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Long Z, Li K, Xue Y, Sun Y, Li J, Su Z, Sun J, Liu Q, Liu H, Wei T. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel ene- reductase from Kazachstania exigua HSC6 for dihydro-β-ionone from β-ionone. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:499-508. [PMID: 36738355 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We purified and characterized a novel ene-reductase (KaDBR1) from Kazachstania exigua HSC6 for the synthesis of dihydro-β-ionone from β-ionone. METHODS KaDBR1 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and phenyl-Sepharose Fast Flow and Q-Sepharose chromatography. The purified enzyme was characterized by measuring the amount of dihydro-β-ionone from β-ionone with LC-MS analysis method. RESULTS The molecular mass of KaDBR1 was estimated to be 45 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purified KaDBR1 enzyme had optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 6.0. The addition of 5 mM Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Na+, and dithiothreitol increased the activity of KaDBR1 by 25%, 18%, 34%, 20%, and 23%, respectively. KaDBR1 favored NADH over NADPH as a cofactor, and its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward β-ionone using NADH was 8.1-fold greater than when using NADPH. CONCLUSION Owing to its unique properties, KaDBR1 is a potential candidate for the enzymatic biotransformation of β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone in biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangde Long
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kena Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yun Xue
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yongwei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jigang Li
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Zan Su
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jiansheng Sun
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Qibin Liu
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Hong Liu
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Tao Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Immobilization of Ene Reductase in Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel. Protein J 2022; 41:394-402. [PMID: 35715719 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ene reductase (ER) was entrapped in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel, adsorbed on montmorillonite and immobilized covalently on glutaraldehyde activated 3-aminopropyl-functionalized silica gel. Although protein recovery yields were at least 85% for adsorption and covalent immobilization, only the encapsulated ER showed activity. The activity of free and entrapped ER preparations was measured by following NADPH-dependent reduction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one. The both protein recovery and activity recovery yields were calculated as 100% when 1 mg protein was used for immobilization. The both free and entrapped ER preparations showed the same optimum pH and temperature as 7.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The entrapped ER showed 34.4-fold more thermal stability than that of the free ER at 30 °C. Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity values were 0.25 mM and 1.2 U/mg protein, respectively for the free ER towards 2-cyclohexen-1-one. The corresponding values were 1.5 mM and 0.9 U/mg protein for the entrapped ER. The results of time-course reduction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one showed that the entrapped ER catalyzed the reaction as effectively as the free ER. The entrapped ER remained 85% of its initial activity after 10 reused cycles.
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Kumar Roy T, Sreedharan R, Ghosh P, Gandhi T, Maiti D. Ene-Reductase: A Multifaceted Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103949. [PMID: 35133702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis integrate microbiologists, enzymologists, and organic chemists to access the repertoire of pharmaceutical and agrochemicals with high chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity. The saturation of carbon-carbon double bonds by biocatalysts challenges the conventional chemical methodology as it bypasses the use of precious metals (in combination with chiral ligands and molecular hydrogen) or organocatalysts. In this line, Ene-reductases (ERs) from the Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) family are found to be a prominent asymmetric biocatalyst that is increasingly used in academia and industries towards unparalleled stereoselective trans-hydrogenations of activated C=C bonds. ERs gained prominence as they were used as individual catalysts, multi-enzyme cascades, and in conjugation with chemical reagents (chemoenzymatic approach). Besides, ERs' participation in the photoelectrochemical and radical-mediated process helps to unlock many scopes outside traditional biocatalysis. These up-and-coming methodologies entice the enzymologists and chemists to explore, expand and harness the chemistries displayed by ERs for industrial settings. Herein, we reviewed the last five year's exploration of organic transformations using ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triptesh Kumar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, India
| | - Ramdas Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Thirumanavelan Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Chemistry Department and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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Lee M, Drenth J, Trajkovic M, de Jong RM, Fraaije MW. Introducing an Artificial Deazaflavin Cofactor in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:938-952. [PMID: 35044755 PMCID: PMC8859854 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Deazaflavin-dependent
whole-cell conversions in well-studied and
industrially relevant microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have high potential
for the biocatalytic production of valuable compounds. The artificial
deazaflavin FOP (FO-5′-phosphate) can functionally substitute
the natural deazaflavin F420 and can be synthesized in
fewer steps, offering a solution to the limited availability of the
latter due to its complex (bio)synthesis. Herein we set out to produce
FOP in vivo as a scalable FOP production method and as a means for
FOP-mediated whole-cell conversions. Heterologous expression of the
riboflavin kinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe enabled
in vivo phosphorylation of FO, which was supplied by either organic
synthesis ex vivo, or by a coexpressed FO synthase in vivo, producing
FOP in E. coli as well as in S. cerevisiae. Through combined approaches of enzyme engineering as well as optimization
of expression systems and growth media, we further improved the in
vivo FOP production in both organisms. The improved FOP production
yield in E. coli is comparable to the F420 yield of native F420-producing organisms such
as Mycobacterium smegmatis, but the former can be
achieved in a significantly shorter time frame. Our E. coli expression system has an estimated production rate of 0.078 μmol
L–1 h–1 and results in an intracellular
FOP concentration of about 40 μM, which is high enough to support
catalysis. In fact, we demonstrate the successful FOP-mediated whole-cell
conversion of ketoisophorone using E. coli cells.
In S. cerevisiae, in vivo FOP production by SpRFK using supplied FO was improved through media optimization
and enzyme engineering. Through structure-guided enzyme engineering,
a SpRFK variant with 7-fold increased catalytic efficiency
compared to the wild type was discovered. By using this variant in
optimized media conditions, FOP production yield in S. cerevisiae was 20-fold increased compared to the very low initial yield of
0.24 ± 0.04 nmol per g dry biomass. The results show that bacterial
and eukaryotic hosts can be engineered to produce the functional deazaflavin
cofactor mimic FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Lee
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Drenth
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René M. de Jong
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tischler D, Gädke E, Eggerichs D, Gomez Baraibar A, Mügge C, Scholtissek A, Paul CE. Asymmetric Reduction of (R)-Carvone through a Thermostable and Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Ene-Reductase. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1217-1225. [PMID: 31692216 PMCID: PMC7216909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ene‐reductases allow regio‐ and stereoselective reduction of activated C=C double bonds at the expense of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors [NAD(P)H]. Biological NAD(P)H can be replaced by synthetic mimics to facilitate enzyme screening and process optimization. The ene‐reductase FOYE‐1, originating from an acidophilic iron oxidizer, has been described as a promising candidate and is now being explored for applied biocatalysis. Biological and synthetic nicotinamide cofactors were evaluated to fuel FOYE‐1 to produce valuable compounds. A maximum activity of (319.7±3.2) U mg−1 with NADPH or of (206.7±3.4) U mg−1 with 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) for the reduction of N‐methylmaleimide was observed at 30 °C. Notably, BNAH was found to be a promising reductant but exhibits poor solubility in water. Different organic solvents were therefore assayed: FOYE‐1 showed excellent performance in most systems with up to 20 vol% solvent and at temperatures up to 40 °C. Purification and application strategies were evaluated on a small scale to optimize the process. Finally, a 200 mL biotransformation of 750 mg (R)‐carvone afforded 495 mg of (2R,5R)‐dihydrocarvone (>95 % ee), demonstrating the simplicity of handling and application of FOYE‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Gädke
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.,Present address: BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Strasse 34, 64673, Zwingenberg, Germany
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Busch H, Alvarenga N, Abdelraheem E, Hoek M, Hagedoorn P, Hanefeld U. Re‐Investigation of Hydration Potential of
Rhodococcus
Whole‐Cell Biocatalysts towards Michael Acceptors. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Busch
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
| | - Natália Alvarenga
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
| | - Eman Abdelraheem
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
| | - Max Hoek
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ (The Netherlands
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Complete Genome Sequence of Rhodococcus sp. Strain SGAir0479, Isolated from Indoor Air Collected in Singapore. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/40/e00622-19. [PMID: 31582433 PMCID: PMC6776762 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00622-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. strain SGAir0479 is presented here. This organism was isolated from an air sample collected in an indoor location in Singapore. The consensus assembly generated one chromosome of 4.86 Mb (G+C content of 69.8%) and one plasmid of 104,493 bp. The complete genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. strain SGAir0479 is presented here. This organism was isolated from an air sample collected in an indoor location in Singapore. The consensus assembly generated one chromosome of 4.86 Mb (G+C content of 69.8%) and one plasmid of 104,493 bp.
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Busch H, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Rhodococcus as A Versatile Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4787. [PMID: 31561555 PMCID: PMC6801914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of purified enzymes as well as whole-cell biocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry is becoming more and more popular, and both academia and industry are keen on finding and developing novel enzymes capable of performing otherwise impossible or challenging reactions. The diverse genus Rhodococcus offers a multitude of promising enzymes, which therefore makes it one of the key bacterial hosts in many areas of research. This review focused on the broad utilization potential of the genus Rhodococcus in organic chemistry, thereby particularly highlighting the specific enzyme classes exploited and the reactions they catalyze. Additionally, close attention was paid to the substrate scope that each enzyme class covers. Overall, a comprehensive overview of the applicability of the genus Rhodococcus is provided, which puts this versatile microorganism in the spotlight of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Busch
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Tischler D, van Berkel WJH, Fraaije MW. Editorial: Actinobacteria, a Source of Biocatalytic Tools. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31040839 PMCID: PMC6477052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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