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Buzzatto M, Benegas Guerrero F, Álvarez P, Zizzias M, Polo L, Tomes C. Expression, purification and application of a recombinant, membrane permeating version of the light chain of botulinum toxin B. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240117. [PMID: 39011584 PMCID: PMC11292472 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are valuable tools to unveil molecular mechanisms of exocytosis in neuronal and non-neuronal cells due to their peptidase activity on exocytic isoforms of SNARE proteins. They are produced by Clostridia as single-chain polypeptides that are proteolytically cleaved into light, catalytic domains covalently linked via disulfide bonds to heavy, targeting domains. This format of two subunits linked by disulfide bonds is required for the full neurotoxicity of BoNTs. We have generated a recombinant version of BoNT/B that consists of the light chain of the toxin fused to the protein transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (TAT peptide) and a hexahistidine tag. His6-TAT-BoNT/B-LC, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography, penetrated membranes and exhibited strong enzymatic activity, as evidenced by cleavage of the SNARE synaptobrevin from rat brain synaptosomes and human sperm cells. Proteolytic attack of synaptobrevin hindered exocytosis triggered by a calcium ionophore in the latter. The novel tool reported herein disrupts the function of a SNARE protein within minutes in cells that may or may not express the receptors for the BoNT/B heavy chain, and without the need for transient transfection or permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Vanina Buzzatto
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | | | - Pablo Ariel Álvarez
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - María Paz Zizzias
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - Luis Mariano Polo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - Claudia Nora Tomes
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
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Ravari NS, Sheikhlou MG, Goodarzi N, Kharazian B, Amini M, Atyabi F, Nasrollahi SA, Dinarvand R. Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of a new designed botulinum toxin-cell penetrating peptide nanoparticulate complex. Daru 2023; 31:1-12. [PMID: 37209247 PMCID: PMC10238362 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To have a better and longer effect, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is injected several times in a treatment course, which could increase side effects and cost. Some of the most cutting-edge strategies being investigated for proteins to their physiologic targets involve the reformulation of BoNT based on peptide-based delivery systems. For this purpose, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are of particular interest because of their capacity to cross the biological membranes. OBJECTIVES A short and simple CPP sequence was used as a carrier to create nanocomplex particles from BoNT/A, with the purpose of increasing toxin entrapment by target cells, reducing diffusion, and increasing the duration of the effect. METHOD CPP-BoNT/A nanocomplexes were formed by polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) method, considering the anionic structure of botulinum toxin and the cationic CPP sequence. The cellular toxicity, and absorption profile of the complex nanoparticles were evaluated, and the digit abduction score (DAS) was used to assess the local muscle weakening efficacy of BoNT/A and CPP-BoNT/A. RESULTS The provided optimized polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles had a 244 ± 20 nm particle size and 0.28 ± 0.04 PdI. In cellular toxicity, CPP-BoNT/A nanocomplexes as extended-release formulations of BoNT/A showed that nanocomplexes had a more toxic effect than BoNT/A. Furthermore, the comparison of weakening effectiveness on muscle was done among nanoparticles and free toxin on mice based on the digit abduction score (DAS) method, and nanocomplexes had a slower onset effect and a longer duration of action than toxin. CONCLUSION Using PEC method allowed us to form nanocomplex from proteins, and peptides without a covalent bond and harsh conditions. The muscle-weakening effect of toxin in CPP-BoNT/A nanocomplexes showed acceptable efficacy and extended-release pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Shabani Ravari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141556451, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghareh Sheikhlou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141556451, Iran
| | - Navid Goodarzi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614315, Iran
| | - Bahar Kharazian
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614315, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141556451, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141556451, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614315, Iran
| | - Saman A Nasrollahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416613675, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141556451, Iran.
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614315, Iran.
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Potent in vitro antitumor activity of B-subunit of Shiga toxin conjugated to the diphtheria toxin against breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174057. [PMID: 33753109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are protein-based drugs consist of a target-specific binding domain and a cytotoxic domain to eliminate target cells. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic to combat diseases such as cancer. Generally, the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STXB) receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), is expressed in high amounts on a number of human tumors cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated a new antitumor candidate called DT389-STXB chimeric protein, which genetically fused the DT to B-subunit of Shiga-like toxin (STXB). First a chimeric protein, encoding DT389-STXB was synthesized. The optimized chimeric protein expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by anti-His Western blot analysis. T47D, SKBR3, 4T1 and MCF7 cell lines were treated separately with purified DT389-STXB recombinant protein and functional activity of DT389-STXB was analyzed by the cell enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), MTT, ICC, Western blot and apoptosis tests. The results indicated that the recombinant DT389-STXB fusion protein with a molecular weight of 53 kDa was successfully expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and the anti-His western-blot was used to confirm the presence of the protein. The DT389-STXB fusion protein attached to T47D, SKBR3 and 4T1 cell lines with the proper affinity and induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity against GB3-expressing cancer cells in vitro. Our results showed that DT389-STXB fusion protein may be a promising candidate for antitumor therapy agent against breast cancer; however, further studies are required to explore its efficacy in vivo for therapeutic applications.
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Hwang W, Kim D, Kwon OS, Kim YS, Ahn B, Kang NG. Topical application of Zanthoxylum piperitum extract improves lateral canthal rhytides by inhibiting muscle contractions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21514. [PMID: 33299102 PMCID: PMC7726138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial wrinkles are the predominant phenotypes of skin aging. To date, one of the most effective ways to improve wrinkles is botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) injection, which inhibits muscle contractions by reducing acetylcholine release from neurons. However, since BoNT/A is a hazardous neurotoxin, the injection can only be performed by medical doctors and the procedure is only possible through invasive injection, causing inconveniences such as pain. To overcome these inconveniences, we tried to find a way to reduce wrinkles non-invasively via mechanisms similar to BoNT/A. We first designed in vitro assays to test BoNT/A-like muscle contraction inhibition in two different model systems. By using the assays, we identified Zanthoxylum piperitum (Z. piperitum) fruit extract as a BoNT-like reagent (27.7% decrease of muscle contraction rates by 1000 ppm of Z. piperitum extract treatment). Next, we determined mechanisms of how Z. piperitum extract decreases muscle contraction rates and found that the extract treatment inhibits electrical signal transduction in neurons. We also showed that among known components of Z. piperitum extract, quercitrin is responsible for muscle contraction inhibition. We further identified that Z. piperitum extract has synergistic effects with acetyl hexapeptide-8 and BoNT/A light chain, which are well-known BoNT-like peptides. Finally, we showed that topical treatment of the Z. piperitum extract indeed decreases facial wrinkles and treatment of Z. piperitum extract with acetyl hexapeptide-8 has a tendency to improve wrinkles synergistically (14.5% improvement on average). The synergistic effect of the combination is expected to improve wrinkles effectively by implementing the BoNT/A mechanisms in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseon Hwang
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea.
| | - Daehyun Kim
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea
| | - Oh Sun Kwon
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sun Kim
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea
| | - Byungjun Ahn
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea
| | - Nae-Gyu Kang
- R&D Center, LG Household and Healthcare, E10 building, LG Science Park, 70 Magokjungang-10-ro, Seoul, 07911, South Korea.
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Goleij Z, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Halabian R, Sorouri R, Imani Fooladi AA. Breast cancer targeted/ therapeutic with double and triple fusion Immunotoxins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105651. [PMID: 32147458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Target-specific transport of therapeutic agents holds promise to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment by decreasing injury to normal tissues and post treatment problems. HER2 is a tumor cell surface marker that is expressed in 25-30 % of breast cancer patients. The significant role of HER2 in cancer development and its biological feature makes it a highly appealing goal for the therapeutic treatment of cancer targeted therapy using HER2 monoclonal antibody. This approach is currently used as a special treatment against breast cancer in some research. In the present study, HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), (Herceptin) fused to PE38 by recombinant DNA technology and a new recombinant IT was developed. The scFv(Herceptin)-PE-STXA and scFv(Herceptin)-PE fusions cloned in pET28a and recombinant protein expression was carried out and then the proteins were purified. MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells were used as HER2-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of its evaluated using MTT assay. The cell ELISA was used to determine the binding ability of immunotoxins (ITs) to the cell receptor and internalization and apoptosis were also assessed. The results revealed that cell cytotoxicity occurred in SKBR-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner but not in MCF-7 cells. It is possible that this ITs can attach to HER2-positive breast cancer cells and then, internalize and eradicate cancer cells by apoptosis. Here, we concluded that the recombinant ITs have therapeutic potential against HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Goleij
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sorouri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Steward L, Brin MF, Brideau-Andersen A. Novel Native and Engineered Botulinum Neurotoxins. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 263:63-89. [PMID: 32274579 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by Clostridia and other bacteria, are the most potent toxins known. Their cleavage of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins in neurons prevents the release of neurotransmitters, thus resulting in the muscle paralysis that is characteristic of botulism. This mechanism of action has been exploited for a variety of therapeutic and cosmetic applications of BoNTs. This chapter provides an overview of the native BoNTs, including the classical serotypes and their clinical use, mosaic BoNTs, and novel BoNTs that have been recently identified in clostridial and non-clostridial strains. In addition, the modular structure of native BoNTs, which are composed of a light chain and a heavy chain, is amenable to a multitude of novel fusions and mutations using molecular biology techniques. These novel recombinant BoNTs have been used or are being developed to further characterize the biology of toxins, to assist in vaccine production, to serve as delivery vehicles to neurons, and to be utilized as novel therapeutics for both neuronal and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell F Brin
- Allergan plc, Irvine, CA, USA.,University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Fonfria E, Maignel J, Lezmi S, Martin V, Splevins A, Shubber S, Kalinichev M, Foster K, Picaut P, Krupp J. The Expanding Therapeutic Utility of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E208. [PMID: 29783676 PMCID: PMC5983264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent that is licensed in neurological indications, such as dystonia and spasticity. The BoNT family, which is produced in nature by clostridial bacteria, comprises several pharmacologically distinct proteins with distinct properties. In this review, we present an overview of the current therapeutic landscape and explore the diversity of BoNT proteins as future therapeutics. In recent years, novel indications have emerged in the fields of pain, migraine, overactive bladder, osteoarthritis, and wound healing. The study of biological effects distal to the injection site could provide future opportunities for disease-tailored BoNT therapies. However, there are some challenges in the pharmaceutical development of BoNTs, such as liquid and slow-release BoNT formulations; and, transdermal, transurothelial, and transepithelial delivery. Innovative approaches in the areas of formulation and delivery, together with highly sensitive analytical tools, will be key for the success of next generation BoNT clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fonfria
- Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - Jacquie Maignel
- Ipsen Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France.
| | - Stephane Lezmi
- Ipsen Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France.
| | - Vincent Martin
- Ipsen Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France.
| | - Andrew Splevins
- Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - Saif Shubber
- Ipsen Biopharm Ltd., Wrexham Industrial Estate, 9 Ash Road, Wrexham LL13 9UF, UK.
| | | | - Keith Foster
- Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - Philippe Picaut
- Ipsen Bioscience, 650 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Johannes Krupp
- Ipsen Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France.
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Saffarian P, Peerayeh SN, Amani J, Ebrahimi F, Sedighianrad H, Halabian R, Imani Fooladi AA. Expression and purification of recombinant TAT-BoNT/A (1-448) under denaturing and native conditions. Bioengineered 2016; 7:478-483. [PMID: 27566060 PMCID: PMC5241812 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1201252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A can temporarily inhibit muscle contraction. Currently, physicians administer this toxin as a bio-drug in treatment of some muscle contraction disorders. TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) is a functional recombinant protein derived from botulinum toxin light chain. Unlike the full length botulinum toxin, TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) is a self-permeable molecule which can pass through bio-surfaces so can be used as a topical therapeutic agent without injection. To maintain the functionality of TAT-BoNT/A(1-448), it is necessary to restore its normal folding upon expression and purification. In this study, we have investigated and optimized expression conditions for this novel recombinant protein. Under denaturing condition (1 mM IPTG, at 37°C), the chimeric protein was produced as inclusion body and required to be purified using denaturing agents (e.g. urea). Yet, lower incubation temperature (18°C) and less IPTG concentration (0.5 mM) induce a protein under native condition. In such condition, about 60% of the chimeric protein was expressed in soluble form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Najar Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooz Ebrahimi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighianrad
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Barbon S, Stocco E, Negro A, Dalzoppo D, Borgio L, Rajendran S, Grandi F, Porzionato A, Macchi V, De Caro R, Parnigotto PP, Grandi C. In vitro assessment of TAT - Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor therapeutic potential for peripheral nerve regeneration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 309:121-8. [PMID: 27597256 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In regenerative neurobiology, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is raising high interest as a multifunctional neurocytokine, playing a key role in the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. Despite its promising trophic and regulatory activity, its clinical application is limited by the onset of severe side effects, due to the lack of efficient intracellular trafficking after administration. In this study, recombinant CNTF linked to the transactivator transduction domain (TAT) was investigated in vitro and found to be an optimized fusion protein which preserves neurotrophic activity, besides enhancing cellular uptake for therapeutic advantage. Moreover, a compelling protein delivery method was defined, in the future perspective of improving nerve regeneration strategies. Following determination of TAT-CNTF molecular weight and concentration, its specific effect on neural SH-SY5Y and PC12 cultures was assessed. Cell proliferation assay demonstrated that the fusion protein triggers PC12 cell growth within 6h of stimulation. At the same time, the activation of signal transduction pathway and enhancement of cellular trafficking were found to be accomplished in both neural cell lines after specific treatment with TAT-CNTF. Finally, the recombinant growth factor was successfully loaded on oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds, and more efficiently released when polymer oxidation rate increased. Taken together, our results highlight that the TAT domain addiction to the protein sequence preserves CNTF specific neurotrophic activity in vitro, besides improving cellular uptake. Moreover, oxidized PVA could represent an ideal biomaterial for the development of nerve conduits loaded with the fusion protein to be delivered to the site of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barbon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy; Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (TES) ONLUS, Via De Sanctis 10, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, 35030 Padua, Italy.
| | - Elena Stocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy; Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (TES) ONLUS, Via De Sanctis 10, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, 35030 Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Daniele Dalzoppo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Luca Borgio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Senthilkumar Rajendran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesca Grandi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Surgery, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (TES) ONLUS, Via De Sanctis 10, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, 35030 Padua, Italy.
| | - Claudio Grandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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