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Kwun MS, Lee DG. Ferroptosis-Like Death in Microorganisms: A Novel Programmed Cell Death Following Lipid Peroxidation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:992-997. [PMID: 37463851 PMCID: PMC10471485 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new kind of programmed cell death of which occurrence in microorganisms is not clearly verified. The elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) influences cellular metabolisms through highly reactive hydroxyl radical formation under the iron-dependent Fenton reaction. Iron contributes to ROS production and acts as a cofactor for lipoxygenase to catalyze poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oxidation, exerting oxidative damage in cells. While ferroptosis is known to take place only in mammalian cells, recent studies discovered the possible ferroptosis-like death in few specific microorganisms. Capacity of integrating PUFA into intracellular membrane phospholipid has been considered as a key factor in bacterial or fungal ferroptosis-like death. Vibrio species in bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fungi exhibited certain characteristics. Therefore, this review focus on introducing the occurrence of ferroptosis-like death in microorganisms and investigating the mode of action underlying the cells based on contribution of lipid peroxidation and iron-dependent reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Kwun
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehakro 80, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehakro 80, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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2
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Fang Y, Wu W, Zhao Y, Liu H, Li Z, Li X, Zhang M, Qin Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic investigation of molecular inactivation mechanisms in Escherichia coli triggered by graphene quantum dots. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137051. [PMID: 36334733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a novel broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, are considered potential candidates in the field of biomedical and food safety due to their outstanding antimicrobial properties and excellent biocompatibility. To uncover the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the phenotypes, the overall regulation of genes and metabolites in Escherichia coli (E. coli) after GQDs stimulation was investigated by RNA-sequencing and LC-MS. Gene transcription and metabolite expression related to a series of crucial biomolecular processes were influenced by the GQDs stimulation, including biofilm formation, bacterial secretion system, sulfur metabolism and nitrogen metabolism, etc. This study could provide profound insights into the GQDs stress response in E. coli, which would be useful for the development and application of GQDs in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Wanfeng Wu
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Haoqiang Liu
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Zongda Li
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Xinbo Li
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Minwei Zhang
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China.
| | - Yanan Qin
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830017, China.
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Kaushik V, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Interaction of RecA mediated SOS response with bacterial persistence, biofilm formation, and host response. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:931-943. [PMID: 35905765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have a primary mode of actions, and most of them have a common secondary mode of action via reactive species (ROS and RNS) mediated DNA damage. Bacteria have been able to tolerate this DNA damage by SOS (Save-Our-Soul) response. RecA is the universal essential key protein of the DNA damage mediated SOS repair in various bacteria including ESKAPE pathogens. In addition, antibiotics also triggers activation of various other bacterial mechanisms such as biofilm formation, host dependent responses, persister subpopulation formation. These supporting the survival of bacteria in unfriendly natural conditions i.e. antibiotic presence. This review highlights the detailed mechanism of RecA mediated SOS response as well as role of RecA-LexA interaction in SOS response. The review also focuses on inter-connection between DNA damage repair pathway (like SOS response) with other survival mechanisms of bacteria such as host mediated RecA induction, persister-SOS interplay, and biofilm-SOS interplay. This understanding of inter-connection of SOS response with different other survival mechanisms will prove beneficial in targeting the SOS response for prevention and development of therapeutics against recalcitrant bacterial infections. The review also covers the significance of RecA as a promising potent therapeutic target for hindering bacterial SOS response in prevailing successful treatments of bacterial infections and enhancing the conventional antibiotic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India.
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Hu J, Ye H, Wang S, Wang J, Han D. Prophage Activation in the Intestine: Insights Into Functions and Possible Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785634. [PMID: 34966370 PMCID: PMC8710666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophage activation in intestinal environments has been frequently reported to affect host adaptability, pathogen virulence, gut bacterial community composition, and intestinal health. Prophage activation is mostly caused by various stimulators, such as diet, antibiotics, some bacterial metabolites, gastrointestinal transit, inflammatory environment, oxidative stress, and quorum sensing. Moreover, with advancements in biotechnology and the deepening cognition of prophages, prophage activation regulation therapy is currently applied to the treatment of some bacterial intestinal diseases such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. This review aims to make headway on prophage induction in the intestine, in order to make a better understanding of dynamic changes of prophages, effects of prophage activation on physiological characteristics of bacteria and intestinal health, and subsequently provide guidance on prophage activation regulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Kwun MS, Lee DG. Apoptosis-like death-inducing property of tachyplesin I in Escherichia coli. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:795-807. [PMID: 34337763 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from the horseshoe crab, tachyplesin I (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR-NH2 ), displayed the apparent antimicrobial activity with low cytotoxicity, suggesting its efficacy as an attractive agent but still lacks the understandings regarding its mechanism(s). Hence, the study focused on investigating the antibacterial mode of action of tachyplesin I against Escherichia coli. Based on the reactive oxygen species generation displayed in several antimicrobial effects, the detection of superoxide anion and nitric oxide were verified after tachyplesin I treatment. Substantial increment of two molecules was followed by the imbalance in intracellular ion concentration, noticeably magnesium and calcium. The series of stages led to hydroxyl radical generation with reduced glutathione, followed by damage in DNA due to oxidative stress. Eventually, the apoptosis-like death in E. coli was monitored in DNA fragmentation-dependent manner due to the tachyplesin I treatment, verified by membrane depolarization, caspase-like protein activation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Accordingly, tachyplesin I induces apoptosis-like death in E. coli, suggesting the potential of being a candidate for regulating bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Kwun
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Hwang JS, Lee DG. Periplanetasin-2 Enhances the Antibacterial Properties of Vancomycin or Chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:189-196. [PMID: 33263335 PMCID: PMC9705878 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Periplanetasin-2 from cockroach exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The underlying antibacterial mechanisms rely on the stimulation of reactive oxygen species overproduction to induce apoptotic cell death. A promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of periplanetasin-2 involves reducing the dose through combination therapy with other antibacterials that show synergistic effects. Thus, the synergistic antibacterial activity of periplanetasin-2 with conventional antibacterial agents and its mechanisms was examined against Escherichia coli in this study. Among the agents tested, the combinations of periplanetasin-2 with vancomycin and chloramphenicol exhibited synergistic effects. Periplanetasin-2 in combination with vancomycin and chloramphenicol demonstrated antibacterial activity through the intracellular oxidative stress response. The combination with vancomycin resulted in the enhancement of bacterial apoptosislike death, whereas the combination with chloramphenicol enhanced oxidative stress damage. These synergistic interactions of periplanetasin-2 can help broaden the spectrum of conventional antibiotics. The combination of antimicrobial peptides and conventional antibiotics is proposed as a novel perspective on treatments to combat severe bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK2 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK2 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4566, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-53-950-5373 Fax: +82-53-955-5522 E-mail:
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Kim S, Lee DG. Silver nanoparticles-induced H 2O 2 triggers apoptosis-like death and is associated with dinF in Escherichia coli. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:107-118. [PMID: 33327800 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1866178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most widely used nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. AgNPs have been shown to inhibit the growth of and induce apoptosis-like death in Escherichia coli. However, the precise mechanism of AgNPs-induced apoptosis-like death and association with DNA damage-inducible protein F (dinF), a gene of SOS response, is unknown. Here, AgNPs-contributing depletion of intracellular glutathione levels and deactivation of glutathione peroxidase were shown. This step, indicating disruption of the antioxidant system, resulted in overall oxidative stress. Furthermore, DNA oxidation was accompanied, leading to DNA fragmentation. In addition, AgNPs appeared to induce apoptosis-like death via the SOS response. We used sodium pyruvate - an H2O2 quencher - to study the contribution of H2O2, which showed attenuation of AgNPs-induced DNA damage, SOS response, and apoptosis-like death. In dinF mutant, the strain showed a higher degree of DNA damage and apoptotic features. In conclusion, AgNPs mediate apoptosis-like cell death by H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage. Furthermore, our result demonstrates that dinF participates in this process, which further supports that AgNPs induces SOS response. Our findings may contribute to expanding the new applications of AgNP-based nanomaterials in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Nitric oxide-inducing Genistein elicits apoptosis-like death via an intense SOS response in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10711-10724. [PMID: 33170329 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant untreatable infections has prompted researchers to trial alternative treatments such as a substitute for traditional antibiotics. This study endeavored to elucidate the antibacterial mechanism(s) of this isoflavone, via analysis of relationship between genistein and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, this investigation analyzed whether genistein generates nitric oxide (NO) in E. coli as NO contributes to cell death. RecA, an essential protein for the bacterial SOS response, was detected through western blot, and the activated caspases decreased without RecA. The results showed that the NO induced by genistein affected the bacterial DNA. Under conditions of acute DNA damage, an SOS response called apoptosis-like death occurred, affecting DNA repair. These results suggested that RecA was bacterial caspase-like protein. In addition, NO was toxic to the bacterial cells and induced dysfunction of the plasma membrane. Thus, membrane depolarization and phosphatidylserine exposure were observed similarly to eukaryotic apoptosis. In conclusion, the combined results demonstrated that the antibacterial mode of action(s) of genistein was a NO-induced apoptosis-like death, and the role of RecA suggested that it contributed to the SOS response of NO defense. KEY POINTS: • Genistein generates nitric oxide in E. coli. • Genistein exhibits intense SOS response in E. coli. • Genistein-induced NO causes apoptosis-like death in E. coli.
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Guzman J, Vilcinskas A. Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10369-10387. [PMID: 33128616 PMCID: PMC7671988 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cockroaches have existed for 300 million years and more than 4600 extant species have been described. Throughout their evolution, cockroaches have been associated with bacteria, and today Blattabacterium species flourish within specialized bacteriocytes, recycling nitrogen from host waste products. Cockroaches can disseminate potentially pathogenic bacteria via feces and other deposits, particularly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but also Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium species, and thus, they should be cleared from sites where hygiene is essential, such as hospitals and kitchens. On the other hand, cockroaches also carry bacteria that may produce metabolites or proteins with potential industrial applications. For example, an antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strain was isolated from the gut of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Other cockroach-associated bacteria, including but not limited to Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas species, can also produce bioactive metabolites that may be suitable for development as pharmaceuticals or plant protection products. Enzymes that degrade industrially relevant substrates, or that convert biomasses into useful chemical precursors, are also expressed in cockroach-derived bacteria and could be deployed for use in the food/feed, paper, oil, or cosmetics industries. The analysis of cockroach gut microbiomes has revealed a number of lesser-studied bacteria that may form the basis of novel taxonomic groups. Bacteria associated with cockroaches can therefore be dangerous or useful, and this review explores the bacterial clades that may provide opportunities for biotechnological exploitation. Key points • Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequently cultivated bacteria from cockroaches. • Cultivation-independent studies have revealed a diverse community, led by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. • Although cockroaches may carry pathogenic bacteria, most strains are innocuous and may be useful for biotechnological applications. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-020-10973-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guzman
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Sun XM, Zhang ZX, Wang LR, Wang JG, Liang Y, Yang HF, Tao RS, Jiang Y, Yang JJ, Yang S. Downregulation of T7 RNA polymerase transcription enhances pET-based recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by suppressing autolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:153-163. [PMID: 32897579 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) is an excellent and widely used host for recombinant protein production. Many variant hosts were developed from BL21 (DE3), but improving the expression of specific proteins remains a major challenge in biotechnology. In this study, we found that when BL21 (DE3) overexpressed glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), a significant industrial enzyme, severe cell autolysis was induced. Subsequently, we observed this phenomenon in the expression of 10 other recombinant proteins. This precludes a further increase of the produced enzyme activity by extending the fermentation time, which is not conducive to the reduction of industrial enzyme production costs. Analysis of membrane structure and messenger RNA expression analysis showed that cells could underwent a form of programmed cell death (PCD) during the autolysis period. However, blocking three known PCD pathways in BL21 (DE3) did not completely alleviate autolysis completely. Consequently, we attempted to develop a strong expression host resistant to autolysis by controlling the speed of recombinant protein expression. To find a more suitable protein expression rate, the high- and low-strength promoter lacUV5 and lac were shuffled and recombined to yield the promoter variants lacUV5-1A and lac-1G. The results showed that only one base in lac promoter needs to be changed, and the A at the +1 position was changed to a G, resulting in the improved host BL21 (DE3-lac1G), which resistant to autolysis. As a consequence, the GDH activity at 43 h was greatly increased from 37.5 to 452.0 U/ml. In scale-up fermentation, the new host was able to produce the model enzyme with a high rate of 89.55 U/ml/h at 43 h, compared to only 3 U/ml/h achieved using BL21 (DE3). Importantly, BL21 (DE3-lac1G) also successfully improved the production of 10 other enzymes. The engineered E. coli strain constructed in this study conveniently optimizes recombinant protein overexpression by suppressing cell autolysis, and shows great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yan Liang
- HuaRui Biotechnology Company, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Tao
- Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Carvalho Junior AR, Martins ALDB, Cutrim BDS, Santos DM, Maia HS, Silva MSMD, Zagmignan A, Silva MRC, Monteiro CDA, Guilhon GMSP, Cantanhede Filho AJ, Nascimento da Silva LC. Betulinic Acid Prevents the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin-Mediated Mutagenesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091757. [PMID: 31067626 PMCID: PMC6539033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of damage on bacterial DNA (mediated by antibiotics, for example) is intimately associated with the activation of the SOS system. This pathway is related to the development of mutations that might result in the acquisition and spread of resistance and virulence factors. The inhibition of the SOS response has been highlighted as an emerging resource, in order to reduce the emergence of drug resistance and tolerance. Herein, we evaluated the ability of betulinic acid (BA), a plant-derived triterpenoid, to reduce the activation of the SOS response and its associated phenotypic alterations, induced by ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. BA did not show antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (MIC > 5000 µg/mL), however, it (at 100 and 200 µg/mL) was able to reduce the expression of recA induced by ciprofloxacin. This effect was accompanied by an enhancement of the ciprofloxacin antimicrobial action and reduction of S. aureus cell volume (as seen by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy). BA could also increase the hyperpolarization of the S. aureus membrane, related to the ciprofloxacin action. Furthermore, BA inhibited the progress of tolerance and the mutagenesis induced by this drug. Taken together, these findings indicate that the betulinic acid is a promising lead molecule in the development helper drugs. These compounds may be able to reduce the S. aureus mutagenicity associated with antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deivid Martins Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Maranhão 65075-120, Brazil.
| | - Hermerson Sousa Maia
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Maranhão 65075-120, Brazil.
| | | | - Adrielle Zagmignan
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Maranhão 65075-120, Brazil.
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