Secretome-based screening of fusion partners and their application in recombinant protein secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Synergistic regulation of chassis cell growth and screening of promoters, signal peptides and fusion protein linkers for enhanced recombinant protein expression in Bacillus subtilis

Growth-advantageous microbial chassis cells are beneficial for shortening fermentation period and boosting biomolecule productivity. This study focused on enhancing recombinant proteins synthesis efficiency in Bacillus subtilis by CRISPRi-mediated metabolism regulation for improved cell growth and screening expression elements. Specifically, by repressing odhA gene expression to reallocate cellular resource and overexpressing atpC, atpD and atpG genes to reprogram energy metabolism, the growth-advantageous chassis cell with high specific growth rate of 0.63 h-1 and biomass yield of 0.41 g DCW/g glucose in minimum medium was developed, representing 61.54 % and 46.43 % increasements compared to B. subtilis 168. Subsequently, using screened optimal P566 promoter and (EAAAK)3 protein linker, secretory bovine alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) titer reached 1.02 mg/L. Finally, to test protein synthesis capability of cells, intracellular GFP, secretory α-LA and α-amylase were expressed with P566 promoter, representing 43.76 %, 75.49 % and 82.98 % increasements. The growth-advantageous B. subtilis chassis cells exhibit their potential to boost bioproduction productivity.

A Yeast Modular Cloning (MoClo) Toolkit Expansion for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Secretion and Surface Display in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an attractive host for the expression of secreted proteins in a biotechnology context. Unfortunately, many heterologous proteins fail to enter, or efficiently progress through, the secretory pathway, resulting in poor yields. Similarly, yeast surface display has become a widely used technique in protein engineering but achieving sufficient levels of surface expression of recombinant proteins is often challenging. Signal peptides (SPs) and translational fusion partners (TFPs) can be used to direct heterologous proteins through the yeast secretory pathway, however, selection of the optimal secretion promoting sequence is largely a process of trial and error. The yeast modular cloning (MoClo) toolkit utilizes type IIS restriction enzymes to facilitate an efficient assembly of expression vectors from standardized parts. We have expanded this toolkit to enable the efficient incorporation of a panel of 16 well-characterized SPs and TFPs and five surface display anchor proteins into S. cerevisiae expression cassettes. The secretion promoting signals are validated by using five different proteins of interest. Comparison of intracellular and secreted protein levels reveals the optimal secretion promoting sequence for each individual protein. Large, protein of interest-specific variations in secretion efficiency are observed. SP sequences are also used with the five surface display anchors, and the combination of SP and anchor protein proves critical for efficient surface display. These observations highlight the value of the described panel of MoClo compatible parts to allow facile screening of SPs and TFPs and anchor proteins for optimal secretion and/or surface display of a given protein of interest in S. cerevisiae.

Transfer of disulfide bond formation modules via yeast artificial chromosomes promotes the expression of heterologous proteins in Kluyveromyces marxianus

Kluyveromyces marxianus is a food-safe yeast with great potential for producing heterologous proteins. Improving the yield in K. marxianus remains a challenge and incorporating large-scale functional modules poses a technical obstacle in engineering. To address these issues, linear and circular yeast artificial chromosomes of K. marxianus (KmYACs) were constructed and loaded with disulfide bond formation modules from Pichia pastoris or K. marxianus. These modules contained up to seven genes with a maximum size of 15 kb. KmYACs carried telomeres either from K. marxianus or Tetrahymena. KmYACs were transferred successfully into K. marxianus and stably propagated without affecting the normal growth of the host, regardless of the type of telomeres and configurations of KmYACs. KmYACs increased the overall expression levels of disulfide bond formation genes and significantly enhanced the yield of various heterologous proteins. In high-density fermentation, the use of KmYACs resulted in a glucoamylase yield of 16.8 g/l, the highest reported level to date in K. marxianus. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of cells containing KmYACs suggested increased flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, enhanced flux entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and a preferred demand for lysine and arginine as features of cells overexpressing heterologous proteins. Consistently, supplementing lysine or arginine further improved the yield. Therefore, KmYAC provides a powerful platform for manipulating large modules with enormous potential for industrial applications and fundamental research. Transferring the disulfide bond formation module via YACs proves to be an efficient strategy for improving the yield of heterologous proteins, and this strategy may be applied to optimize other microbial cell factories.

Engineering strategies for enhanced heterologous protein production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microbial proteins are promising substitutes for animal- and plant-based proteins. S. cerevisiae, a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microorganism, has been frequently employed to generate heterologous proteins. However, constructing a universal yeast chassis for efficient protein production is still a challenge due to the varying properties of different proteins. With progress in synthetic biology, a multitude of molecular biology tools and metabolic engineering strategies have been employed to alleviate these issues. This review first analyses the advantages of protein production by S. cerevisiae. The most recent advances in improving heterologous protein yield are summarized and discussed in terms of protein hyperexpression systems, protein secretion engineering, glycosylation pathway engineering and systems metabolic engineering. Furthermore, the prospects for efficient and sustainable heterologous protein production by S. cerevisiae are also provided.

Multi-Omics Profiling of Candida albicans Grown on Solid Versus Liquid Media

Candida albicans is a common pathogenic fungus that presents a challenge to healthcare facilities. It can switch between a yeast cell form that diffuses through the bloodstream to colonize internal organs and a filamentous form that penetrates host mucosa. Understanding the pathogen's strategies for environmental adaptation and, ultimately, survival, is crucial. As a complementary study, herein, a multi-omics analysis was performed using high-resolution timsTOF MS to compare the proteomes and metabolomes of Wild Type (WT) Candida albicans (strain DK318) grown on agar plates versus liquid media. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 1793 proteins and 15,013 peptides. Out of the 1403 identified proteins, 313 proteins were significantly differentially abundant with a p-value < 0.05. Of these, 156 and 157 proteins were significantly increased in liquid and solid media, respectively. Metabolomics analysis identified 192 metabolites in total. The majority (42/48) of the significantly altered metabolites (p-value 0.05 FDR, FC 1.5), mainly amino acids, were significantly higher in solid media, while only 2 metabolites were significantly higher in liquid media. The combined multi-omics analysis provides insight into adaptative morphological changes supporting Candida albicans' life cycle and identifies crucial virulence factors during biofilm formation and bloodstream infection.

An outlook to sophisticated technologies and novel developments for metabolic regulation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most extensively used biosynthetic systems for the production of diverse bioproducts, especially biotherapeutics and recombinant proteins. Because the expression and insertion of foreign genes are always impaired by the endogenous factors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nonproductive procedures, various technologies have been developed to enhance the strength and efficiency of transcription and facilitate gene editing procedures. Thus, the limitations that block heterologous protein secretion have been overcome. Highly efficient promoters responsible for the initiation of transcription and the accurate regulation of expression have been developed that can be precisely regulated with synthetic promoters and double promoter expression systems. Appropriate codon optimization and harmonization for adaption to the genomic codon abundance of S. cerevisiae are expected to further improve the transcription and translation efficiency. Efficient and accurate translocation can be achieved by fusing a specifically designed signal peptide to an upstream foreign gene to facilitate the secretion of newly synthesized proteins. In addition to the widely applied promoter engineering technology and the clear mechanism of the endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway, the innovative genome editing technique CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated system) and its derivative tools allow for more precise and efficient gene disruption, site-directed mutation, and foreign gene insertion. This review focuses on sophisticated engineering techniques and emerging genetic technologies developed for the accurate metabolic regulation of the S. cerevisiae expression system.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface display technology: Strategies for improvement and applications

Microbial cell surface display technology provides a powerful platform for engineering proteins/peptides with enhanced properties. Compared to the classical intracellular and extracellular expression (secretion) systems, this technology avoids enzyme purification, substrate transport processes, and is an effective solution to enzyme instability. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited to cell surface display as a common cell factory for the production of various fuels and chemicals, with the advantages of large cell size, being a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) organism, and post-translational processing of secreted proteins. In this review, we describe various strategies for constructing modified S. cerevisiae using cell surface display technology and outline various applications of this technology in industrial processes, such as biofuels and chemical products, environmental pollution treatment, and immunization processes. The approaches for enhancing the efficiency of cell surface display are also discussed.