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Yang C, Lan R, Zhao L, Pu J, Hu D, Yang J, Zhou H, Han L, Ye L, Jin D, Xu J, Liu L. Prevotella copri alleviates hyperglycemia and regulates gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in mice. mSystems 2024; 9:e0053224. [PMID: 38934548 PMCID: PMC11265406 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00532-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevotella copri is the dominant species of the Prevotella genus in the gut, which is genomically heterogeneous and difficult to isolate; hence, scarce research was carried out for this species. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. copri on hyperglycemia. Thirty-nine strains were isolated from healthy individuals, and three strains (HF2123, HF1478, and HF2130) that had the highest glucose consumption were selected to evaluate the effects of P. copri supplementation on hyperglycemia. Microbiomics and non-target metabolomics were used to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Oral administration of P. copri in diabetic db/db mice increased the expression and secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), significantly improved hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and lipid accumulation, and alleviated the pathological morphology in the pancreas, liver, and colon. P. copri changed the composition of the gut microbiota of diabetic db/db mice, which was characterized by increasing the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and increasing the relative abundance of genera Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium. After intervention with P. copri, fecal metabolic profiling showed that fumaric acid and homocysteine contents decreased, and glutamine contents increased. Furthermore, amino acid metabolism and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways were enriched. Our findings indicate that P. copri improved glucose metabolism abnormalities in diabetic db/db mice. Especially, one of the P. copri strains, HF2130, has shown superior performance in improving hyperglycemia, which may have the potential as a probiotic against hyperglycemia. IMPORTANCE As a core member of the human intestinal ecosystem, Prevotelal copri has been associated with glucose metabolic homeostasis in previous studies. However, these results have often been derived from metagenomic studies, and the experimental studies have been based solely on the type of strain DSM 18205T. Therefore, more experimental evidence from additional isolates is needed to validate the results according to their high genomic heterogeneity. In this study, we isolated different branches of strains and demonstrated that P. copri could improve the metabolic profile of hyperglycemic mice by modulating microbial activity. This finding supports the causal contribution of P. copri in host glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Intractable Pathogens, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Intractable Pathogens, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Intractable Pathogens, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Martínez Gascueña A, Wu H, Wang R, Owen CD, Hernando PJ, Monaco S, Penner M, Xing K, Le Gall G, Gardner R, Ndeh D, Urbanowicz PA, Spencer DIR, Walsh M, Angulo J, Juge N. Exploring the sequence-function space of microbial fucosidases. Commun Chem 2024; 7:137. [PMID: 38890439 PMCID: PMC11189522 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial α-L-fucosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of terminal α-L-fucosidic linkages and can perform transglycosylation reactions. Based on sequence identity, α-L-fucosidases are classified in glycoside hydrolases (GHs) families of the carbohydrate-active enzyme database. Here we explored the sequence-function space of GH29 fucosidases. Based on sequence similarity network (SSN) analyses, 15 GH29 α-L-fucosidases were selected for functional characterisation. HPAEC-PAD and LC-FD-MS/MS analyses revealed substrate and linkage specificities for α1,2, α1,3, α1,4 and α1,6 linked fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, consistent with their SSN clustering. The structural basis for the substrate specificity of GH29 fucosidase from Bifidobacterium asteroides towards α1,6 linkages and FA2G2 N-glycan was determined by X-ray crystallography and STD NMR. The capacity of GH29 fucosidases to carry out transfucosylation reactions with GlcNAc and 3FN as acceptors was evaluated by TLC combined with ESI-MS and NMR. These experimental data supported the use of SSN to further explore the GH29 sequence-function space through machine-learning models. Our lightweight protein language models could accurately allocate test sequences in their respective SSN clusters and assign 34,258 non-redundant GH29 sequences into SSN clusters. It is expected that the combination of these computational approaches will be used in the future for the identification of novel GHs with desired specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez Gascueña
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Haiyang Wu
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Enzyme and Biocatalysis, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - C David Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Pedro J Hernando
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd., Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7JG, UK
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew Penner
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Gwenaelle Le Gall
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Didier Ndeh
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Martin Walsh
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nathalie Juge
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
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Yang Y, Thorhallsson AT, Rovira C, Holck J, Meyer AS, Yang H, Zeuner B. Improved Enzymatic Production of the Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharide LNFP II with GH29B α-1,3/4-l-Fucosidases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11013-11028. [PMID: 38691641 PMCID: PMC11100010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Five GH29B α-1,3/4-l-fucosidases (EC 3.2.1.111) were investigated for their ability to catalyze the formation of the human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II) from lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) via transglycosylation. We studied the effect of pH on transfucosylation and hydrolysis and explored the impact of specific mutations using molecular dynamics simulations. LNFP II yields of 91 and 65% were obtained for the wild-type SpGH29C and CpAfc2 enzymes, respectively, being the highest LNFP II transglycosylation yields reported to date. BbAfcB and BiAfcB are highly hydrolytic enzymes. The results indicate that the effects of pH and buffer systems are enzyme-dependent yet relevant to consider when designing transglycosylation reactions. Replacing Thr284 in BiAfcB with Val resulted in increased transglycosylation yields, while the opposite replacement of Val258 in SpGH29C and Val289 CpAfc2 with Thr decreased the transfucosylation, confirming a role of Thr and Val in controlling the flexibility of the acid/base loop in the enzymes, which in turn affects transglycosylation. The substitution of an Ala residue with His almost abolished secondary hydrolysis in CpAfc2 and BbAfcB. The results are directly applicable in the enhancement of transglycosylation and may have significant implications for manufacturing of LNFP II as a new infant formula ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Yang
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- School
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu
University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Albert Thor Thorhallsson
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica &
IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08020, Spain
| | - Jesper Holck
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Huan Yang
- School
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu
University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-fucosyllactose degradation by human-associated Akkermansia. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0033423. [PMID: 38299857 PMCID: PMC10886448 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'-FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila MucT and A. biwaensis CSUN-19,on HMOs corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, vary between these two species. During the mid-log phase of growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila. We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that the plasticity of GHs of human-associated Akkermansia sp. enables access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont.IMPORTANCEAkkermansia are mucin-degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human-associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in the growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Padilla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Ashwana D. Fricker
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Estefani Luna
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- GlycoAnalytics Core, UC San Diego, Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hughes
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria E. Panzetta
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gilberto E. Flores
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
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Krupinskaitė A, Stanislauskienė R, Serapinas P, Rutkienė R, Gasparavičiūtė R, Meškys R, Stankevičiūtė J. α-L-Fucosidases from an Alpaca Faeces Metagenome: Characterisation of Hydrolytic and Transfucosylation Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:809. [PMID: 38255883 PMCID: PMC10815079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In various life forms, fucose-containing glycans play vital roles in immune recognition, developmental processes, plant immunity, and host-microbe interactions. Together with glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid, fucose is a significant component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Fucosylated HMOs benefit infants by acting as prebiotics, preventing pathogen attachment, and potentially protecting against infections, including HIV. Although the need for fucosylated derivatives is clear, their availability is limited. Therefore, synthesis methods for various fucosylated oligosaccharides are explored, employing enzymatic approaches and α-L-fucosidases. This work aimed to characterise α-L-fucosidases identified in an alpaca faeces metagenome. Based on bioinformatic analyses, they were confirmed as members of the GH29A subfamily. The recombinant α-L-fucosidases were expressed in Escherichia coli and showed hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside and 2'-fucosyllactose. Furthermore, the enzymes' biochemical properties and kinetic characteristics were also determined. All four α-L-fucosidases could catalyse transfucosylation using a broad diversity of fucosyl acceptor substrates, including lactose, maltotriose, L-serine, and L-threonine. The results contribute insights into the potential use of α-L-fucosidases for synthesising fucosylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Krupinskaitė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.S.); (P.S.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (R.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonita Stankevičiūtė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.S.); (P.S.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (R.M.)
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6
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-Fucosyllactose degradation by Human-Associated Akkermansia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562767. [PMID: 37904935 PMCID: PMC10614881 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila Muc T and A. biwaensis CSUN-19, in HMOS corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, varies between these two species. During mid-log phase growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila . We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that that plasticity of GHs of human associated Akkermansia sp. enable access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont. IMPORTANCE Akkermansia are mucin degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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7
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Shi R, Yang SQ, Wang NN, Yan QJ, Yan XM, Jiang ZQ. Synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose from apple pomace-derived xyloglucan oligosaccharides by an α-L-fucosidase from Pedobacter sp. CAU209. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3579-3591. [PMID: 37115252 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is known for its ability to provide various health benefits to infants, such as gut maturation, pathogen resistance, improved immunity, and nervous system development. However, the production of 2'-FL using α-L-fucosidases is hindered by the lack of low-cost natural fucosyl donors and high-efficiency α-L-fucosidases. In this work, a recombinant xyloglucanase from Rhizomucor miehei (RmXEG12A) was applied to produce xyloglucan-oligosaccharide (XyG-oligos) from apple pomace. Then, an α-L-fucosidase gene (PbFucB) was screened from the genomic DNA of Pedobacter sp. CAU209 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The capability of purified PbFucB to catalyze XyG-oligos and lactose to synthesize 2'-FL was further evaluated. The deduced amino acid sequence of PbFucB shared the highest identity (38.4%) with that of other reported α-L-fucosidases. PbFucB showed the highest activity at pH 5.5 and 35 °C. It catalyzed the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside (pNP-Fuc, 20.3 U mg-1), 2'-FL (8.06 U mg-1), and XyG-oligos (0.43 U mg-1). Furthermore, PbFucB demonstrated a high enzymatic conversion rate in 2'-FL synthesis with pNP-Fuc or apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos as donors and lactose as acceptor. Under the optimized conditions, PbFucB converted 50% of pNP-Fuc or 31% of the L-fucosyl residue in XyG-oligos into 2'-FL. This work elucidated an α-L-fucosidase that mediates the fucosylation of lactose and provided an efficient enzymatic strategy to synthesize 2'-FL either from artificial pNP-Fuc or natural apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos. KEY POINTS: • Xyloglucan-oligosaccharide (XyG-oligos) was produced from apple pomace by a xyloglucanase from Rhizomucor miehei. • An α-L-fucosidase (PbFucB) from Pedobacter sp. CAU209 shared the highest identity (38.4%) with reported α-L-fucosidases. •PbFucB synthesized 2'-FL using apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos and lactose with a conversion ratio of 31%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Juan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie-Min Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Structure and function of microbial α-l-fucosidases: a mini review. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:399-414. [PMID: 36805644 PMCID: PMC10154630 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Fucose is a monosaccharide commonly found in mammalian, insect, microbial and plant glycans. The removal of terminal α-l-fucosyl residues from oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates is catalysed by α-l-fucosidases. To date, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) with exo-fucosidase activity on α-l-fucosylated substrates (EC 3.2.1.51, EC 3.2.1.-) have been reported in the GH29, GH95, GH139, GH141 and GH151 families of the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) database. Microbes generally encode several fucosidases in their genomes, often from more than one GH family, reflecting the high diversity of naturally occuring fucosylated structures they encounter. Functionally characterised microbial α-l-fucosidases have been shown to act on a range of substrates with α-1,2, α-1,3, α-1,4 or α-1,6 fucosylated linkages depending on the GH family and microorganism. Fucosidases show a modular organisation with catalytic domains of GH29 and GH151 displaying a (β/α)8-barrel fold while GH95 and GH141 show a (α/α)6 barrel and parallel β-helix fold, respectively. A number of crystal structures have been solved in complex with ligands, providing structural basis for their substrate specificity. Fucosidases can also be used in transglycosylation reactions to synthesise oligosaccharides. This mini review provides an overview of the enzymatic and structural properties of microbial α-l-fucosidases and some insights into their biological function and biotechnological applications.
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Mucin utilization by gut microbiota: recent advances on characterization of key enzymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:345-353. [PMID: 36695502 PMCID: PMC10154618 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with the host through the mucus that covers and protects the gastrointestinal epithelium. The main component of the mucus are mucins, glycoproteins decorated with hundreds of different O-glycans. Some microbiota members can utilize mucin O-glycans as carbons source. To degrade these host glycans the bacteria express multiple carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) such as glycoside hydrolases, sulfatases and esterases which are active on specific linkages. The studies of these enzymes in an in vivo context have started to reveal their importance in mucin utilization and gut colonization. It is now clear that bacteria evolved multiple specific CAZymes to overcome the diversity of linkages found in O-glycans. Additionally, changes in mucin degradation by gut microbiota have been associated with diseases like obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Thereby understanding how CAZymes from different bacteria work to degrade mucins is of critical importance to develop new treatments and diagnostics for these increasingly prevalent health problems. This mini-review covers the recent advances in biochemical characterization of mucin O-glycan-degrading CAZymes and how they are connected to human health.
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Liu X, Geng X, Liu W, Lyu Q. Biochemical characterization of an α-fucosidase PsaFuc from the GH29 family. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Moya-Gonzálvez EM, Peña-Gil N, Rubio-del-Campo A, Coll-Marqués JM, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Monedero V, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Yebra MJ. Infant Gut Microbial Metagenome Mining of α-l-Fucosidases with Activity on Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0177522. [PMID: 35943155 PMCID: PMC9430343 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01775-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota members produce α-l-fucosidases that play key roles in mucosal, human milk, and dietary oligosaccharide assimilation. Here, 36 open reading frames (ORFs) coding for putative α-l-fucosidases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 29 (GH29) were identified through metagenome analysis of breast-fed infant fecal microbiome. Twenty-two of those ORFs showed a complete coding sequence with deduced amino acid sequences displaying the highest degree of identity with α-l-fucosidases from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides caccae, Phocaeicola vulgatus, Phocaeicola dorei, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Streptococcus parasanguinis. Based on sequence homology, 10 α-l-fucosidase genes were selected for substrate specificity characterization. The α-l-fucosidases Fuc18, Fuc19A, Fuc35B, Fuc39, and Fuc1584 showed hydrolytic activity on α1,3/4-linked fucose present in Lewis blood antigens and the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 3-fucosyllactose. In addition, Fuc1584 also hydrolyzed fucosyl-α-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (6FN), a component of the core fucosylation of N-glycans. Fuc35A and Fuc193 showed activity on α1,2/3/4/6 linkages from H type-2, Lewis blood antigens, HMOs and 6FN. Fuc30 displayed activity only on α1,6-linked l-fucose, and Fuc5372 showed a preference for α1,2 linkages. Fuc2358 exhibited a broad substrate specificity releasing l-fucose from all the tested free histo-blood group antigens, HMOs, and 6FN. This latest enzyme also displayed activity in glycoconjugates carrying lacto-N-fucopentaose II (Lea) and lacto-N-fucopentaose III (Lex) and in the glycoprotein mucin. Fuc18, Fuc19A, and Fuc39 also removed l-fucose from neoglycoproteins and human α-1 acid glycoprotein. These results give insight into the great diversity of α-l-fucosidases from the infant gut microbiota, thus supporting the hypothesis that fucosylated glycans are crucial for shaping the newborn microbiota composition. IMPORTANCE α-l-Fucosyl residues are frequently present in many relevant glycans, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugate receptors. These fucosylated glycans are involved in a number of mammalian physiological processes, including adhesion of pathogens and immune responses. The modulation of l-fucose content in such processes may provide new insights and knowledge regarding molecular interactions and may help to devise new therapeutic strategies. Microbial α-l-fucosidases are exoglycosidases that remove α-l-fucosyl residues from free oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates and can be also used in transglycosylation reactions to synthesize oligosaccharides. In this work, α-l-fucosidases from the GH29 family were identified and characterized from the metagenome of fecal samples of breastfed infants. These enzymes showed different substrate specificities toward HMOs, HBGAs, naturally occurring glycoproteins, and neoglycoproteins. These novel glycosidase enzymes from the breast-fed infant gut microbiota, which resulted in a good source of α-l-fucosidases, have great biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Moya-Gonzálvez
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nazaret Peña-Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría del Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Rubio-del-Campo
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Coll-Marqués
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría del Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría del Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J. Yebra
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Silchenko AS, Rubtsov N, Zueva A, Kusaykin M, Rasin A, Ermakova S. Fucoidan-active α-L-fucosidases of the GH29 and GH95 families from a fucoidan degrading cluster of the marine bacterium Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 728:109373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Zhou W, Jiang H, Liang X, Qiu Y, Wang L, Mao X. Discovery and characterization of a novel α-l-fucosidase from the marine-derived Flavobacterium algicola and its application in 2'-fucosyllactose production. Food Chem 2022; 369:130942. [PMID: 34479010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is one of the nutrient ingredients in human milk, which has various beneficial health effects. α-l-fucosidase is a biotechnological tool for 2'-FL preparation. Here, a novel and efficient α-l-fucosidase OUC-Jdch16 from the fucoidan-digesting strain Flavobacterium algicola 12076 was heterologously expressed and applied to produce 2'-FL in vitro. OUC-Jdch16 belongs to glycoside hydrolases (GH) family 29 and exhibits the highest 4-nitrophenyl-α-l-fucopyranoside-hydrolyzing activity at 25 °C and pH 6.0. OUC-Jdch16 could catalyze the synthesis of 2'-FL via transferring the fucosyl residue from pNP-α-fucose to lactose. Under the optimal transfucosylation conditions, the yield of the transfucosylation product reached 84.82% and 92.15% (mol/mol) from pNP-α-fucose within 48 h and 120 h, respectively. Moreover, OUC-Jdch16 was capable of transferring the fucosyl residue to other glycosyl receptors with the generation of novel fucosylated compounds. This study demonstrated that OUC-Jdch16 could be a promising tool to prepare 2'-FL and other novel glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xingxing Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanjun Qiu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Berkhout MD, Plugge CM, Belzer C. How microbial glycosyl hydrolase activity in the gut mucosa initiates microbial cross-feeding. Glycobiology 2021; 32:182-200. [PMID: 34939101 PMCID: PMC8966484 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is protected from direct contact with gut microbes by a mucus layer. This mucus layer consists of secreted mucin glycoproteins. The outer mucus layer in the large intestine forms a niche that attracts specific gut microbiota members of which several gut commensals can degrade mucin. Mucin glycan degradation is a complex process that requires a broad range of glycan degrading enzymes, as mucin glycans are intricate and diverse molecules. Consequently, it is hypothesised that microbial mucin breakdown requires concerted action of various enzymes in a network of multiple resident microbes at the gut mucosa. This review investigates the evolutionary relationships of microbial CAZymes that are potentially involved in mucin glycan degradation and focuses on the role that microbial enzymes play in the degradation of gut mucin glycans in microbial cross-feeding and syntrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse D Berkhout
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline M Plugge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Improvement of Fucosylated Oligosaccharides Synthesis by α-L-Fucosidase from Thermotoga maritima in Water-Organic Cosolvent Reaction System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3553-3569. [PMID: 34312785 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of water activity (aw), pH, and temperature on transglycosylation activity of α-L-fucosidase from Thermotoga maritima in the synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides were evaluated using different water-organic cosolvent reaction systems. The optimum conditions of transglycosylation reaction were the pH range between 7 and 10 and temperature 90-95 °C. The addition of organic cosolvent decreased α-L-fucosidase transglycosylation activity in the following order: acetone > dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) > acetonitrile (0.51 > 0.42 > 0.18 mM/h). However, the presence of DMSO and acetone enhanced enzyme-catalyzed transglycosylation over hydrolysis as demonstrated by the obtained transglycosylation/hydrolysis rate (rT/H) values of 1.21 and 1.43, respectively. The lowest rT/H was calculated for acetonitrile (0.59), though all cosolvents tested improved the transglycosylation rate in comparison to a control assay (0.39). Overall, the study allowed the production of fucosylated oligosaccharides in water-organic cosolvent reaction media using α-L-fucosidase from T. maritima as biocatalyst.
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Evaluation of the Effects of Different Bacteroides vulgatus Strains against DSS-Induced Colitis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9117805. [PMID: 34195297 PMCID: PMC8181088 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9117805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the strain-dependent effects of Bacteroides vulgatus on alleviating intestinal inflammatory diseases have been demonstrated, the literature has rarely focused on the underlying causes of this effect. In this study, we selected four B. vulgatus strains (FTJS5K1, FTJS7K1, FSDTA11B14, and FSDLZ51K1) with different genomic characteristics and evaluated their protective roles against dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis. Compared to the other three tested strains, B. vulgatus 7K1 more strongly ameliorated the DSS-induced weight loss, shortening of the colon length, increased disease activity index scores, colonic tissue injury, and immunomodulatory disorder. In contrast, B. vulgatus 51K1 significantly worsened the DSS-induced alterations in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration and colonic histopathology. A comparative genomic analysis of B. vulgatus 7K1 and 51K1 showed that the beneficial effects of B. vulgatus 7K1 may be associated with some of its specific genes involved in the production of short-chain fatty acids or capsular polysaccharides and enhancement of its survivability in the gut. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the supplementation of B. vulgatus 7K1 is a potentially efficacious intervention for alleviating colitis and provides scientific support for the screening of probiotics with anticolitis effect.
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Li Q, Jiang C, Tan H, Zhao X, Li K, Yin H. Characterization of recombinant E. coli expressing a novel fucosidase from Bacillus cereus 2-8 belonging to GH95 family. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 186:105897. [PMID: 33991676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan oligosaccharides possesses diverse physicochemical and biological activities. Specific glycoside hydrolases are valuable tools for degrading polysaccharides to produce oligosaccharides. In this study, BcFucA, a novel fucosidase belonging to GH95 family from Bacillus cereus 2-8, was cloned into pET21a vector, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and characterized. The protein consists of 1136 amino acid residues encoded by 3411 bases and has a molecular weight of 125.35 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of this enzyme are 50 °C and pH 4.0. In addition, this study showed that the unknown function domain (encoding Lys261-Thr681) defined as a linker is quite important for its activity. The obtained novel enzyme BcFucA will contribute to the effective degradation of fucoidan and future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chaofeng Jiang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China.
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