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Kadooka C, Tanaka Y, Kishida R, Hira D, Oka T. Discovery of α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures resembling yeast N-glycan outer chains in Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium. mSphere 2024; 9:e0010024. [PMID: 38651868 PMCID: PMC11237753 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00100-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular surface of the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is enveloped in a mannose layer, featuring well-established fungal-type galactomannan and O-mannose-type galactomannan. This study reports the discovery of cell wall component in A. fumigatus mycelium, which resembles N-glycan outer chains found in yeast. The glycosyltransferases involved in its biosynthesis in A. fumigatus were identified, with a focus on two key α-(1→2)-mannosyltransferases, Mnn2 and Mnn5, and two α-(1→6)-mannosyltransferases, Mnn9 and Van1. In vitro examination revealed the roles of recombinant Mnn2 and Mnn5 in transferring α-(1→2)-mannosyl residues. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of cell wall extracts from the ∆mnn2∆mnn5 strain indicated the existence of an α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone in the A. fumigatus mycelium, with Mnn2 and Mnn5 adding α-(1→2)-mannosyl residues to this backbone. The α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone was absent in strains where mnn9 or van1 was disrupted in the parental ∆mnn2∆mnn5 strain in A. fumigatus. Mnn9 and Van1 functioned as α-(1→6)-linked mannan polymerases in heterodimers when co-expressed in Escherichia coli, indicating their crucial role in biosynthesizing the α-(1→6)-linked mannan backbone. Disruptions of these mannosyltransferases did not affect fungal-type galactomannan biosynthesis. This study provides insights into the complexity of fungal cell wall architecture and a better understanding of mannan biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. IMPORTANCE This study unravels the complexities of mannan biosynthesis in A. fumigatus, a key area for antifungal drug discovery. It reveals the presence of α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures resembling yeast N-glycan outer chains in A. fumigatus mycelium, offering fresh insights into the fungal cell wall's design. Key enzymes, Mnn2, Mnn5, Mnn9, and Van1, are instrumental in this process, with Mnn2 and Mnn5 adding specific mannose residues and Mnn9 and Van1 assembling the α-(1→6)-linked mannan structures. Although fungal-type galactomannan's presence in the cell wall is known, the existence of an α-(1→6)-linked mannan adds a new dimension to our understanding. This intricate web of mannan biosynthesis opens avenues for further exploration and enhances our understanding of fungal cell wall dynamics, paving the way for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rintaro Kishida
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Oka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Zhao M, Ma J, Zhang L, Qi H. Engineering strategies for enhanced heterologous protein production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:32. [PMID: 38247006 PMCID: PMC10801990 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial proteins are promising substitutes for animal- and plant-based proteins. S. cerevisiae, a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microorganism, has been frequently employed to generate heterologous proteins. However, constructing a universal yeast chassis for efficient protein production is still a challenge due to the varying properties of different proteins. With progress in synthetic biology, a multitude of molecular biology tools and metabolic engineering strategies have been employed to alleviate these issues. This review first analyses the advantages of protein production by S. cerevisiae. The most recent advances in improving heterologous protein yield are summarized and discussed in terms of protein hyperexpression systems, protein secretion engineering, glycosylation pathway engineering and systems metabolic engineering. Furthermore, the prospects for efficient and sustainable heterologous protein production by S. cerevisiae are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianfan Ma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haishan Qi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Seo J, Oh DB. Mannose-6-phosphate glycan for lysosomal targeting: various applications from enzyme replacement therapy to lysosome-targeting chimeras. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:84-91. [PMID: 35784393 PMCID: PMC9246025 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2079719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Seo
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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Kang JY, Choi HY, Kim DI, Kwon O, Oh DB. In Vitro N-Glycan Mannosyl-Phosphorylation of a Therapeutic Enzyme by Using Recombinant Mnn14 Produced from Pichia pastoris. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:163-170. [PMID: 33144549 PMCID: PMC9705852 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases usually requires recombinant enzymes containing mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycans for cellular uptake and lysosomal targeting. For the first time, a strategy is established here for the in vitro mannosyl-phosphorylation of high-mannose type N-glycans that utilizes a recombinant Mnn14 protein derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among a series of N-terminal- or C-terminal-deleted recombinant Mnn14 proteins expressed in Pichia pastoris, rMnn1477-935 with deletion of N-terminal 76 amino acids spanning the transmembrane domain (46 amino acids) and part of the stem region (30 amino acids), showed the highest level of mannosyl-phosphorylation activity. The optimum reaction conditions for rMnn1477-935 were determined through enzyme assays with a high-mannose type N-glycan (Man8GlcNAc2) as a substrate. In addition, rMnn1477-935 was shown to mannosyl-phosphorylate high-mannose type Nglycans (Man7-9GlcNAc2) on recombinant human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) with remarkably high efficiency. Moreover, the majority of the resulting mannosyl-phosphorylated glycans were bis-form which can be converted to bis-phosphorylated M6P glycans having a superior lysosomal targeting capability. An in vitro N-glycan mannosyl-phosphorylation reaction using rMnn1477-935 will provide a flexible and straightforward method to increase the M6P glycan content for the generation of "Biobetter" therapeutic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yeol Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 1, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 1, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohsuk Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 411, Republic of Korea,O.Kwon Phone : +82-42-860-4457 Fax : +42-860-4549 E-mail:
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 411, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors D-B.Oh Phone : +82-42-860-4459 Fax : +42-860-4549 E-mail:
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Lee MH, Hsu TL, Lin JJ, Lin YJ, Kao YY, Chang JJ, Li WH. Constructing a human complex type N-linked glycosylation pathway in Kluyveromyces marxianus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233492. [PMID: 32469948 PMCID: PMC7259728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation can affect various protein properties such as stability, biological activity, and immunogenicity. To produce human therapeutic proteins, a host that can produce glycoproteins with correct glycan structures is required. Microbial expression systems offer economical, rapid and serum-free production and are more amenable to genetic manipulation. In this study, we developed a protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 multiple gene knockouts and knockins in Kluyveromyces marxianus, a probiotic yeast with a rapid growth rate. As hyper-mannosylation is a common problem in yeast, we first knocked out the α-1,3-mannosyltransferase (ALG3) and α-1,6-mannosyltransferase (OCH1) genes to reduce mannosylation. We also knocked out the subunit of the telomeric Ku domain (KU70) to increase the homologous recombination efficiency of K. marxianus. In addition, we knocked in the MdsI (α-1,2-mannosidase) gene to reduce mannosylation and the GnTI (β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I) and GnTII genes to produce human N-glycan structures. We finally obtained two strains that can produce low amounts of the core N-glycan Man3GlcNAc2 and the human complex N-glycan Man3GlcNAc4, where Man is mannose and GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine. This study lays a cornerstone of glycosylation engineering in K. marxianus toward producing human glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsuan Lee
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Jy Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Kao
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Jen Chang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Franco B, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Hernández NV, Estrada-Mata E, Mora-Montes HM. Role of protein phosphomannosylation in the Candida tropicalis-macrophage interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4989128. [PMID: 29718196 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for mucosal and systemic infections. The cell wall is the initial contact point between a fungal cell and the host immune system, and mannoproteins are important components that play key roles when interacting with host cells. In Candida albicans, mannans are modified by mannosyl-phosphate moieties, named phosphomannans, which can work as molecular scaffolds to synthesize β1,2-mannooligosaccharides, and MNN4 is a positive regulator of the phosphomannosylation pathway. Here, we showed that C. tropicalis also displays phosphomannans on the cell surface, but the amount of this cell wall component varies depending on the fungal strain. We also identified a functional ortholog of CaMNN4 in C. tropicalis. Disruption of this gene caused depletion of phosphomannan content. The C. tropicalis mnn4Δ did not show defects in the ability to stimulate cytokine production by human mononuclear cells but displayed virulence attenuation in an insect model of candidiasis. When the mnn4Δ-macrophage interaction was analyzed, results showed that presence of cell wall phosphomannan was critical for C. tropicalis phagocytosis. Finally, our results strongly suggest a differential role for phosphomannans during phagocytosis of C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Diana M Clavijo-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Nahúm V Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Eine Estrada-Mata
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Héctor Manuel Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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8
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Khan AH, Noordin R. Strategies for humanizing glycosylation pathways and producing recombinant glycoproteins in microbial expression systems. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2752. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hayat Khan
- Inst. for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Inst. for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
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Lysosomal Targeting Enhancement by Conjugation of Glycopeptides Containing Mannose-6-phosphate Glycans Derived from Glyco-engineered Yeast. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8730. [PMID: 29880804 PMCID: PMC5992200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic enzymes for lysosomal storage diseases require a high content of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycan, which is important for cellular uptake and lysosomal targeting. We constructed glyco-engineered yeast harboring a high content of mannosylphosphorylated glycans, which can be converted to M6P glycans by uncapping of the outer mannose residue. In this study, the cell wall of this yeast was employed as a natural M6P glycan source for conjugation to therapeutic enzymes. The extracted cell wall mannoproteins were digested by pronase to generate short glycopeptides, which were further elaborated by uncapping and α(1,2)-mannosidase digestion steps. The resulting glycopeptides containing M6P glycans (M6PgPs) showed proper cellular uptake and lysosome targeting. The purified M6PgPs were successfully conjugated to a recombinant acid α-glucosidase (rGAA), used for the treatment of Pompe disease, by two-step reactions using two hetero-bifunctional crosslinkers. First, rGAA and M6PgPs were modified with crosslinkers containing azide and dibenzocyclooctyne, respectively. In the second reaction using copper-free click chemistry, the azide-functionalized rGAA was conjugated with dibenzocyclooctyne-functionalized M6PgPs without the loss of enzyme activity. The M6PgP-conjugated rGAA had a 16-fold higher content of M6P glycan than rGAA, which resulted in greatly increased cellular uptake and efficient digestion of glycogen accumulated in Pompe disease patient fibroblasts.
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González-Hernández RJ, Jin K, Hernández-Chávez MJ, Díaz-Jiménez DF, Trujillo-Esquivel E, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Tamez-Castrellón AK, Franco B, Gow NAR, Mora-Montes HM. Phosphomannosylation and the Functional Analysis of the Extended Candida albicans MNN4-Like Gene Family. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2156. [PMID: 29163439 PMCID: PMC5681524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphomannosylation is a modification of cell wall proteins that occurs in some species of yeast-like organisms, including the human pathogen Candida albicans. These modified mannans confer a negative charge to the wall, which is important for the interactions with phagocytic cells of the immune systems and cationic antimicrobial peptides. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the synthesis of phosphomannan relies on two enzymes, the phosphomannosyltransferase Ktr6 and its positive regulator Mnn4. However, in C. albicans, at least three phosphomannosyltransferases, Mnn4, Mnt3 and Mnt5, participate in the addition of phosphomannan. In addition to MNN4, C. albicans has a MNN4-like gene family composed of seven other homologous members that have no known function. Here, using the classical mini-Ura-blaster approach and the new gene knockout CRISPR-Cas9 system for gene disruption, we generated mutants lacking single and multiple genes of the MNN4 family; and demonstrate that, although Mnn4 has a major impact on the phosphomannan content, MNN42 was also required for full protein phosphomannosylation. The reintroduction of MNN41, MNN42, MNN46, or MNN47 in a genetic background lacking MNN4 partially restored the phenotype associated with the mnn4Δ null mutant, suggesting that there is partial redundancy of function between some family members and that the dominant effect of MNN4 over other genes could be due to its relative abundance within the cell. We observed that additional copies of alleles number of any of the other family members, with the exception of MNN46, restored the phosphomannan content in cells lacking both MNT3 and MNT5. We, therefore, suggest that phosphomannosylation is achieved by three groups of proteins: [i] enzymes solely activated by Mnn4, [ii] enzymes activated by the dual action of Mnn4 and any of the products of other MNN4-like genes, with exception of MNN46, and [iii] activation of Mnt3 and Mnt5 by Mnn4 and Mnn46. Therefore, although the MNN4-like genes have the potential to functionally redundant with Mnn4, they apparently do not play a major role in cell wall mannosylation under most in vitro growth conditions. In addition, our phenotypic analyses indicate that several members of this gene family influence the ability of macrophages to phagocytose C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Jin
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Marco J. Hernández-Chávez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Diana F. Díaz-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elías Trujillo-Esquivel
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Alma K. Tamez-Castrellón
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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