industrial enzymes required in the biorefinery industry as well as in the natural carbon cycle. These enzymes, known to catalyze the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds, are produced by numerous bacterial and fungal species to assist in the degradation of cellulosic biomass. In this study, we annotated and performed structural analysis of an uncharacterized LPMO from Penicillium funiculosum (PfLPMO9) based on computational methods in an attempt to understand the behavior of this enzyme in biomass degradation. PfLPMO9 exhibited 75% and 36% sequence identities with LPMOs from Thermoascus aurantiacus (TaLPMO9A) and Lentinus similis (LsLPMO9A), respectively. Furthermore, multiple fungal genetic manipulation tools were employed to simultaneously overexpress LPMO and cellobiohydrolase I (CBH1) in a catabolite-derepressed strain of Penicillium funiculosum, PfMig188 (an engineered variant of P. funiculosum), to improve its saccharification performance toward acid-pretreated wheat straw (PWS) at 20% substrate loading. The resulting transformants showed improved LPMO and CBH1 expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels, with ∼200% and ∼66% increases in ascorbate-induced LPMO and Avicelase activities, respectively. While the secretome of PfMig88 overexpressing LPMO or CBH1 increased the saccharification of PWS by 6% or 13%, respectively, over the secretome of PfMig188 at the same protein concentration, the simultaneous overexpression of these two genes led to a 20% increase in saccharification efficiency over that observed with PfMig188, which accounted for 82% saccharification of PWS under 20% substrate loading.IMPORTANCE The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass by cellulases continues to be a significant bottleneck in the development of second-generation biobased industries. While increasing efforts are being made to obtain indigenous cellulases for biomass hydrolysis, the high production cost of this enzyme remains a crucial challenge affecting its wide availability for the efficient utilization of cellulosic materials. This is because it is challenging to obtain an enzymatic cocktail with balanced activity from a single host. This report describes the annotation and structural analysis of an uncharacterized lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) gene in Penicillium funiculosum and its impact on biomass deconstruction upon overexpression in a catabolite-derepressed strain of P. funiculosum Cellobiohydrolase I (CBH1), which is the most important enzyme produced by many cellulolytic fungi for the saccharification of crystalline cellulose, was further overexpressed simultaneously with LPMO. The resulting secretome was analyzed for enhanced LPMO and exocellulase activities and the corresponding improvement in saccharification performance (by ∼20%) under high-level substrate loading using a minimal amount of protein.
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16
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Liang D, Andersen CB, Vetukuri RR, Dou D, Grenville-Briggs LJ. Horizontal Gene Transfer and Tandem Duplication Shape the Unique CAZyme Complement of the Mycoparasitic Oomycetes Pythium oligandrum and Pythium periplocum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581698. [PMID: 33329445 PMCID: PMC7720654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop protection strategies that are effective but that reduce our reliance on chemical pesticides are urgently needed to meet the UN sustainable development goals for global food security. Mycoparasitic oomycetes such as Pythium oligandrum and Pythium periplocum, have potential for the biological control of plant diseases that threaten crops and have attracted much attention due to their abilities to antagonize plant pathogens and modulate plant immunity. Studies of the molecular and genetic determinants of mycoparasitism in these species have been less well developed than those of their fungal counterparts. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from P. oligandrum and P. periplocum are predicted to be important components of mycoparasitism, being involved in the degradation of the cell wall of their oomycete and fungal prey species. To explore the evolution of CAZymes of these species we performed an in silico identification and comparison of the full CAZyme complement (CAZyome) of the two mycoparasitic Pythium species (P. oligandrum and P. periplocum), with seven other Pythium species, and four Phytophthora species. Twenty CAZy gene families involved in the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, glucan, and chitin were expanded in, or unique to, mycoparasitic Pythium species and several of these genes were expressed during mycoparasitic interactions with either oomycete or fungal prey, as revealed by RNA sequencing and quantitative qRT-PCR. Genes from three of the cellulose and chitin degrading CAZy families (namely AA9, GH5_14, and GH19) were expanded via tandem duplication and predominantly located in gene sparse regions of the genome, suggesting these enzymes are putative pathogenicity factors able to undergo rapid evolution. In addition, five of the CAZy gene families were likely to have been obtained from other microbes by horizontal gene transfer events. The mycoparasitic species are able to utilize complex carbohydrates present in fungal cell walls, namely chitin and N-acetylglucosamine for growth, in contrast to their phytopathogenic counterparts. Nonetheless, a preference for the utilization of simple sugars for growth appears to be a common trait within the oomycete lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Guo X, Sang J, Chai C, An Y, Wei Z, Zhang H, Ma L, Dai Y, Lu F, Liu F. A lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 and its characterization in cleavage of glycosidic chain of cellulose. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Pham TA, Kyriacou BA, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Xing X, Bulone V, Little A. Composition and biosynthetic machinery of the Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei conidia cell wall. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:100029. [PMID: 32743145 PMCID: PMC7388969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection of barley with the powdery mildew causal agent, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), can lead to devastating damage to barley crops. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance imposes a need to develop new antifungal strategies. The enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are ideal targets for the development of fungicides. However, in order to narrow down any target proteins involved in cell wall formation, a greater understanding of the cell wall structure and composition is required. Here, we present a detailed carbohydrate analysis of the Bgh conidial cell wall, a full annotation of Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZy) in the Bgh genome, and a comprehensive expression profile of the genes involved in cell wall metabolism. Glycosidic linkage analysis has revealed that the cell wall polysaccharide fraction of Bgh conidia predominantly consists of glucosyl residues (63.1%) and has a greater proportion of galactopyranosyl residues compared to other species (8.5%). Trace amounts of xylosyl residues were also detected, which is unusual in ascomycetes. Transcripts of the genes involved in cell wall metabolism show high expression of chitin deacetylases, which assist fungi in evading the host defence system by deacetylating chitin to chitosan. The data presented suggest that the cell wall components of the conidia and the corresponding obligate biotrophic CAZy gene profile play a key role in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang A.T. Pham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Bianca A. Kyriacou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Enzymatic degradation of algal 1,3-xylan: from synergism of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with β-1,3-xylanases to their intelligent immobilization on biomimetic silica nanoparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5347-5360. [PMID: 32318768 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) with synergistic effect on polysaccharide hydrolase represent a revolution in biotechnology, which may accelerate the conversion of biomass to the second-generation biofuels. Discovering more hydrolases that have synergism with LPMOs will considerably expand the knowledge and application of biomass degradation. The LPMOs named CgAA9 were verified to exhibit 1.52-fold synergism when incubated with β-1,3-xylanase at a molar ratio of 3:1. The ion chromatography results proved that CgAA9 did not alter the endogenous hydrolysis mode of β-1,3-xylanase. Meanwhile, to decrease the operational cost of enzymes, a novel strategy for immobilizing LPMOs and β-1,3-xylanases based on the biomimetic silica nanoparticles was developed. It enabled preparation of immobilized enzymes directly from the cell lysate. The immobilization efficiency and activity recovery reached 84.6 and 81.4%. They showed excellent reusability for 12 cycles by retaining 68% of initial activity. The optimum temperature for both free and immobilized biocatalyst were 40 and 37 °C, indicating they were ideal candidates for typical simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in ethanol production from algea biomass. This was the first report on the synergy between LPMOs and β-1,3-xylanase, and the strategy for enzyme self-immobilization was simple, timesaving, and efficient, which might have great potentials in algae biomass hydrolysis. KEY POINTS: • The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from Chaetomium globosum were firstly verified to boost the hydrolysis of β-1,3-xylanases for β-1,3-xylan. • A novel strategy for simple preparation of SpyCather-modifed silica nanopartilcles and intelligent immobilization of target enzymes from the cell lysate was proposed. • The immobilized LPMOs and β-1,3-xylanases could be reasonable alternatives for typical simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in manipulation of algae biomass.
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20
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Zhang R. Functional characterization of cellulose-degrading AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and their potential exploitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3229-3243. [PMID: 32076777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-degrading auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to be widely distributed among filamentous fungi and participate in the degradation of lignocellulose via the oxidative cleavage of celluloses, cello-oligosaccharides, or hemicelluloses. AA9 LPMOs have been reported to have extensive interactions with not only cellulases but also oxidases. The addition of AA9 LPMOs can greatly reduce the amount of cellulase needed for saccharification and increase the yield of glucose. The discovery of AA9 LPMOs has greatly changed our understanding of how fungi degrade cellulose. In this review, apart from summarizing the recent discoveries related to their catalytic reaction, functional diversity, and practical applications, the stability, expression system, and protein engineering of AA9 LPMOs are reviewed for the first time. This review may provide a reference value to further broaden the substrate range of AA9 LPMOs, expand the scope of their practical applications, and realize their customization for industrial utilization.Key Points• The stability and expression system of AA9 LPMOs are reviewed for the first time.• The protein engineering of AA9 LPMOs is systematically summarized for the first time.• The latest research results on the catalytic mechanism of AA9 LPMOs are summarized.• The application of AA9 LPMOs and their relationship with other enzymes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, No. 278 Xueyuannan Road, Huainan, 232038, China.
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21
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Malgas S, Mafa MS, Mkabayi L, Pletschke BI. A mini review of xylanolytic enzymes with regards to their synergistic interactions during hetero-xylan degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:187. [PMID: 31728656 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the recent models describing the mode of action of various xylanolytic enzymes and how these enzymes can be applied (sequentially or simultaneously) with their distinctive roles in mind to achieve efficient xylan degradation. With respect to homeosynergy, synergism appears to be as a result of β-xylanase and/or oligosaccharide reducing-end β-xylanase liberating xylo-oligomers (XOS) that are preferred substrates of the processive β-xylosidase. With regards to hetero-synergism, two cross relationships appear to exist and seem to be the reason for synergism between the enzymes during xylan degradation. These cross relations are the debranching enzymes such as α-glucuronidase or side-chain cleaving enzymes such as carbohydrate esterases (CE) removing decorations that would have hindered back-bone-cleaving enzymes, while backbone-cleaving-enzymes liberate XOS that are preferred substrates of the debranching and side-chain-cleaving enzymes. This interaction is demonstrated by high yields in co-production of xylan substituents such as arabinose, glucuronic acid and ferulic acid, and XOS. Finally, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) have also been implicated in boosting whole lignocellulosic biomass or insoluble xylan degradation by glycoside hydrolases (GH) by possibly disrupting entangled xylan residues. Since it has been observed that the same enzyme (same Enzyme Commission, EC, classification) from different GH or CE and/or AA families can display different synergistic interactions with other enzymes due to different substrate specificities and properties, in this review, we propose an approach of enzyme selection (and mode of application thereof) during xylan degradation, as this can improve the economic viability of the degradation of xylan for producing precursors of value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samkelo Malgas
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa
| | - Mpho S Mafa
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa.,Protein Structure-Function Research Unit (PSFRU), School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Wits University, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2000, South Africa
| | - Lithalethu Mkabayi
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa.
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22
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Adsul M, Sandhu SK, Singhania RR, Gupta R, Puri SK, Mathur A. Designing a cellulolytic enzyme cocktail for the efficient and economical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 133:109442. [PMID: 31874688 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about dwindling fossil fuels and their unfavorable environmental impacts shifted the global focus towards the development of biofuels from lignocellulosic feedstocks. The structure of this biomass is very complex due to which variety of enzymes (cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, auxiliary/AA9) and proteins (e.g. swollenin) required for efficient deconstruction. Major impediments in large-scale commercial production of cellulosic ethanol are the cost of cellulases and inability of any single microorganism to produce all cellulolytic components in sufficient titers. In the recent past, various methods for reducing the enzyme cost during cellulosic ethanol production have been attempted. These include designing optimal synergistic enzyme blends/cocktail, having certain ratios of enzymes from different microbial sources, for efficient hydrolysis of pretreated biomass. However, the mechanisms underlying the development, strategies for production and evaluation of optimal cellulolytic cocktails still remain unclear. This article aims to explore the technical and economic benefits of using cellulolytic enzyme cocktail, basic enzymatic and non-enzymatic components required for its development and various strategies employed for efficient cellulolytic cocktail preparation. Consideration was also given to the ways of evaluation of commercially available and in-house developed cocktails. Discussion about commercially available cellulolytic cocktails, current challenges and possible avenues in the development of cellulolytic cocktails included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Adsul
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India.
| | - Simranjeet Kaur Sandhu
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Suresh K Puri
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Anshu Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, R & D Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
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Wang X, Shen J, Kang J, Zhao X, Chen Z. Mechanism of oxytetracycline removal by aerobic granular sludge in SBR. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 161:308-318. [PMID: 31203036 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, oxytetracycline (OTC) as a target pollutant in swine wastewater was removed by aerobic granular sludge (AGS). The removal rate of 300 μg/L OTC in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (AGSBR) increased to 88.00% in 33 days and maintained stable. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in wastewater were also efficiently removed. The removal of OTC mainly depended on the adsorption and biodegradation of AGS, and the biodegradation was increased obviously after AGS adaptation to OTC. The degradation products of OTC were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The analysis of metagenome sequencing revealed that the enzymes, such as glycosyl transferases (GTs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs) and auxiliary activities (AAs), may play an important role in the removal of OTC. The Lefse analysis showed that the Flavobacteriia, Flavobacteriales, Cryomorphaceae and Fluviicola were four kinds of microbes with significant difference in OTC feed reactor, which are considered to be drug-resistant bacteria in AGSBR. Furthermore, the dynamics of microbial community changed significantly at three levels, including the enrichment of drug-resistant microorganisms and the microorganisms that gradually reduced or even disappeared under the pressure of OTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Champreda V, Mhuantong W, Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Kanokratana P, Zhao XQ, Zhang F, Inoue H, Fujii T, Eurwilaichitr L. Designing cellulolytic enzyme systems for biorefinery: From nature to application. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:637-654. [PMID: 31204199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role on conversion of lignocellulosic plant biomass to biofuels and biochemicals in sugar platform biorefineries. In this review, we survey composite carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) among groups of cellulolytic fungi and bacteria that exist under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Recent advances in designing effective cellulase mixtures are described, starting from the most complex microbial consortium-based enzyme preparations, to single-origin enzymes derived from intensively studied cellulase producers such as Trichoderma reesei, Talaromyces cellulolyticus, and Penicellium funiculosum, and the simplest minimal enzyme systems comprising selected sets of mono-component enzymes tailor-made for specific lignocellulosic substrates. We provide a comprehensive update on studies in developing high-performance cellulases for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verawat Champreda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Identification of a thermostable fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and evaluation of its effect on lignocellulosic degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5739-5750. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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de Gouvêa PF, Gerolamo LE, Bernardi AV, Pereira LMS, Uyemura SA, Dinamarco TM. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Aspergillus fumigatus can Improve Enzymatic Cocktail Activity During Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysis. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:377-385. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190228163629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) are auxiliary accessory
enzymes that act synergistically with cellulases and which are increasingly being used in secondgeneration
bioethanol production from biomasses. Several LPMOs have been identified in various
filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus. However, many LPMOs have not been characterized
yet.
Objective:
To report the role of uncharacterized A. fumigatus AfAA9_B LPMO.
Methods:
qRT-PCR analysis was employed to analyze the LPMO gene expression profile in different
carbon sources. The gene encoding an AfAA9_B (Afu4g07850) was cloned into the vector pET-
28a(+), expressed in the E. coli strain RosettaTM (DE3) pLysS, and purified by a Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic
(Ni-NTA) agarose resin. To evaluate the specific LPMO activity, the purified protein peroxidase
activity was assessed. The auxiliary LPMO activity was investigated by the synergistic activity in
Celluclast 1.5L enzymatic cocktail.
Results:
LPMO was highly induced in complex biomass like sugarcane bagasse (SEB), Avicel®
PH-101, and CM-cellulose. The LPMO gene encoded a protein comprising 250 amino acids, without
a CBM domain. After protein purification, the AfAA9_B molecular mass estimated by SDSPAGE
was 35 kDa. The purified protein specific peroxidase activity was 8.33 ± 1.9 U g-1. Upon
addition to Celluclast 1.5L, Avicel® PH-101 and SEB hydrolysis increased by 18% and 22%, respectively.
Conclusion:
A. fumigatus LPMO is a promising candidate to enhance the currently available enzymatic
cocktail and can therefore be used in second-generation ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fagundes de Gouvêa
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Gerolamo
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Vianna Bernardi
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Matheus Soares Pereira
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Akira Uyemura
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taisa Magnani Dinamarco
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ajmi K, Vismara E, Manai I, Haddad M, Hamdi M, Bouallagui H. Polyvinyl acetate processing wastewater treatment using combined Fenton's reagent and fungal consortium: Application of central composite design for conditions optimization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:243-255. [PMID: 29990812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Fenton reaction as an oxidative degradation process was used for industrial chemical wastewater (ICW) pretreatment. The biodegradation of pretreated ICW was performed, in aqueous environment under aerobic condition, by a defined fungal consortium. The central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition and the concentration of the pollution on the removal of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and organic compounds. The interaction between parameters was modeled using the response surface methodology (RSM). Results of optimization showed COD, PVA and color removal yields of 97.8%, 98.5% and 99.75%, respectively with a supplementof 1.4 gL-1 of (NH4)2SO4, 1.2 gL-1 of KH2PO4 and 75% of concentrated ICW. Enzymatic analysis proved that laccase and lignin peroxidase were involved in the biodegradation with 45 UIL-1 and 450 UIL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of metabolic products using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) showed clearly the mineralization of organic compounds and the formation of formic acid and ethanol. Therefore, the effective treatment of ICW was achieved by developing an integrated chemical and biological process which met the requirement for a safety effluent respectful for environment without risks for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Ajmi
- Carthage University, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elena Vismara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Imene Manai
- Carthage University, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maroua Haddad
- Carthage University, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moktar Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Hassib Bouallagui
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Bulakhov AG, Gusakov AV, Rozhkova AM, Volkov PV, Matys VY, Zorov IN, Sinitsyn AP. Properties of Chimeric Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with an Attached Cellulose Binding Module and Its Use in the Hydrolysis of Cellulose-Containing Materials in the Composition of Cellulase Complexes. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050418020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The effect of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and a xylanase from Gloeophyllum trabeum on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues using a commercial cellulase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 113:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Tovar-Herrera OE, Martha-Paz AM, Pérez-LLano Y, Aranda E, Tacoronte-Morales JE, Pedroso-Cabrera MT, Arévalo-Niño K, Folch-Mallol JL, Batista-García RA. Schizophyllum commune: An unexploited source for lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00637. [PMID: 29785766 PMCID: PMC6011954 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose represents the most abundant source of carbon in the Earth. Thus, fraction technology of the biomass turns up as an emerging technology for the development of biorefineries. Saccharification and fermentation processes require the formulation of enzymatic cocktails or the development of microorganisms (naturally or genetically modified) with the appropriate toolbox to produce a cost‐effective fermentation technology. Therefore, the search for microorganisms capable of developing effective cellulose hydrolysis represents one of the main challenges in this era. Schizophyllum commune is an edible agarical with a great capability to secrete a myriad of hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases and endoglucanases that are expressed in a high range of substrates. In addition, a large number of protein‐coding genes for glycoside hydrolases, oxidoreductases like laccases (Lacs; EC 1.10.3.2), as well as some sequences encoding for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and expansins‐like proteins demonstrate the potential of this fungus to be applied in different biotechnological process. In this review, we focus on the enzymatic toolbox of S. commune at the genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level, as well as the requirements to be employed for fermentable sugars production in biorefineries. At the end the trend of its use in patent registration is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Eduardo Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Adriana Mayrel Martha-Paz
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de manipulación genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yordanis Pérez-LLano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Katiushka Arévalo-Niño
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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31
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Kanokratana P, Wongwilaiwalin S, Mhuantong W, Tangphatsornruang S, Eurwilaichitr L, Champreda V. Characterization of cellulolytic microbial consortium enriched on Napier grass using metagenomic approaches. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:439-447. [PMID: 29169786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy grass is a promising substrate for production of biogas by anaerobic digestion. However, the conversion efficiency is limited by the enzymatically recalcitrant nature of cellulosic wastes. In this study, an active, structurally stable mesophilic lignocellulolytic degrading microbial consortium (Np-LMC) was constructed from forest compost soil microbiota by successive subcultivation on Napier grass under facultative anoxic conditions. According to tagged 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, increasing abundance of facultative Proteobacteria was found in the middle of batch cycle which was then subsequently replaced by the cellulose degraders Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes along with decreasing CMCase, xylanase, and β-glucanase activity profiles in the supernatant after 5 days of incubation. Anaerobic/facultative bacteria Dysgonomonas and Sedimentibacter and aerobic bacteria Comamonas were the major genera found in Np-LMC. The consortium was active on degradation of the native and delignified grass. Direct shotgun sequencing of the consortium metagenome revealed relatively high abundance of genes encoding for various lignocellulose degrading enzymes in 23 glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families compared to previously reported cellulolytic microbial communities in mammalian digestive tracts. Enzymes attacking cellulose and hemicellulose were dominated by GH2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 26, 28 and 43 in addition to a variety of carbohydrate esterases (CE) and auxiliary activities (AA), reflecting adaptation of the enzyme systems to the native herbaceous substrate. The consortium identified here represents the microcosm specifically bred on energy grass, with potential for enhancing degradation of fibrous substrates in bioenergy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Sarunyou Wongwilaiwalin
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- Genomic Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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32
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Gusakov AV, Bulakhov AG, Demin IN, Sinitsyn AP. Monitoring of reactions catalyzed by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases using highly-sensitive fluorimetric assay of the oxygen consumption rate. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:156-161. [PMID: 29100178 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are recently discovered enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deconstruction of polysaccharides. However fast and reliable methods of determination of LPMO activity still need to be developed, especially those based on the initial reaction rates. A method based on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements, using a Seahorse XFp Analyzer with highly-sensitive fluorimetric sensors, was applied for monitoring the oxidation of amorphous cellulose by three fungal LPMOs: recombinant enzymes from Thielavia terrestris (GH61E), Trichoderma reesei (Cel61A), and a native LPMO9A from Myceliophthora thermophila. The turnover numbers for 4 μM enzymes acting on 4 mg mL-1 cellulose at 37 °C were 0.88, 1.26 and 0.93 min-1, respectively. A possibility of feeding the dissolved reagents into the reaction system during measurements with obtaining a simultaneous response in the OCR allowed in situ monitoring the LPMO inhibition and activation by EDTA and Cu2+ ions as well as studying other effects on the enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Gusakov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory 1/11, Moscow 119991, Russia; Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Bulakhov
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Ilya N Demin
- BioChemMack JSC, Lomonosovsky Pr., 29/1, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Arkady P Sinitsyn
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory 1/11, Moscow 119991, Russia; Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from family AA9: Recent developments and application in lignocelullose breakdown. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:771-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Malgas S, Thoresen M, van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI. Time dependence of enzyme synergism during the degradation of model and natural lignocellulosic substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Billès E, Coma V, Peruch F, Grelier S. Water-soluble cellulose oligomer production by chemical and enzymatic synthesis: a mini-review. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Billès
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques; Université de Bordeaux; Pessac France
| | - Véronique Coma
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques; Université de Bordeaux; Pessac France
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques; Université de Bordeaux; Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Grelier
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques; Université de Bordeaux; Pessac France
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Bunterngsook B, Laothanachareon T, Natrchalayuth S, Lertphanich S, Fujii T, Inoue H, Youngthong C, Chantasingh D, Eurwilaichitr L, Champreda V. Optimization of a minimal synergistic enzyme system for hydrolysis of raw cassava pulp. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08472b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava pulp is an underused agricultural by-product comprising residual starch granules entrapped in cell wall polysaccharides, making it unique from other lignocellulosic wastes in terms of enzymatic processing.
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37
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Kim IJ, Seo N, An HJ, Kim JH, Harris PV, Kim KH. Type-dependent action modes of TtAA9E and TaAA9A acting on cellulose and differently pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:46. [PMID: 28250814 PMCID: PMC5322634 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a group of recently identified proteins that catalyze oxidative cleavage of the glycosidic linkages of cellulose and other polysaccharides. By utilizing the oxidative mode of action, LPMOs are able to enhance the efficiency of cellulase in the hydrolysis of cellulose. Particularly, auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) is a group of fungal LPMOs that show a type-dependent regioselectivity on cellulose in which Types 1, 2, and 3 hydroxylate at C1, C4, and C1 and C4 positions, respectively. In this study, we investigated comparative characteristics of TtAA9E from Thielavia terrestris belonging to Type 1 and TaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus belonging to Type 3 on cellulose and pretreated lignocellulose. RESULTS From product analysis, TtAA9E dominantly generated oligosaccharides with an aldonic acid form, which is an evidence of C1 oxidation, while TaAA9A generated oligosaccharides with both aldonic acid and 4-ketoaldose forms, which is evidence of C1 and C4 oxidations, respectively. For hydrolysis of cellulose (Avicel) by cellulase, higher synergism was observed for TtAA9E than for TaAA9A. For hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose using rice straw, synergistic behaviors of TtAA9E and TaAA9A were different depending on the pretreatment of rice straw. Specifically, on acid-pretreated rice straw, TtAA9E showed a higher synergism than TaAA9A while on alkali-pretreated rice straw, TaAA9A showed a higher synergism than TtAA9E. CONCLUSIONS We show type-dependent action modes of TtAA9E and TaAA9A for cellulose oxidation together with substrate-dependent synergistic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. The results obtained from this study indicate the different behaviors of AA9s on cellulose and pretreated lignocellulose, suggesting a selection of AA9 proteins specific to substrates is required for industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Graduate School, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Nari Seo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology and Asia-Pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology and Asia-Pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Graduate School, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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Colabardini AC, Valkonen M, Huuskonen A, Siika-aho M, Koivula A, Goldman GH, Saloheimo M. Expression of Two Novel β-Glucosidases from Chaetomium atrobrunneum in Trichoderma reesei and Characterization of the Heterologous Protein Products. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:821-831. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim IJ, Youn HJ, Kim KH. Synergism of an auxiliary activity 9 (AA9) from Chaetomium globosum with xylanase on the hydrolysis of xylan and lignocellulose. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Effective Cleavage of β-1,4-Glycosidic Bond by Functional Micelle with l-Histidine Residue. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Moses V, Hatherley R, Tastan Bishop Ö. Bioinformatic characterization of type-specific sequence and structural features in auxiliary activity family 9 proteins. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:239. [PMID: 27833654 PMCID: PMC5101804 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the impending depletion of fossil fuels, it has become important to identify alternative energy sources. The biofuel industry has proven to be a promising alternative. However, owing to the complex nature of plant biomass, hence the degradation, biofuel production remains a challenge. The copper-dependent Auxiliary Activity family 9 (AA9) proteins have been found to act synergistically with other cellulose-degrading enzymes resulting in an increased rate of cellulose breakdown. AA9 proteins are lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes, otherwise known as polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs). They are further classified as Type 1, 2 or 3 PMOs, depending on the different cleavage products formed. As AA9 proteins are known to exhibit low sequence conservation, the analysis of unique features of AA9 domains of these enzymes should provide insights for the better understanding of how different AA9 PMO types function. RESULTS Bioinformatics approaches were used to identify features specific to the catalytic AA9 domains of each type of AA9 PMO. Sequence analysis showed the N terminus to be highly variable with type-specific inserts evident in this region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to cluster AA9 domains based on their types. Motif analysis enabled the identification of sub-groups within each AA9 PMO type with the majority of these motifs occurring within the highly variable N terminus of AA9 domains. AA9 domain structures were manually docked to crystalline cellulose and used to analyze both the type-specific inserts and motifs at a structural level. The results indicated that these regions influence the AA9 domain active site topology and may contribute to the regioselectivity displayed by different AA9 PMO types. Physicochemical property analysis was performed and detected significant differences in aromaticity, isoelectric point and instability index between certain AA9 PMO types. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a type-specific characterisation of AA9 domains was performed using various bioinformatics approaches. These highly variable proteins were found to have a greater degree of conservation within their respective types. Type-specific features were identified for AA9 domains, which could be observed at a sequence, structural and physicochemical level. This provides a basis under which to identify and group new AA9 LPMOs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyani Moses
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Rowan Hatherley
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
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