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Moreno CM, Moreno JN, Valdez MC, Baldwin MP, Vallor AC, Carvalho PB. Fungal-Mediated Biotransformation of the Plant Growth Regulator Forchlorfenuron by Cunninghamella elegans. Metabolites 2024; 14:101. [PMID: 38392993 PMCID: PMC10890479 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron (FCF), while seemingly presenting relatively low toxicity for mammalian organisms, has been the subject of renewed scrutiny in the past few years due to its increasing use in fruit crops and potential for bioaccumulation. Despite many toxicological properties of FCF being known, little research has been conducted on the toxicological effects of its secondary metabolites. Given this critical gap in the existing literature, understanding the formation of relevant FCF secondary metabolites and their association with mammalian metabolism is essential. To investigate the formation of FCF metabolites in sufficient quantities for toxicological studies, a panel of four fungi were screened for their ability to catalyze the biotransformation of FCF. Of the organisms screened, Cunninghamella elegans (ATCC 9245), a filamentous fungus, was found to convert FCF to 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, the major FCF secondary metabolite identified in mammals, after 26 days. Following the optimization of biotransformation conditions using a solid support system, media screening, and inoculation with a solid pre-formed fungal mass of C. elegans, this conversion time was significantly reduced to 7 days-representing a 73% reduction in total reaction time as deduced from the biotransformation products and confirmed by LC-MS, NMR spectroscopic data, as well as a comparison with synthetically prepared metabolites. Our study provides the first report of the metabolism of FCF by C. elegans. These findings suggest that C. elegans can produce FCF secondary metabolites consistent with those produced via mammalian metabolism and could be used as a more efficient, cost-effective, and ethical alternative for producing those metabolites in useful quantities for toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Jaclyn N Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Matthew C Valdez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Melinda P Baldwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Ana C Vallor
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Paulo B Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
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Yu J, Zheng Y, Song C, Chen S. New insights into the roles of fungi and bacteria in the development of medicinal plant. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00394-6. [PMID: 38092299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between microorganisms and medicinal plants is a popular topic. Previous studies consistently reported that microorganisms were mainly considered pathogens or contaminants. However, with the development of microbial detection technology, it has been demonstrated that fungi and bacteria affect beneficially the medicinal plant production chain. AIM OF REVIEW Microorganisms greatly affect medicinal plants, with microbial biosynthesis a high regarded topic in medicinal plant-microbial interactions. However, it lacks a systematic review discussing this relationship. Current microbial detection technologies also have certain advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to compare the characteristics of various technologies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review first illustrates the role of fungi and bacteria in various medicinal plant production procedures, discusses the development of microbial detection and identification technologies in recent years, and concludes with microbial biosynthesis of natural products. The relationship between fungi, bacteria, and medicinal plants is discussed comprehensively. We also propose a future research model and direction for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Chi Song
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700 China.
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Wu YN, Su D, Yang J, Yi Y, Wang AD, Yang M, Li JL, Fan BY, Chen GT, Wang WL, Ling B. Biotransformation of Ursonic Acid by Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus oryzae to Discover Anti-Neuroinflammatory Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:7943. [PMID: 38138433 PMCID: PMC10745867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation of ursonic acid (1) by two fungal strains Aspergillus ochraceus CGMCC 3.5324 and Aspergillus oryzae CGMCC 3.407 yielded thirteen new compounds (4, 5, 7-10, and 13-19), along with five recognized ones. The structural details of new compounds were determined through spectroscopic examination (NMR, IR, and HR-MS) and X-ray crystallography. Various modifications, including hydroxylation, epoxidation, lactonization, oxygen introduction, and transmethylation, were identified on the ursane core. Additionally, the anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy of these derivatives was assessed on BV-2 cells affected by lipopolysaccharides. It was observed that certain methoxylated and epoxylated derivatives (10, 16, and 19) showcased enhanced suppressive capabilities, boasting IC50 values of 8.2, 6.9, and 5.3 μM. Such ursonic acid derivatives might emerge as potential primary molecules in addressing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Dan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Jia Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Ying Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - An-Dong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Jian-Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Bo-Yi Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Guang-Tong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China (W.-L.W.)
| | - Bai Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, 166 Yulongxi Road, Yancheng 224005, China
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Gao X, Bai Y, Sun P, Gao H, Yang L, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Ma Y. Combined chemical transformation and biological transformation of artemisinin: A facile approach to diverse artemisinin derivatives. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089290. [PMID: 36760520 PMCID: PMC9902651 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Artemisinin (1) is a milestone compound in malaria treatment, and it exhibits a broad scope of bioactivities. Herein, sequential chemo-reduction and biotransformation of artemisinin were undertaken to obtain a series of artemisinin derivatives. Methods: First, 10-deoxyartemisinin (2) and 9-ene-10-deoxyartemisinin (3) were synthesized after simple handling with boron trifluoride/diethyl ether and sodium borohydride. Then, biotransformation of 10-deoxyartemisinin was conducted with Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.4879 and Cunninghamella elegans CGMCC 3.4832, and the transformed products were separated and identified. The antimalarial activity of these products was tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Results: Fifteen metabolites (4-18), including seven novel compounds, were isolated and identified after cultivation. Compounds 2, 3, 13, 15, 16, and 18 displayed moderate-to-good antimalarial activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration ranging from 6 to 223 nM. Discussion: This work explored the combination of chemical and biological transformation to develop a co-environmental, efficient, and cost-efficiency synthetic methodology and applied it to synthesize novel derivatives of artemisinin. The association of the two strategies will hopefully provide an abundant source for the development of novel drugs with bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Graduate Students, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yue Ma,
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Okokon JE, Mobley R, Edem UA, Bassey AI, Fadayomi I, Drijfhout F, Horrocks P, Li WW. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and chemical profiling of sugarcane leaves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10250. [PMID: 35715548 PMCID: PMC9205285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharum officinarum Linn. (sugarcane, Family-Poaceae) is employed in Ibibio traditional medicine for the treatment of various infections and diseases such as malaria. We This study aims to assess the antiplasmodial effect of the leaf extract and fractions on human malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) in vitro, and rodent malaria parasite (P. berghei) in vivo, and analyse the bioactive components of the active fraction(s). The leaf extract and fractions of S. officinarum were prepared and their growth inhibitory effects tested against the chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strain (Dd2) and P. berghei infection in mice. An acute toxicity of the extract was determined. A combination of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied for metabolites profiling of crude extract and active fractions. The leaf extract and fractions demonstrated moderate activity against P. falciparum with the dichloromethane fraction producing the most potent activity (EC50 = 15.4 µg/mL). The leaf extract (170-510 mg/kg, p.o., LD50 = 1732 mg/kg) and fractions demonstrated significant (p < 0.05-0.001) effect on P. berghei infection in prophylactic tests as well as in established infection with n-butanol fractions producing the highest effect. An unusual sulphur-containing compound, dilaurylthiodipropionate, fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoid and flavonoid glycoside were identified in the active fractions. These results give credence to the use of sugarcane leaves as malarial remedy locally by confirming the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial potential of leaf extract/fractions of S. officinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude E Okokon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca Mobley
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Utibe A Edem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Augustine I Bassey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Fadayomi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Falko Drijfhout
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Paul Horrocks
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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