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Yao L, Jia Y, Zhang Q, Zheng X, Yang H, Dai J, Chen X. Adaptive laboratory evolution to obtain furfural tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production and the underlying mechanism. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1333777. [PMID: 38239732 PMCID: PMC10794740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1333777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Furfural, a main inhibitor produced during pretreatment of lignocellulose, has shown inhibitory effects on S. cerevisiae. Method In the present study, new strains named 12-1 with enhanced resistance to furfural were obtained through adaptive laboratory evolution, which exhibited a shortened lag phase by 36 h, and an increased ethanol conversion rate by 6.67% under 4 g/L furfural. Results and Discussion To further explore the mechanism of enhanced furfural tolerance, ADR1_1802 mutant was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, based on whole genome re-sequencing data. The results indicated that the time when ADR1_1802 begin to grow was shortened by 20 h compared with reference strain (S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-5D) when furfural was 4 g/L. Additionally, the transcription levels of GRE2 and ADH6 in ADR1_ 1802 mutant were increased by 53.69 and 44.95%, respectively, according to real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. These findings suggest that the enhanced furfural tolerance of mutant is due to accelerated furfural degradation. Importance: Renewable carbon worldwide is vital to achieve "zero carbon" target. Bioethanol obtained from biomass is one of them. To make bioethanol price competitive to fossil fuel, higher ethanol yield is necessary, therefore, monosaccharide produced during biomass pretreatment should be effectively converted to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, inhibitors formed by glucose or xylose oxidation could make ethanol yield lower. Thus, inhibitor tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to this process. As one of the main component of pretreatment hydrolysate, furfural shows obvious impact on growth and ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To get furfural tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and find the underlying mechanism, adaptive laboratory evolution and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were applied in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youpiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang Z, Ahmad W, Zhu A, Geng W, Kang W, Ouyang Q, Chen Q. Identification of volatile compounds and metabolic pathway during ultrasound-assisted kombucha fermentation by HS-SPME-GC/MS combined with metabolomic analysis. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106339. [PMID: 36842214 PMCID: PMC9984899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current work combines headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) with multivariate analysis fusion metabonomics for examining metabolite profile changes. The correlation with metabolic pathways during the fermentation of kombucha tea were comprehensively explored. For optimizing the fermentation process, ultrasound-assisted factors were explored. A total of 132 metabolites released by fermented kombucha were detected by HS-SPME-GC/MS. We employed the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to present the relationship between aroma components and fermentation time, of which the first two principal components respectively accounted for 60.3% and 6.5% of the total variance. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that during the fermentation of kombucha tea, there were significant differences in the phenotypes of metabolites in the samples, and 25 characteristic metabolites were selected as biomarkers. Leaf alcohol was first proposed as the characteristic volatile in the fermentation process of kombucha. Furthermore, we addressed the generation pathways of characteristic volatiles, their formation mechanisms, and the transformational correlation among them. Our findings provide a roadmap for future kombucha fermentation processing to enhance kombucha flavor and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Afang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wenhui Geng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wencui Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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3
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Data mining of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants engineered for increased tolerance towards inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 57:107947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu ZL. Reasons for 2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: current state of knowledge and perspectives for further improvements. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2991-3007. [PMID: 33830300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Common toxic compounds 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) are formed from dehydration of pentose and hexose, respectively, during decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass polymers. Furfural and HMF represent a major class of aldehyde toxic chemicals that inhibit microbial growth and interfere with subsequent fermentation for production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Understanding mechanisms of yeast tolerance aids development of tolerant strains as the most economic means to overcome the toxicity. This review updates current knowledge on yeast resistance to these toxic chemicals obtained from rapid advances in the past few years. Findings are largely exemplified by an adapted strain NRRL Y-50049 compared with its progenitor, the industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae type strain NRRL Y-12632. Newly characterized molecular phenotypes distinguished acquired resistant components of Y-50049 from innate stress response of its progenitor Y-12632. These findings also raised important questions on how to address more deeply ingrained changes in addition to local renovations for yeast adaptation. An early review on understandings of yeast tolerance to these inhibitory compounds is available and its contents omitted here to avoid redundancy. Controversial and confusing issues on identification of yeast resistance to furfural and HMF are further clarified aiming improved future research. Propositions and perspectives on research understanding molecular mechanisms of yeast resistance and future improvements are also presented. KEY POINTS: • Distinguished adapted resistance from innate stress response in yeast. • Defined pathway-based molecular phenotypes of yeast resistance. • Proposed genomic insight and perspectives on yeast resistance and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lewis Liu
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
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5
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Kuang X, Ouyang Y, Guo Y, Li Q, Wang H, Abrha GT, Ayepa E, Gu Y, Li X, Chen Q, Ma M. New insights into two yeast BDHs from the PDH subfamily as aldehyde reductases in context of detoxification of lignocellulosic aldehyde inhibitors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6679-6692. [PMID: 32556414 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At least 24 aldehyde reductases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized and most function in in situ detoxification of lignocellulosic aldehyde inhibitors, but none is classified into the polyol dehydrogenase (PDH) subfamily of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) superfamily. This study confirmed that two (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenases (BDHs) from industrial (denoted Y)/laboratory (denoted B) strains of S. cerevisiae, Bdh1p(Y)/Bdh1p(B) and Bdh2p(Y)/Bdh2p(B), were members of the PDH subfamily with an NAD(P)H binding domain and a catalytic zinc binding domain, and exhibited reductive activities towards lignocellulosic aldehyde inhibitors, such as acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and furfural. Especially, the highest enzyme activity towards acetaldehyde by Bdh2p(Y) was 117.95 U/mg with cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH). Based on the comparative kinetic property analysis, Bdh2p(Y)/Bdh2p(B) possessed higher specific activity, substrate affinity, and catalytic efficiency towards glycolaldehyde than Bdh1p(Y)/Bdh1p(B). This was speculated to be related to their 49% sequence differences and five nonsynonymous substitutions (Ser41Thr, Glu173Gln, Ile270Leu, Ile316Met, and Gly317Cys) occurred in their conserved NAD(P)H binding domains. Compared with BDHs from a laboratory strain, Bdh1p(Y) and Bdh2p(Y) from an industrial strain displayed five nonsynonymous mutations (Thr12, Asn61, Glu168, Val222, and Ala235) and three nonsynonymous mutations (Ala34, Ile96, and Ala369), respectively. From a first analysis with selected aldehydes, their reductase activities were different from BDHs of laboratory strain, and their catalytic efficiency was higher towards glycolaldehyde and lower towards acetaldehyde. Comparative investigation of kinetic properties of BDHs from S. cerevisiae as aldehyde reductases provides a guideline for their practical applications in in situ detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors during lignocellulose bioconversion.Key Points• Two yeast BDHs have enzyme activities for reduction of aldehydes.• Overexpression of BDHs slightly improves yeast tolerance to acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde.• Bdh1p and Bdh2p differ in enzyme kinetic properties.• BDHs from strains with different genetic backgrounds differ in enzyme kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Kuang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Guo
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Patent Examination Cooperation Sichuan Center of the Patent Office, SIPO, Chengdu, 610213, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Getachew Tafere Abrha
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ellen Ayepa
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Menggen Ma
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Jayakody LN, Turner TL, Yun EJ, Kong II, Liu JJ, Jin YS. Expression of Gre2p improves tolerance of engineered xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae to glycolaldehyde under xylose metabolism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8121-8133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Huang S, Xue T, Wang Z, Ma Y, He X, Hong J, Zou S, Song H, Zhang M. Furfural-tolerant Zymomonas mobilis derived from error-prone PCR-based whole genome shuffling and their tolerant mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3337-3347. [PMID: 29464326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Furfural-tolerant strain is essential for the fermentative production of biofuels or chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, Zymomonas mobilis CP4 was for the first time subjected to error-prone PCR-based whole genome shuffling, and the resulting mutants F211 and F27 that could tolerate 3 g/L furfural were obtained. The mutant F211 under various furfural stress conditions could rapidly grow when the furfural concentration reduced to 1 g/L. Meanwhile, the two mutants also showed higher tolerance to high concentration of glucose than the control strain CP4. Genome resequencing revealed that the F211 and F27 had 12 and 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The activity assay demonstrated that the activity of NADH-dependent furfural reductase in mutant F211 and CP4 was all increased under furfural stress, and the activity peaked earlier in mutant than in control. Also, furfural level in the culture of F211 was also more rapidly decreased. These indicate that the increase in furfural tolerance of the mutants may be resulted from the enhanced NADH-dependent furfural reductase activity during early log phase, which could lead to an accelerated furfural detoxification process in mutants. In all, we obtained Z. mobilis mutants with enhanced furfural and high concentration of glucose tolerance, and provided valuable clues for the mechanism of furfural tolerance and strain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Huang
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tingli Xue
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xueting He
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiefang Hong
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shaolan Zou
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hao Song
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Minhua Zhang
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road No. 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, China
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A new source of resistance to 2-furaldehyde from Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis for sustainable lignocellulose-to-biofuel conversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4981-4993. [PMID: 28357544 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment have been identified as a major class of toxic chemicals that interfere with microbial growth and subsequent fermentation for advanced biofuel production. Development of robust next-generation biocatalyst is a key for a low-cost biofuel production industry. Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis is a naturally occurring C-5 sugar utilization yeast; however, little is known about the genetic background underlying its potential tolerance to biomass conversion inhibitors. We investigated and identified five uncharacterized putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase genes (SsAADs) from this yeast as a new source of resistance against biomass fermentation inhibitor 2-furaldehyde (furfural) by gene expression, gene cloning, and direct enzyme assay analysis using partially purified proteins. All five proteins from S. stipitis showed furfural reduction using cofactor NADH. An optimum active temperature was observed at 40 °C for SsAad1p; 30 °C for SsAad3p, SsAad4p, and SsAad5p; and 20 °C for SsAad2p. SsAad2p, SsAad3p, and SsAad4p showed tolerance to a wide range of pH from 4.5 to 8, but SsAad1p and SsAad5p were sensitive to pH changes beyond 7. Genes SsAAD2, SsAAD3, and SsAAD4 displayed significantly enhanced higher levels of expression in response to the challenge of furfural. Their encoding proteins also showed higher levels of specific activity toward furfural and were suggested as core functional enzymes contributing aldehyde resistance in S. stipitis.
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Wang HY, Xiao DF, Zhou C, Wang LL, Wu L, Lu YT, Xiang QJ, Zhao K, Li X, Ma MG. YLL056C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a novel protein with aldehyde reductase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4507-4520. [PMID: 28265724 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, the largest family in dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, is divided into "classical," "extended," "intermediate," "divergent," "complex," and "atypical" groups. Recently, several open reading frames (ORFs) were characterized as intermediate SDR aldehyde reductase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, no functional protein in the atypical group has been characterized in S. cerevisiae till now. Herein, we report that an uncharacterized ORF YLL056C from S. cerevisiae was significantly upregulated under high furfural (2-furaldehyde) or 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde concentrations, and transcription factors Yap1p, Hsf1p, Pdr1/3p, Yrr1p, and Stb5p likely controlled its upregulated transcription. This ORF indeed encoded a protein (Yll056cp), which was grouped into the atypical subgroup 7 in the SDR family and localized to the cytoplasm. Enzyme activity assays showed that Yll056cp is not a quinone or ketone reductase but an NADH-dependent aldehyde reductase, which can reduce at least seven aldehyde compounds. This enzyme showed the best Vmax, Kcat, and Kcat/Km to glycolaldehyde, but the highest affinity (Km) to formaldehyde. The optimum pH and temperature of this enzyme was pH 6.5 for reduction of glycolaldehyde, furfural, formaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and propylaldehyde, and 30 °C for reduction of formaldehyde or 35 °C for reduction of glycolaldehyde, furfural, butyraldehyde, and propylaldehyde. Temperature and pH affected stability of this enzyme and this influence varied with aldehyde substrate. Metal ions, salts, and chemical protective additives, especially at high concentrations, had different influence on enzyme activities for reduction of different aldehydes. This research provided guidelines for study of more uncharacterized atypical SDR enzymes from S. cerevisiae and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Wang
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Fan Xiao
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lu Wang
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wu
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ting Lu
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Ju Xiang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng -Gen Ma
- Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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