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Yang J, Wei W, Gao C, Song W, Gao C, Chen X, Liu J, Guo L, Liu L, Wu J. Efficient production of salvianic acid A from L-dihydroxyphenylalanine through a tri-enzyme cascade. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:31. [PMID: 38647923 PMCID: PMC10992476 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salvianic acid A (SAA), used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, possesses several pharmacological properties. However, the current methods for the enzymatic synthesis of SAA show low efficiency. Here, we constructed a three-enzyme cascade pathway in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to produce SAA from L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967 is a rate-limiting enzyme in this process. Therefore, we employed a mechanism-guided protein engineering strategy to shorten the transfer distances of protons and hydrides, generating an optimal LaPPR mutant, LaPPRMu2 (H89M/H143D/P256C), with a 2.8-fold increase in specific activity and 9.3-time increase in kcat/Km value compared to that of the wild type. Introduction of the mutant LaPPRMu2 into the cascade pathway and the optimization of enzyme levels and transformation conditions allowed the obtainment of the highest SAA titer (82.6 g L-1) ever reported in vivo, good conversion rate (91.3%), excellent ee value (99%) and the highest productivity (6.9 g L-1 h-1) from 90 g L-1 L-DOPA in 12 h. This successful strategy provides a potential new method for the industrial production of SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Changzheng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Wang L, Wang H, Chen J, Qin Z, Yu S, Zhou J. Coordinating caffeic acid and salvianic acid A pathways for efficient production of rosmarinic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2023; 76:29-38. [PMID: 36623792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a natural hydroxycinnamic acid ester used widely in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although many attempts have been made to screen rate-limiting enzymes and optimize modules through co-culture fermentation, the titer of rosmarinic acid remains at the microgram level by microorganisms. A de novo biosynthetic pathway for rosmarinic acid was constructed based on caffeic acid synthesis modules in Escherichia coli. Knockout of competing pathways increased the titer of rosmarinic acid and reduced the synthesis of rosmarinic acid analogues. An L-amino acid deaminase was introduced to balance metabolic flux between the synthesis of caffeic acid and salvianic acid A. The ratio of FADH2/FAD was maintained via the coordination of deaminase and HpaBC, which is responsible for caffeic acid synthesis. Knockout of menI, encoding an endogenous thioesterase, increased the stability of caffeoyl-CoA. The final strain produced 5780.6 mg/L rosmarinic acid in fed-batch fermentation, the highest yet reported for microbial production. The strategies applied in this study lay a foundation for the synthesis of other caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Huijing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhijie Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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3
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Han R, Gao K, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Xu G, Dong J, Schwaneberg U, Ji Y, Ni Y. Self-Sufficient In Vitro Multi-Enzyme Cascade for Efficient Synthesis of Danshensu from l-DOPA. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:277-286. [PMID: 36412006 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Danshensu (DSS), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cancer diseases. Here, a one-pot multi-enzyme cascade pathway was designed for DSS synthesis from l-DOPA using tyrosine aminotransferase from Escherichia coli (EcTyrB) and d-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus frumenti (LfD2-HDH). Glutamate dehydrogenase from Clostridium difficile (CdgluD) was also introduced for a self-sufficient system of α-ketoglutaric acid and NADH. Under optimal conditions (35 °C, pH 7.0, EcTyrB:LfD2-HDH:CdgluD = 3:2:1, glutamate:NAD+ = 1:1), 98.3% yield (at 20 mM l-DOPA) and space-time yield of 6.61 g L-1 h-1 (at 40 mM l-DOPA) were achieved. Decreased yields of DSS at elevated l-DOPA concentrations (100 mM) could be attributed to an inhibited CdgluD activity caused by NH4+ accumulation. This developed multi-enzyme cascade pathway (including EcTyrB, LfD2-HDH, and CdgluD) provides an efficient and sustainable approach for the production of DSS from l-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Han
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Ke Gao
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jinjun Dong
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Yu Ji
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Ye Ni
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
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Bai Y, Jia P, Zhao Y, Yang L, Wang X, Wang X, Wang J, Zhong N, Deng H, Du L, Fang J, Xue Y, Chen Y, Gao S, Feng Y, Yan Y, Xiong T, Liu J, Sun Y, Xie J, He X, An X, Liu P, Xu J, Qin F, Meng X, Yin Q, Yang Q, Gao R, Gao X, Luo K, Li Q, Wang X, Liang J, Yang P, Zhang Y, Liao S, Wang S, Zhao X, Xiao C, Yu J, Liu Q, Wang R, Peng N, Wang X, Guo J, Li X, Liu H, Bai Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Nan Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Lei J, Alberts E, de Man A, Kim HK, Hsu SJ, Jia YS, Riener J, Zheng J, Zhang W, Zheng X, Cai Y, Wang M, Fan TP, Zheng X. Discovery and therapeutic implications of bioactive dihydroxylated phenolic acids in patients with severe heart disease and conditions associated with inflammation and hypoxia. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106458. [PMID: 36152740 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our initial studies detected elevated levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid (DHPLA) in urine samples of patients with severe heart disease when compared with healthy subjects. Given the reported anti-inflammatory properties of DHPLA and related dihydroxylated phenolic acids (DPAs), we embarked on an exploratory multi-centre investigation in patients with no urinary tract infections to establish the possible pathophysiological significance and therapeutic implications of these findings. Chinese and Caucasian patients being treated for severe heart disease or those conditions associated with inflammation (WBC ≥ 10×109/L or hsCRP ≥ 3.0mg/L) and/or hypoxia (PaO2 ≤ 75mmHg) were enrolled; their urine samples were analyzed by HPLC, HPLC-MS, GC-MS and biotransformation assays. DHPLA was detected in urine samples of patients, but undetectable in healthy volunteers. Dynamic monitoring of inpatients undergoing treatment showed their DHPLA levels declined in proportion to their clinical improvement. In DHPLA-positive patients' fecal samples, Proteus vulgaris and P. mirabilis were more abundant than healthy volunteers. In culture, these gut bacteria were capable of reversible interconversion between DOPA and DHPLA. Furthermore, porcine and rodent organs were able to metabolize DOPA to DHPLA and related phenolic acids. The elevated levels of DHPLA in these patients suggest bioactive DPAs are generated de novo as part of a human's defense mechanism against disease. Because DHPLA isolated from Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae has a multitude of pharmacological activities, these data underpin the scientific basis of this medicinal plant's ethnopharmacological applications as well as highlighting the therapeutic potential of endogenous, natural or synthetic DPAs and their derivatives in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Bai
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Pu Jia
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | | | | | - Xue Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ni'er Zhong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Linxiang Du
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | - Yanbo Xue
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | - Shuomo Gao
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yi Yan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianzheng Xiong
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xirui He
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xuexia An
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Xue Meng
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Yin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiuxiang Yang
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | | | - Kai Luo
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Puye Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an North Hospital, Xi'an 710043, China
| | | | - Sha Liao
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jie Yu
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qinshe Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Rui Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Peng
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xia Li
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Haijing Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Zijian Li
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yefei Nan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China; Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qunzheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jin'e Lei
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Erna Alberts
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angélique de Man
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Su-Jung Hsu
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Sheng Jia
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joerg Riener
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | - Wanbin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaopu Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK; Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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