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Araujo JMM, Monteiro JM, Silva DHDS, Veira AK, Silva MRC, Ferraz FA, Braga FHR, de Siqueira EP, Monteiro ADS. Candida krusei M4CK Produces a Bioemulsifier That Acts on Melaleuca Essential Oil and Aids in Its Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1686. [PMID: 38136720 PMCID: PMC10740703 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-active compounds (SACs) of microbial origin are an active group of biomolecules with potential use in the formulation of emulsions. In this sense, the present study aimed to isolate and select yeasts from fruits that could produce SACs for essential oil emulsions. The Candida krusei M4CK was isolated from the Byrsonima crassifolia fruit to make SACs. This emulsification activity (E24) was equal to or greater 50% in all carbon sources, such as olive oil, sunflower oil, kerosene, hexane, and hexadecane. E24 followed exponential growth according to the growth phase. The stability of emulsions was maintained over a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salinity. The OMBE4CK (melaleuca essential oil emulsion) had better and more significant inhibitory potential for biofilm reduction formation. In addition, bioemulsifier BE4CK alone on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm showed few effective results, while there was a significant eradication for Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The biofilms formed by S. aureus were eradicated in all concentrations of OMBE4CK. At the same time, the preformed biofilm by E. coli and P. aeruginosa were removed entirely at concentrations of 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, and 6.25 mg/mL. The results show that the bioemulsifier BE4CK may represent a new potential for antibiofilm application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Mayra Mendes Araujo
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Saint Louis 65055-310, Brazil; (J.M.M.A.); (J.M.M.)
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (D.H.d.S.S.); (A.K.V.); (F.A.F.)
| | - Joveliane Melo Monteiro
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Saint Louis 65055-310, Brazil; (J.M.M.A.); (J.M.M.)
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (D.H.d.S.S.); (A.K.V.); (F.A.F.)
| | | | - Amanda Karoline Veira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (D.H.d.S.S.); (A.K.V.); (F.A.F.)
| | - Maria Raimunda Chagas Silva
- Laboratório de Ciências do Ambiente, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (M.R.C.S.); (F.H.R.B.)
| | - Fernanda Avelino Ferraz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (D.H.d.S.S.); (A.K.V.); (F.A.F.)
| | - Fábio H. Ramos Braga
- Laboratório de Ciências do Ambiente, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (M.R.C.S.); (F.H.R.B.)
| | - Ezequias Pessoa de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil;
| | - Andrea de Souza Monteiro
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Saint Louis 65055-310, Brazil; (J.M.M.A.); (J.M.M.)
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, Saint Louis 65075-120, Brazil; (D.H.d.S.S.); (A.K.V.); (F.A.F.)
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Import and Export of Mannosylerythritol Lipids by Ustilago maydis. mBio 2022; 13:e0212322. [PMID: 36069442 PMCID: PMC9600162 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02123-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon nitrogen starvation, the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis, which causes smut disease on corn, secretes amphipathic glycolipids, including mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs). MELs consist of a carbohydrate core whose mannosyl moiety is both acylated with fatty acids of different lengths and acetylated. Here, we report the transport of MELs into and out of the cell depending on the transport protein Mmf1, which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Analysis of mmf1 mutants and mutants lacking the acetyltransferase Mat1 revealed that Mmf1 is necessary for the export of acetylated MELs, while MELs without an acetyl group are secreted independently of this transporter. Upon deletion of mmf1, we detected novel MEL species lacking the acyl side chain at C-3′. With the help of feeding experiments, we demonstrate that MELs are taken up by U. maydis in an mmf1-independent manner. This leads to catabolism or rearrangement of acetyl and acyl side groups and subsequent secretion. The catabolism of MELs involves the presence of Mac2, an enzyme required for MEL biosynthesis. In cocultivation experiments, mutual exchange of MELs between different mutants was observed. Thus, we propose a novel function for fungal glycolipids as an external carbon storage.
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Qazi MA, Wang Q, Dai Z. Sophorolipids bioproduction in the yeast Starmerella bombicola: Current trends and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126593. [PMID: 34942344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are highly active green surfactants (glycolipid biosurfactants) getting tremendous appreciation worldwide due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, broad spectrum of applications, and significant biotechnological potential. Sophorolipids are mainly produced by an oleaginous budding yeast Starmerella bombicola using low-cost substrates. Therefore, the recent state-of-art literature information about S. bombicola yeast is hereby provided, especially the underlying production pathways, biosynthetic gene cluster, and regulatory enzymes. Moreover, the S. bombicola offers flexibility for regulating the structural diversity of sophorolipids, either genetically or by varying fermentative conditions. The emergence of advanced technologies like 'Omics and CRISPR/Cas have certainly boosted rational engineering research for designing high-performing platform strains. Therefore, currently available genetic engineering tools in S. bombicola were reviewed, thereby opening up exciting new possibilities for improving the overall bioproduction titers, structural variability, and stability of sophorolipids. Finally, some technical perspectives to address the current challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Qazi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China; Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Science, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, 66020 Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Zongjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
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Claus S, Jezierska S, Elbourne LDH, Van Bogaert I. Exploring the transportome of the biosurfactant producing yeast Starmerella bombicola. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:22. [PMID: 34998388 PMCID: PMC8742932 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starmerella bombicola is a non-conventional yeast mainly known for its capacity to produce high amounts of the glycolipids 'sophorolipids'. Although its product has been used as biological detergent for a couple of decades, the genetics of S. bombicola are still largely unknown. Computational analysis of the yeast's genome enabled us to identify 254 putative transporter genes that make up the entire transportome. For each of them, a potential substrate was predicted using homology analysis, subcellular localization prediction and RNA sequencing in different stages of growth. One transporter family is of exceptional importance to this yeast: the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter Superfamily, because it harbors the main driver behind the highly efficient sophorolipid export. Furthermore, members of this superfamily translocate a variety of compounds ranging from antibiotics to hydrophobic molecules. We conducted an analysis of this family by creating deletion mutants to understand their role in the export of hydrophobic compounds, antibiotics and sophorolipids. Doing this, we could experimentally confirm the transporters participating in the efflux of medium chain fatty alcohols, particularly decanol and undecanol, and identify a second sophorolipid transporter that is located outside the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Claus
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Jezierska
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Inge Van Bogaert
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Intelligent host engineering for metabolic flux optimisation in biotechnology. Biochem J 2021; 478:3685-3721. [PMID: 34673920 PMCID: PMC8589332 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimising the function of a protein of length N amino acids by directed evolution involves navigating a 'search space' of possible sequences of some 20N. Optimising the expression levels of P proteins that materially affect host performance, each of which might also take 20 (logarithmically spaced) values, implies a similar search space of 20P. In this combinatorial sense, then, the problems of directed protein evolution and of host engineering are broadly equivalent. In practice, however, they have different means for avoiding the inevitable difficulties of implementation. The spare capacity exhibited in metabolic networks implies that host engineering may admit substantial increases in flux to targets of interest. Thus, we rehearse the relevant issues for those wishing to understand and exploit those modern genome-wide host engineering tools and thinking that have been designed and developed to optimise fluxes towards desirable products in biotechnological processes, with a focus on microbial systems. The aim throughput is 'making such biology predictable'. Strategies have been aimed at both transcription and translation, especially for regulatory processes that can affect multiple targets. However, because there is a limit on how much protein a cell can produce, increasing kcat in selected targets may be a better strategy than increasing protein expression levels for optimal host engineering.
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Kell DB. The Transporter-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biotechnology Products: How and Why Phospholipid Bilayer Transport Is Negligible in Real Biomembranes. Molecules 2021; 26:5629. [PMID: 34577099 PMCID: PMC8470029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, my colleagues and I have come to realise that the likelihood of pharmaceutical drugs being able to diffuse through whatever unhindered phospholipid bilayer may exist in intact biological membranes in vivo is vanishingly low. This is because (i) most real biomembranes are mostly protein, not lipid, (ii) unlike purely lipid bilayers that can form transient aqueous channels, the high concentrations of proteins serve to stop such activity, (iii) natural evolution long ago selected against transport methods that just let any undesirable products enter a cell, (iv) transporters have now been identified for all kinds of molecules (even water) that were once thought not to require them, (v) many experiments show a massive variation in the uptake of drugs between different cells, tissues, and organisms, that cannot be explained if lipid bilayer transport is significant or if efflux were the only differentiator, and (vi) many experiments that manipulate the expression level of individual transporters as an independent variable demonstrate their role in drug and nutrient uptake (including in cytotoxicity or adverse drug reactions). This makes such transporters valuable both as a means of targeting drugs (not least anti-infectives) to selected cells or tissues and also as drug targets. The same considerations apply to the exploitation of substrate uptake and product efflux transporters in biotechnology. We are also beginning to recognise that transporters are more promiscuous, and antiporter activity is much more widespread, than had been realised, and that such processes are adaptive (i.e., were selected by natural evolution). The purpose of the present review is to summarise the above, and to rehearse and update readers on recent developments. These developments lead us to retain and indeed to strengthen our contention that for transmembrane pharmaceutical drug transport "phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd., IC1, Liverpool Science Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
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