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Ma W, Ji J, Zhang B, Sun W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Zhang G. Antifungal Activity of Sesamol on Pestalotiopsis neglecta: Interfering with Cell Membrane and Energy Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:488. [PMID: 39057373 PMCID: PMC11278199 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the inhibitory effect of Sesamol (Ses) on Pestalotiopsis neglecta. The potential inhibitory mechanisms were explored by observing changes in cell morphology, measuring alterations in cell membrane-related indices, as well as energy metabolism-related indices and changes in enzyme activities related to virulence. The results show that Ses completely inhibited the growth of P. neglecta at 600 μg/mL (minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration), with an EC50 of 142 ± 13.22 μg/mL. As observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ses treatment resulted in the breakage and crumpling of P. neglecta cell membrane and organelle lysis. Ergosterol content and the total lipid in P. neglecta treated with 300 μg/mL Ses was 91.52% and 54% of that in the control groups, respectively. In addition, spores were stained, increased leakage of intracellular constituents at 260 nm, and decreased extracellular pH. This suggests damage to the cell membrane integrity and permeability. Furthermore, Ses decreased the ATP levels and key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, indicating interference with the fungal energy metabolism. Moreover, the activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and endoglucanase (EG) of P. neglecta treated with 300 μg/mL of Ses were only 28.20% and 29.13% of that in the control groups, respectively, indicating that Ses can reduce the virulence of P. neglecta. In conclusion, our results show that Ses should be considered as a potential plant-derived fungicide due to its ability to disrupt the morphology of P. neglecta, damage cell membrane integrity and permeability in P. neglecta, interfere with energy metabolism, and reduce its virulence, ultimately affecting the fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihu Ma
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingyu Ji
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bowen Zhang
- School of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Wenzhuo Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (W.M.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (J.Z.)
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Ríos-López AL, Dávila-Aviña J, González GM, Flores-Maldonado O. Antifungal and Antivirulence Activity of Vanillin and Tannic Acid Against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:156. [PMID: 38656548 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani infections have become severe health threat; both pathogens are considered a priority due to the increasing emergence of antifungal-resistant strains and high mortality rates. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic strategies has become crucial. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and antivirulence effects of vanillin and tannic acid against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds were determined by the microdilution method in RPMI broth in 96-well microplates according to CLSI. Conidial germination, protease production, biofilm formation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy assays were performed. The results demonstrated that vanillin and tannic acid had antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, while tannic acid only exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium solani. We found that vanillin and tannic acid inhibited conidial germination and secreted protease production and biofilm formation of the fungal pathogens using sub-inhibitory concentrations. Besides, vanillin and tannic acid altered the fungal membrane permeability, and both compounds showed therapeutic effect against aspergillosis and fusariosis in an infection model in Galleria mellonella larvae. Our results highlight the antivirulence effect of vanillin and tannic acid against priority pathogenic fungi as a possible therapeutic alternative for human fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ríos-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Dávila-Aviña
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Orlando Flores-Maldonado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Li Q, Wang C, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Xie Y. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, a more effective antifungal aroma than vanillin and its derivatives against Fusarium graminearum, destroys cell membranes, inhibits DON biosynthesis, and performs a promising antifungal effect on wheat grains. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1359947. [PMID: 38468857 PMCID: PMC10925628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is a severe pathogen threatening the safety of agriculture and food. This study aimed to explore the antifungal efficacies of several plant-derived natural compounds (vanillin and its derivatives) against the growth of F. graminearum and investigate the antifungal mechanism of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB), the strongest one. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HMB in inhibiting mycelial growth was 200 μg/mL. HMB at MIC damaged cell membranes by increasing the permeability by about 6-fold (p < 0.05) as evidenced by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Meanwhile, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycerol was increased by 45.91 and 576.19% by HMB treatment at MIC, respectively, indicating that lipid oxidation and osmotic stress occurred in the cell membrane. Furthermore, HMB exerted a strong antitoxigenic role as the content of deoxynivalenol (DON) was remarkably reduced by 93.59% at MIC on 7th day. At last, the antifungal effect of HMB against F. graminearum was also confirmed on wheat grains. These results not only revealed the antifungal mechanism of HMB but also suggested that HMB could be applied as a promising antifungal agent in the preservation of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongying Xiao
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanli Xie
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Rosales AB, Causserand C, Coetsier C, Formosa-Dague C. Probing the reduction of adhesion forces between biofilms and anti-biofouling filtration membrane surfaces using FluidFM technology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113701. [PMID: 38101142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a persistent problem in many sectors (healthcare, medicine, marine, and membrane filtration processes). To control the biofouling of surfaces, it is essential to overcome or reduce the adhesion forces between biofilms and surfaces. To access and understand the molecular basis of these interactions, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-suited technology that can measure adhesion forces at the piconewton level. However, AFM-based existing methods only probe interactions between individual cells and surfaces, which is not representative of realistic conditions given that bacteria mainly exist in biofilms. We develop here an original method using FluidFM, a combination of AFM and microfluidics, to probe the adhesion forces between biofilms and filtration membranes modified with an anti-biofouling agent, vanillin. This strategy involves i) growing bacterial biofilms on micrometer-sized polystyrene beads, ii) aspirating these biofilm beads at the aperture of microfluidic cantilevers and iii) using them as probes in force spectroscopy experiments. The results obtained first showed that COOH-functionalized polystyrene beads are more suitable for bacterial growth, and that biofilms obtained after 3 h of incubation could be used with FluidFM. Then, biofilm-scale force spectroscopy experiments showed a significant decrease in adhesion forces, adhesion work, and adhesion events after membrane modification, demonstrating the potential of vanillin-coated membranes to reduce biofouling. In addition, the comparison between results at the individual cell and biofilm scales highlighted the complexity of polymeric matrix unbinding and/or unfolding in the biofilm, showing that individual cells behave differently from biofilms. Overall, this method could have implications in the fields of materials science, chemical engineering, health, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Burato Rosales
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Coetsier
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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Ouyang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Tao N, Li L. Inhibitory Mechanisms of trans-2-Hexenal on the Growth of Geotrichum citri- aurantii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:930. [PMID: 37755038 PMCID: PMC10532542 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Geotrichum citri-aurantii (G. citri-aurantii) is one of the most important postharvest pathogens leading to a postharvest loss of citrus by causing sour rot. In this study, the antifungal activity of trans-2-hexenal, a natural component of essential oil, against G. citri-aurantii was evaluated. Trans-2-hexenal treatment inhibited the mycelia growth of G. citri-aurantii with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of trans-2-hexenal at 0.50 and 1.00 μL/mL, respectively. Moreover, trans-2-hexenal efficiently reduced the incidence of sour rot of Satsuma fruit inoculated with G. citri-aurantii. Ultrastructural observations and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results showed that trans-2-hexenal treatment affected the cell wall and cell membrane instructions of G. citri-aurantii. The content of β-1,3-glucan was significantly decreased after trans-2-hexenal treatment, but the cell wall permeability was not changed. The decrease in lipid and ergosterol contents might be responsible for this antifungal activity. Several important genes, FKS1, ERG1, ERG7, and ERG11, showed decreasing expression levels after trans-2-hexenal treatment. Molecule-docking results also indicated that trans-2-hexenal could join with the protein of FKS1, ERG1, ERG7, and ERG11 to impact enzyme activities. These results demonstrated that trans-2-hexenal is a promising fungicide for controlling sour rot of harvested citrus fruit by damaging the membrane integrity of G. citri-aurantii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China (L.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China (L.L.)
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang C, Zhou Y, Li H, Yu S, Wu R. Inhibitory effect of carvacrol against Alternaria alternata causing goji fruit rot by disrupting the integrity and composition of cell wall. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139749. [PMID: 36891390 PMCID: PMC9986456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a widely planted crop in China that is easily infected by the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, which causes rot after harvest. Previous studies showed that carvacrol (CVR) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro and reduced Alternaria rot in goji fruits in vivo. The present study aimed to explore the antifungal mechanism of CVR against A. alternata. Optical microscopy and calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescence observations showed that CVR affected the cell wall of A. alternata. CVR treatment affected the integrity of the cell wall and the content of substances in the cell wall as measured by alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents in cells decreased after CVR treatment, and the activities of β-glucan synthase and chitin synthase decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CVR treatment affected cell wall-related genes in A. alternata, thereby affecting cell wall growth. Cell wall resistance also decreased with CVR treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that CVR may exert antifungal activity by interfering with cell wall construction, leading to impairment of cell wall permeability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shukun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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Gao Y, Ren H, He S, Duan S, Xing S, Li X, Huang Q. Antifungal activity of the volatile organic compounds produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata strains WSJK-1 and Mby. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1034939. [PMID: 36338050 PMCID: PMC9631480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganism-produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants in food preservation. In this study, the VOCs from fungal Ceratocystis fimbriata strains (WSJK-1, Mby) were tested against postharvest fungi Monilinia laxa, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, and Aspergillus flavus in vitro. The mycelial growth was significantly inhibited, in particular M. fructicola and B. cinerea (76.95, 76.00%), respectively. VOCs were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS); 40 compounds were identified. The antifungal activity of 21 compounds was tested by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value. Benzaldehyde, 2-Phenylethanol, and 1-Octen-3-ol showed strong antifungal activity with the MIC in vitro ranging from 0.094 to 0.284 ml L-1 depending on the pathogen tested. The optical microscope showed serious morphological damage, including cell deformation, curling, collapse, and deficiency in mycelial or conidia cell structures treated with C. fimbriata VOCs and pure compounds. In vivo tests, C. fimbriata VOCs decreased brown rot severity in peaches, and compounds Benzaldehyde and 2-Phenylethanol could reduce peach brown rot in peaches at 60 μl L-1. The VOCs produced by C. fimbriata strain have good antifungal effects; low concentration fumigation could control peach brown rot. Its fragrance is fresh, safe, and harmless, and it is possible to replace chemical fumigants. It could be used as a potential biofumigant to control fruit postharvest transportation, storage, and food preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antifungal activity and biocontrol mechanism of VOCs produced by C. fimbriata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Mitsumoto A, Yamazaki T. [Repellent Activity of Vanillin Derivatives and Monoterpenes to Olive Weevil]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1005-1014. [PMID: 36047212 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Olive weevils, Pimelocerus (Dyscerus) perforatus Roelofs, utilize olive trees as a host plant. The adult female uses an elongated snout to puncture the trunk and lay one egg a day, resulting in dozens of eggs over its lifetime. The hatched larvae grow by eating the olive trunk. When olive trees die due to feeding damage, olive productivity is seriously impaired. Since there is no effective pesticide for olive weevils so far, the authors aimed to develop a repellent for adult olive weevils from the viewpoint of integrated pest management. We prepared a measurable apparatus for the repellent action against olive weevils and screened chemical substances by using the apparatus. When the repellent activity was measured using vanillin and its derivatives, a clear repellent effect could be confirmed for two types of vanillin derivatives, such as o-vanillin, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. In addition, when the repellent activity against olive weevils was measured using monoterpenes, four types of acyclic monoterpenes, geraniol, β-citronellol, citral, and linalool, and three types of monocyclic monoterpenes, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, and (-)-menthol, and a bicyclic monoterpene, (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, were found to have dose-dependent repellent activity with statistical significance. In the future, it is expected that the formulation for applying the repellent substances to olive trees and the study of their practicality in olive fields will progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mitsumoto
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Tohru Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
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Wang X, Zhang X, Sun M, Wang L, Zou Y, Fu L, Han C, Li A, Li L, Zhu C. Impact of vanillin on postharvest disease control of apple. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979737. [PMID: 36090122 PMCID: PMC9456617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple fruits are susceptible to infection by postharvest fungal pathogens, which may cause fruit decay and severe economic losses. This study investigated the antifungal spectrum of vanillin against common decay pathogens of apple and explored the antifungal mechanisms of vanillin in vitro. In vivo experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of vanillin on apple postharvest disease control and fruit quality. Moreover, the induced resistance mechanism of vanillin on apple fruit was preliminarily explored. The results showed that vanillin has broad-spectrum antifungal effects, especially on Alternaria alternata. Vanillin could significantly inhibit the growth rate, mycelium biomass, and spore germination of pathogenic fungi by increasing the cell membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, vanillin treatment reduced the incidence of apple decay caused by A. alternata and Penicillium expansum, and contributed to improve fruit quality. Further studies indicated that vanillin could induce elevation in the activities of defense-related enzymes in apple fruit, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHI) and β-1,3-glucanase (β-1,3-GA), and increase total phenols and flavonoids contents. Generally, these results suggest that vanillin may contribute to the induced resistance of apple fruits to pathogenic fungi. To conclude, the results of this research provide theoretical foundations for the application of vanillin in the control of apple postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaoyuan Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Fu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anqing Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Limei Li
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changchun, China
- Limei Li,
| | - Chunyu Zhu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Zhu,
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Li Q, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Xie Y. The antifungal activity of o-vanillin against Aspergillus flavus via disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and promoting oxidative stress, and an RNA-seq analysis thereof. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Zuo X, Guo F, Li Y, Xie Y. Paeonol inhibits Aspergillus flavus via disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis, redox metabolism, and aflatoxin biosynthesis on rice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Zea mays L. Using Endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050482. [PMID: 35628738 PMCID: PMC9146429 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus infection of vegetative tissues can affect the development and integrity of the plant and poses dangerous risks on human and animal health. Thus, safe and easily applied approaches are employed to inhibit A. flavus growth. To this end, the fungal endophyte, i.e., Aspergillus fumigatus, was used as a safe biocontrol agent to reduce the growth of A. flavus and its infection in maize seedlings. Interestingly, the safe endophytic A. fumigatus exhibited antifungal activity (e.g., 77% of growth inhibition) against A. flavus. It also reduced the creation of aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 90.9%). At plant level, maize seedling growth, leaves and root anatomy and the changes in redox status were estimated. Infected seeds treated with A. fumigatus significantly improved the germination rate by 88.53%. The ultrastructure of the infected leaves showed severe disturbances in the internal structures, such as lack of differentiation in cells, cracking, and lysis in the cell wall and destruction in the nucleus semi-lysis of chloroplasts. Ultrastructure observations indicated that A. fumigatus treatment increased maize (leaf and root) cell wall thickness that consequentially reduced the invasion of the pathogenic A. flavus. It was also interesting that the infected seedlings recovered after being treated with A. fumigatus, as it was observed in growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, infected maize plants showed increased oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation and H2O2), which was significantly mitigated by A. fumigatus treatment. This mitigation was at least partially explained by inducing the antioxidant defense system, i.e., increased phenols and proline levels (23.3 and 31.17%, respectively) and POD, PPO, SOD and CAT enzymes activity (29.50, 57.58, 32.14 and 29.52%, respectively). Overall, our study suggests that endophytic A. fumigatus treatment could be commercially used for the safe control of aflatoxins production and for inducing biotic stress tolerance of A. flavus-infected maize plants.
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhu X, Xie Y. Antifungal effect of
o
‐vanillin on mitochondria of
Aspergillus flavus
: ultrastructure and TCA cycle are destroyed. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Xiaoman Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Yanli Xie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
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Screening of Bacillus velezensis E2 and the Inhibitory Effect of Its Antifungal Substances on Aspergillus flavus. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020140. [PMID: 35053872 PMCID: PMC8774516 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergilus flavus is the main pathogenic fungus that causes food mold. Effective control of A. flavus contamination is essential to ensure food safety. The lipopeptides (LPs) produced by Bacillus strains have been shown to have an obvious antifungal effect on molds. In this study, an antagonist strain of Bacillus velezensis with obvious antifungal activity against A. flavus was isolated from the surface of healthy rice. Using HPLC-MS analysis, the main components of LPs produced by strain E2 were identified as fengycin and iturins. Further investigations showed that LPs could inhibit the spore germination, and even cause abnormal expansion of hyphae and cell rupture. Transcriptomic analyses showed that some genes, involved in ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes (NOG1, KRE33) and aflatoxin biosynthesis (aflK, aflR, veA, omtA) pathways in A. flavus were significantly down-regulated by LPs. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the cellular and molecular antifungal mechanisms of LPs against grain A. flavus contamination.
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Xie Y. Paeonol Disrupts the Integrity of Aspergillus flavus Cell Walls via Releasing Surface Proteins, Inhibiting the Biosynthesis of β-1,3-Glucan and Promoting the Degradation of Chitin, and an Identification of Cell Surface Proteins. Foods 2021; 10:2951. [PMID: 34945502 PMCID: PMC8700735 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeonol can effectively inhibit Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) via damaging cell walls. In this work, paeonol treatment remarkably destroyed both the outer amorphous layer and the inner fibrous layer of cell walls. Furthermore, FT-IR and XPS characterization showed that OH functional groups were altered and proteins in the outer layer were released. According to proteomic analysis, 605 proteins have been identified and annotated. The activities of β-1,3-glucan synthase and chitinase were prohibited and promoted, respectively, by paeonol treatment, however, the activities of β-1,3-glucanase and chitin synthase were not influenced. QRT-PCR results suggested that FKSP, CHIIII, and CHIV genes might be the antifungal targets of paeonol. In addition, paeonol can effectively restrain the pathogenicity of A. flavus on peanut butter. This study provided a new elucidation on the mode of action of paeonol against cell walls of A. flavus, facilitating the application of paeonol in the preservation of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanli Xie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Q.L.); (Y.Z.)
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