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Křen V, Bojarová P. Rutinosidase and other diglycosidases: Rising stars in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108217. [PMID: 37481095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are a special class of glycosidases (EC 3.2.1) that catalyze the separation of intact disaccharide moieties from the aglycone part. The main diglycosidase representatives comprise rutinosidases that cleave rutinose (α-l-Rha-(1-6)-β-d-Glc) from rutin or other rutinosides, and (iso)primeverosidases processing (iso)primeverosides (d-Xyl-(1-6)-β-d-Glc), but other activities are known. Notably, some diglycosidases may be ranked as monoglucosidases with enlarged substrate specificity. Diglycosidases are found in various microorganisms and plants. Diglycosidases are used in the food industry for aroma enhancement and flavor modification. Besides their hydrolytic activity, they also possess pronounced synthetic (transglycosylating) capabilities. Recently, they have been demonstrated to glycosylate various substrates in a high yield, including peculiar species like inorganic azide or carboxylic acids, which is a unique feature in biocatalysis. Rhamnose-containing compounds such as rutinose are currently receiving increased attention due to their proven activity in anti-cancer and dermatological experimental studies. This review demonstrates the vast and yet underrated biotechnological potential of diglycosidases from various sources (plant, microbial), and reveals perspectives on the use of these catalysts as well as of their products in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Kotik M, Kulik N, Valentová K. Flavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14890-14910. [PMID: 37800688 PMCID: PMC10591481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and their glycosides are abundant in many plant-based foods. The (de)glycosylation of flavonoids by retaining glycoside hydrolases has recently attracted much interest in basic and applied research, including the possibility of altering the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids. Research in this area is driven by significant differences in physicochemical, organoleptic, and bioactive properties between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosylated counterparts. While many flavonoid glycosides are present in nature at low levels, some occur in substantial quantities, making them readily available low-cost glycosyl donors for transglycosylations. Retaining glycosidases can be used to synthesize natural and novel glycosides, which serve as standards for bioactivity experiments and analyses, using flavonoid glycosides as glycosyl donors. Engineered glycosidases also prove valuable for the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides using chemically synthesized activated glycosyl donors. This review outlines the bioactivities of flavonoids and their glycosides and highlights the applications of retaining glycosidases in the context of flavonoid glycosides, acting as substrates, products, or glycosyl donors in deglycosylation or transglycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Haluz P, Kis P, Cvečko M, Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. Acuminosylation of Tyrosol by a Commercial Diglycosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065943. [PMID: 36983015 PMCID: PMC10059904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A commercial glycosidase mixture obtained from Penicillium multicolor (Aromase H2) was found to comprise a specific diglycosidase activity, β-acuminosidase, alongside undetectable levels of β-apiosidase. The enzyme was tested in the transglycosylation of tyrosol using 4-nitrophenyl β-acuminoside as the diglycosyl donor. The reaction was not chemoselective, providing a mixture of Osmanthuside H and its counterpart regioisomer 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl β-acuminoside in 58% yield. Aromase H2 is therefore the first commercial β-acuminosidase which is also able to glycosylate phenolic acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haluz
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kis
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Cvečko
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mastihubová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Koseki T, Ishida N, Hirota R, Shiono Y, Makabe K. Mutational analysis of the effects of N-glycosylation sites on the activity and thermal stability of rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110112. [PMID: 35988320 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purified recombinant rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris (rAoRutM) exhibits increase in thermal stability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H). In this study, the role of N-glycosylation in the activity and thermal stability of rAoRutM was analyzed via site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the crystal structure of AoRutM, five N-glycosylation sites (N32, N128, N176, N288, and N359) were identified in the AoRut protein. Among five single variants constructed for these sites, the N128D, N176D, and N359D variants exhibited similar mobility bands compared to that of the wild-type enzyme based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the N32D and N288D variants exhibited slightly and considerably increasing mobility bands, respectively. The N128D and N288D variants showed increasing and decreasing rutinosidase activity, respectively, compared to the case for the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. While the N128D and N176D variants had lower Km values, the N288D and N359D variants had higher Km values, compared to the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. Surprisingly, the N32D and N176D variants exhibited considerably greater thermal stability than the wild-type, without or with the endo-H treatments, whereas the N128D and N359D variants exhibited drastically decreased thermal stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the N128D and N359D variants showed a similar CD profile to that of the wild-type treated with endo-H; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm in the above variants varied from those of the intact wild-type and other variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koseki
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ruka Hirota
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Haure M, Chi Nguyen TK, Cendrès A, Perino S, Waché Y, Licandro H. Identification of Bacillus strains producing glycosidases active on rutin and grape glycosidic aroma precursors. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kotik M, Javůrková H, Brodsky K, Pelantová H. Two fungal flavonoid-specific glucosidases/rutinosidases for rutin hydrolysis and rutinoside synthesis under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. AMB Express 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 34661772 PMCID: PMC8523606 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosidases within GH5-23 cleave the glycosidic bond of β-glucosylated or rutinosylated flavonoids. Moreover, by virtue of their transglycosylation activity, glycoconjugates with glucosyl and rutinosyl moieties are accessible. Here we report the biochemical characterization and biotechnological assessment of two heterologously expressed members of GH5-23—McGlc from Mucor circinelloides and PcGlc from Penicillium chrysogenum. Both enzymes exhibited the highest hydrolytic activities with quercetin-3-β-O-glucopyranoside, whereas lower specificity constants were determined with the rutinosides narcissin, rutin and hesperidin. High stabilities against thermal, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced inactivation, a very limited secondary hydrolysis of the formed transglycosylation products, and no detectable product inhibition were additional features appropriate for biotechnological applications. The enzymes were compared in their efficiencies to hydrolyze rutin and to synthesize 2-phenylethyl rutinoside under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions using high rutin concentrations of 100 and 300 mM. Highest transglycosylation efficiencies were achieved with fully dissolved rutin in reaction mixtures containing 25% dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular docking and multiple sequence alignments suggest that the hydrophobic environment of aromatic residues within the + 1 subsite of GH5-23 glycosidases is very important for the binding of flavonoid glucosides and rutinosides.
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Abstract
Apiose is a branched pentose naturally occurring either as a component of the plant cell wall polysaccharides or as a sugar moiety present in numerous plant secondary metabolites such as flavonoid and phenylethanoid glycosides, substrates in plant defense systems or as glycosylated aroma precursors. The enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of such apiosylated substances (mainly glycosidases specific towards apiose or acuminose) have promising applications not only in hydrolysis (flavor development), but potentially also in the synthesis of apiosides and apioglucosides with pharmaceutical relevance. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of glycosidases recognizing apiose and their potential application in biocatalysis.
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Peculiarities and systematics of microbial diglycosidases, and their applications in food technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2693-2700. [PMID: 33745010 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are endo-β-glucosidases that hydrolyze the heterosidic linkage of diglycoconjugates, thereby releasing in a single reaction the disaccharide and the aglycone. Plant diglycosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and are associated with defense mechanisms. Microbial diglycosidases exhibit higher diversity-they belong to the families 3, 5, and 55-and play a catabolic role. As diglycoconjugates are widespread in the environments, so are the microbial diglycosidases, which allow their utilization as nutritional source and carbon recycling. In the last 10 years, six microbial diglycosidases have been sequenced, and for two of them, the three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. This knowledge allowed the identification of their diverse phylogenetic origin, and gave insights into the understanding of the substrate specificity. Here, the last advances and the applications of microbial diglycosidases are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Substrate specificity and phylogenetic relationships of diglycosidases are reviewed. • On-going and potential applications of diglycosidases are discussed.
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Kotik M, Brodsky K, Halada P, Javůrková H, Pelantová H, Konvalinková D, Bojarová P, Křen V. Access to both anomers of rutinosyl azide using wild-type rutinosidase and its catalytic nucleophile mutant. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Dual Substrate Specificity of the Rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger and the Role of Its Substrate Tunnel. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165671. [PMID: 32784723 PMCID: PMC7460883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutinosidases (α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-d-glucopyranosidases, EC 3.2.1.168, CAZy GH5) are diglycosidases that cleave the glycosidic bond between the disaccharide rutinose and the respective aglycone. Similar to many retaining glycosidases, rutinosidases can also transfer the rutinosyl moiety onto acceptors with a free -OH group (so-called transglycosylation). The recombinant rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) is selectively produced in Pichia pastoris. It can catalyze transglycosylation reactions as an unpurified preparation directly from cultivation. This enzyme exhibits catalytic activity towards two substrates; in addition to rutinosidase activity, it also exhibits β-d-glucopyranosidase activity. As a result, new compounds are formed by β-glucosylation or rutinosylation of acceptors such as alcohols or strong inorganic nucleophiles (NaN3). Transglycosylation products with aliphatic aglycones are resistant towards cleavage by rutinosidase, therefore, their side hydrolysis does not occur, allowing higher transglycosylation yields. Fourteen compounds were synthesized by glucosylation or rutinosylation of selected acceptors. The products were isolated and structurally characterized. Interactions between the transglycosylation products and the recombinant AnRut were analyzed by molecular modeling. We revealed the role of a substrate tunnel in the structure of AnRut, which explained the unusual catalytic properties of this glycosidase and its specific transglycosylation potential. AnRut is attractive for biosynthetic applications, especially for the use of inexpensive substrates (rutin and isoquercitrin).
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Pachl P, Kapešová J, Brynda J, Biedermannová L, Pelantová H, Bojarová P, Křen V, Řezáčová P, Kotik M. Rutinosidase from
Aspergillus niger
: crystal structure and insight into the enzymatic activity. FEBS J 2020; 287:3315-3327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kapešová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lada Biedermannová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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