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Muhammad S, Haq A. Spatial distribution of radon contamination in hot springs water and its cancer and non-cancer risks in the Hunza-Nagar valley, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5829-5840. [PMID: 37160537 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Radon (222Rn) is a ubiquitous radioactive gas and could threaten human life due to its potential for cancer and non-cancer risks. This study examined the measurement of 222Rn concentration and associated health risks in the hot springs of Hunza-Nagar valley. For this purpose, the hot springs water of Hunza and Nagar districts and the background sites were analyzed for 222Rn concentration using the RAD7 detector (Durridge Company, USA). The average concentrations of 222Rn were 46.1 ± 0.94, 65.3 ± 0.45, and 5.47 ± 0.25 Bq/L in the Hunza district, Nagar district, and background sites, respectively. Results showed that 222Rn concentrations of hot springs water were multifold higher than the background sites. 222Rn concentrations for hot springs water in Hunza-Nagar valley had surpassed the maximum contamination level set by the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Humans' annual mean exposure dose rates of various age groups were calculated for the estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and non-cancer risks. The total annual mean exposure doses from 222Rn in water (EwTotal) values were (187 ± 3.80, 265 ± 1.84, and 22.2 ± 1.02 μSv/a) for infants (143 ± 2.92, 203 ± 1.40, and 17.0 ± 0.78 μSv/a) children, and (138 ± 2.80, 196 ± 1.35, and 16.4 ± 0.76 μSv/a) adults in the Hunza district, Nagar district, and background, respectively. Among the age groups of humans, infants showed a higher risk than others. Results showed that hot springs water consumption surpassed the world health organization threshold of 100 μSv/y for chronic or non-cancer and USEPA 0.1 × 10-3 for ELCR risks. The concentration of 222Rn showed a positive correlation (> 0.68) with hot springs' water temperature and pH suggesting a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Anwarul Haq
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
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2
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Verma J, Sourirajan A, Dev K. Bacterial diversity in 110 thermal hot springs of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). 3 Biotech 2022; 12:238. [PMID: 36003895 PMCID: PMC9393120 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal hot springs are present throughout the world and constitute a unique habitat for microbial diversity. The current investigation is conducted to study the bacterial diversity of thermophilic microorganisms in thermal hot springs of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). As of today, 110 geothermal hot springs have been explored for microbial diversity. In this study, we observed that the growth of thermophilic bacteria isolated from thermal hot springs of IHR ranges between 40 and 100 °C, and pH of 3.5-8 have been reported in the literature. The major bacterial species reported from the thermal hot springs of IHR are Bacillus spp., Geobacillus spp., Paenibacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Anoxybacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Aneurinibacillus, Thermus aquaticus, Aquimonas, Flavobacterium, etc. Furthermore, bacterial isolates from thermal hot springs of IHR have been reported to produce various enzymes and metabolites such as amylase, β-galactosidase, cellulase, nitrate reductase, acetoin, caffeine degradation enzymes, lipase, urease, and laccase. Metagenomic study and the entire genomic shotgun project have established the impact of physicochemical parameters (temperature and pH) on developing the microbiome. We have discussed the discoveries of microbiological data on the hot springs of IHR until the end of year 2021. As a whole, the microbiome adapts themselves as successful inhabitants to extreme environmental conditions and also serves as a diverse resource for potential applications in health, food, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Verma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212 Himachal Pradesh India
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Ajiboye Y, Isinkaye MO, Badmus GO, Faloye OT, Atoiki V. Pilot groundwater radon mapping and the assessment of health risk from heavy metals in drinking water of southwest, Nigeria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08840. [PMID: 35146162 PMCID: PMC8818932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon and heavy metals are sources of groundwater pollution and are identified as potential carcinogens. Southwest Nigeria's populace mostly relies on groundwater source for drinking. This study aims to map radon distribution in groundwater of southwest Nigeria and to determine the health risk of radon and heavy metal in drinking water. Radon concentrations of 145 groundwater samples were measured using RAD7 electronic radon detector and heavy metal concentrations of 52 groundwater samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Radon concentration distributions were delineated using geographical information system. Radon concentration of water samples ranges between 1.6 Bq l−1 and 271 Bq l−1 with an average value of 35.9 ± 38.4 Bq l−1. The average groundwater radon concentration is higher than US-EPA recommended level of 11.1 Bq l−1 but lower than the WHO recommended limit of 100 Bq l−1. The estimated average annual effective radiation doses to infants, children, and adults are 29 μSvy−1, 41 μSvy−1 and 92 μSvy−1 respectively. The radon distribution map of the study area reveals regions of high, medium, and low groundwater radon concentrations. The average concentration values of heavy metals in groundwater samples are of the order Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd. 84% of groundwater exhibits good to excellent quality in terms of heavy metal pollution. However, about 16% of the samples which lie in the sedimentary regions of Ogun and Lagos States exhibit poor to very poor quality. Overall, ingestion of groundwater in the study area may not pose a serious health hazards from radon ingestion and heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Ajiboye
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Ganiyu Olabode Badmus
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye
- Department of Food and Biosystems Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Atoiki
- Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Assessment of radon (222Rn) activity in groundwater and soil-gas in Purulia district, West Bengal, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sukanya S, Joseph S, Noble J. Evaluation of radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in groundwater of a small tropical river basin, Kerala, India. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:204-215. [PMID: 33243014 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1835889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the radon (222Rn) distribution and associated radiation doses to the public in a small tropical river basin partly set in the western slope of the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Radon, though detected in all the 71 monitored wells (0.17-68.3 Bq L-1), exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 11.1 Bq L-1 for drinking water recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in eight samples from isolated pockets of highland, midland and lowland of the Karamana River Basin (KRB) and found to be well within 100 Bq L-1, the parametric value suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU). The age-wise total annual effective doses (AEDs) of groundwater radon activity ranged from 0.5-208.4 μSv a-1 for infants, 0.4-172.2 for children and 0.5-189.7 μSv a-1 for adults. The results reveal that effective doses due to groundwater radon pose no potential public health risk in the study region. Since there is no previous background information on radon-induced radiation dose in the KRB, this work is a newfangled attempt from a public health point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sukanya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jacob Noble
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Sukanya S, Noble J, Joseph S. Factors controlling the distribution of radon ( 222Rn) in groundwater of a tropical mountainous river basin in southwest India. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128096. [PMID: 33297092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on occurrence of radon in the environment are receiving growing attention worldwide due to its adverse impact on human health. Despite that, the dissolved radon in water is found to be a useful tracer in many hydrogeological studies. Although, several studies focused on the occurrence of high 222Rn in groundwater, the processes responsible for its variation is still not well understood. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to elucidate the underlying factors influencing the abundance 222Rn in hard rock (gneissic) aquifers of Karamana River Basin, southwest India. 222Rn in groundwater was analyzed in 71 dug wells during the pre-monsoon period of 2017. A large variability in 222Rn activities (170-68,350 Bq/m3) was noticed in groundwater and high activities were mainly seen in the khondalite formation. No significant dependencies between 222Rn activity and depth to water table, groundwater temperature and electrical conductivity were observed. However, majority of the presence of high 222Rn activity in groundwater matches with the location of lineaments. Furthermore, radium content in the host rock, degree of weathering and fracturing and the emanation coefficient of the rock were found to have an important bearing on the occurrence of radon in groundwater. The underlying factors influencing the abundance of radon in hard rock aquifers were also conceptualized. Thus, the study highlights the usefulness of 222Rn as a potential tool in delineating the macro-structural features like fractures/lineaments that are significant repositories of groundwater, which could be explored for groundwater development in hard rock terrains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sukanya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
| | - Jacob Noble
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
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Martins LMO, Pereira AJSC, Oliveira AS, Fernandes LFS, Pacheco FAL. A new radon prediction approach for an assessment of radiological potential in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136427. [PMID: 31935548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled radon from groundwater used for domestic purposes is one of the sources of natural radioactivity into indoor air. Due to uranium-bearing minerals occurrences, hydrogeochemical conditions, tectonic structures, and hydraulic circuits, the radon pathway from rocks to groundwater is quite unpredictable. High radon potential from bedrocks is not always associated with high radon levels in groundwater. Besides, inhaled radon from domestic use may also increase the exposure toindoor radon levels. This innovative methodology using hydrogeochemical conditions and groundwater flow transport was used for radon predictions in the underground to ensure safe drinking water ingestion and inhalation. This innovative radon prediction methodology is based on classic hydrogeochemical analyses (Eh-pH, Piper, Schöeller and Gibb's diagrams) and multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component Analysis and Pearson's correlation). High dissolution of major ions does not imply high radon mobilization from rocks to groundwater. The travel time was estimated to developed a flow transport of contaminated groundwater. Radiological results show that of the 25 sampled springs, five of them contained radon concentrations above the Portuguese imposed limit (222Rn = 500 Bq·L-1), and 16 of them with values above the WHO recommended limit (222Rn = 100 Bq·L-1). Overall, this new approach of radon prediction showed that uranium enrichment in rocks at ideal hydrochemical conditions and emanation coefficient, and shallow circuits, are responsible for radon increasing in drinking water. The proposed approach allow to predict the areas with high radon potential groundwaters, being a tool to be used by water planners and policy makers for corrective and preventive measures in shallow groundwater flows. To safeguard clean water within the predefined deadline of Sustainable Development Goals (2030) and to ensure human health in compliance with WHO guidelines for safe drinking water, should be established priority water protection policies to reduced radon in this contaminated springs (n = 16).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M O Martins
- Department of Geology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Science, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - A J S C Pereira
- Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Earth and Space Research, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, Coimbra University, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Sousa Oliveira
- Department of Geology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Geosciences Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L F Sanches Fernandes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Science, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F A L Pacheco
- Department of Geology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Chemistry Research Centre, Vila Real, Portugal
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Przylibski TA, Kaczorowski M, Fijałkowska-Lichwa L, Kasza D, Zdunek R, Wronowski R. Testing of 222Rn application for recognizing tectonic events observed on water-tube tiltmeters in underground Geodynamic Laboratory of Space Research Centre at Książ (the Sudetes, SW Poland). Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 163:108967. [PMID: 32561034 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research on relationships between variation in 222Rn activity concentration and tectonic events recorded using the instruments of the Geodynamic Laboratory of SRC PAS at Książ (the Sudetes, SW Poland) had been conducted since 2014. The performed analyses of variation have demonstrated the spatial character of changes in 222Rn activity concentration. Their time-course is comparable in all parts of the underground laboratory. This means that gas exchange between the lithosphere and the atmosphere occurs not only through fault zones but also through all surfaces of the underground workings: the floors, the sidewalls and the roofs. Further, some relationships between 222Rn activity concentration and tectonic activity of the orogen have been demonstrated with the use of Pearson's linear correlation coefficient. The comparison between temporal distribution (times series) of radon activity concentration and water-tube tiltmeters (WTs) demonstrated that radon data have regular oscillations which can be approximated using the sine function with a 12 month cycle (seasonal changes) and amplitude in the range of 1000-1500 Bq/m3. To compare the collected radon signal data and tectonic activity, we used linear function as the simplest method of trend assessment. Pearson's correlation coefficient r cannot be accepted as appropriate for assessing the interdependencies between variables because they do not have a normal distribution, and the relationship between them is not linear. It was noted that each series of data, namely radon activity concentration and tectonic activity determine the series of deviations above and below the trend function. Because of the non-fulfillment of the above assumptions, we used nonparametric equivalents such as Spearman's rank correlation coefficient rs and Kendall's tau. The obtained results showed that the value of the rs coefficient ranges from 0.38 to even 0.43. The best relationship at the level of rs = 0.43 was determined between the radon activity concentration recorded by detector no. 3 and the tectonic activity of the rock mass registered on the WT-2 channel. Similar at the rs level of 0.37-0.38 between detector no. 5 and 4 and the WT-2 channel. A bit higher than rs = 0.39 between detector no. 3 and the WT-2 channel. In each case, these were positive correlations. The obtained Spearman's rs coefficients indicate the correlation between 222Rn activity concentration and tectonic activity of the rock mass. The t-statistic, which analyzes the significance of Spearman's coefficient rs is a descriptive measure of the accuracy of regression matching to empirical data. It takes values in the range of percentage and provides informations about which part of the total variability of the radon activity concentration (Y) observed in the sample has been explained (determined) by regression in relation to tectonic activity of the rock mass (X). In our case, approximately f 40% to more than 50% of the radon activity concentration (Y) was explained by regression in relation to the tectonic activity of the rock mass. We obtained similar results with the use of Kendall's tau coefficient. Precise description of the character of this relationship requires further, more detailed analyses, such as comparing characteristics of the distributions based on trend variation like Monte Carlo simulation, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines or neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski
- Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Marek Kaczorowski
- Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18A, Warsaw, 00-716, Poland
| | - Lidia Fijałkowska-Lichwa
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Damian Kasza
- Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Zdunek
- Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18A, Warsaw, 00-716, Poland
| | - Roman Wronowski
- Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18A, Warsaw, 00-716, Poland
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Elzain AEA, Idriss H, Mohammed YS, Mohamed KS, Mohamed Ali MAE, Elkhalig MMSH, Salih I, Khatir Sam A, Eisa MH, Mahmoud SS, Massoud MK, Os OAA, Rabih MNA. Assessment of radioactivity from selected soil samples from Halfa Aljadida area, Sudan. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019; 107:489-502. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the results of radon concentration, surface and mass exhalation rates, radium concentration, effective dose rate and the alpha index have been investigated in a number of 198 soil samples that have been collected from various residential locations of Halfa Aljadida area, Sudan. The can technique, containing CR-39 have been used. From our results, the average value of soil gas radon concentration was found to be 1.96±0.22 kBq·m−3. The average values of surface and mass exhalation rates were 1.73±0.19 Bq·m−2·h−1 and 34.79±3.87 mBq·kg−1·h−1, respectively. The radium concentration average value was 8.06±0.90 Bq·kg−1. While the average value of the effective dose rate was recorded to be 54.69±6.11 mSv·y−1. The average value of alpha index of studied samples was (4.03±0.45)×10−2. From the study, a good positive and linear correlation between radium concentration, surface and mass exhalation rates of soil samples were present. In addition to that, a positive and linear correlation between radium and radon concentrations was found. Finally, a comparison between the results and other findings was conducted and the results imply the fact that the area under consideration is safe as if the health hazard are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Elmoniem A. Elzain
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajo Idriss
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission , Khartoum , Sudan
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Physics Department , College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University , Riyadh 11642 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Sh. Mohammed
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics , College of Education, Dalanj University , Dalanj , Sudan
| | - Khidir Shaib Mohamed
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, Dalanj University , Dalanj , Sudan
- Department of Mathematics , School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P.R. China
| | | | | | - Isam Salih
- Department of Physics , Taibah University , Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Sudan Academy of Sciences , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Adam Khatir Sam
- Radiation Safety Institute, Sudan Atomic Energy Commission , Khartoum , Sudan
- Radiometrics Section, International Atomic Energy Agency Environment Laboratories , 4, Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 , Monaco , Monaco
| | - Mohammed H. Eisa
- Physics Department , College of Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology , Khartoum , Sudan
- Physics Department , College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumai S. Mahmoud
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Makin K. Massoud
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman Abdallah A. Os
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, University of Bakht Er-ruda , Eddwaim , Sudan
| | - Mohammed Nour A. Rabih
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, University of Bakht Er-ruda , Eddwaim , Sudan
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An Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Risk with Radon Based on Clustering and Structural Models. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is currently some controversy in the scientific community regarding the efficiency of the water–rock interaction process in the contamination of radon in groundwater. In this study, some difficulties were found in the sampling phase. Many of the water collection points are used for human consumption. As such, some municipalities did not want to collaborate. When this natural contaminant is undetectable to the human sense and may cause pulmonary neoplasms in the long term, it is difficult to obtain collaboration from the municipalities concerned. To overcome this controversy, it is important to understand that geogenic, climatic, hydrological, and topographic features may contribute to the effective transfer of radon from rocks to groundwater. In brief, this new approach combines the radon transfer from the geological substrate to the groundwater circulation through hierarchic agglomerative clustering (HAC) and partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) methods. The results show that some lithologies with higher radon production may not always contribute to noticeable groundwater contamination. In this group, the high-fracturing density confirms the recharge efficiency, and the physical-chemical properties of the hydraulic environment (electric conductivity) plays the main role of radon unavailability in the water intended for human consumption. Besides, the hydraulic turnover time of the springs can be considered an excellent radiological indicator in groundwater. In the absence of an anomalous radioactive source near the surface, it means that the high-turnover time of the springs leads to a low-radon concentration in the water. Besides linking high-risk areas with a short period required to free local flow discharges, this study exposes the virtues of a new perspective of a groundwater contamination risk modeling.
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A New Framework for the Management and Radiological Protection of Groundwater Resources: The Implementation of a Portuguese Action Plan for Radon in Drinking Water and Impacts on Human Health. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In general, this study was developed to assess the radon contamination in groundwater intended for human consumption, to raise awareness among policy-makers to implement a legal framework for drinking water management and the radiological protection of groundwater resources. Thus, we analyzed with parallel coordinate visualization (PCV) plots what features may influence the water–rock interaction and promote high-radon concentrations in water intended for human consumption. The results show that in granitic areas composed by biotite granites (Group V), although there is a higher radon production in the rocks, the radon transfer to groundwater was not effective, mainly due to the physical and chemical properties of the water. The main conclusions show that in all springs sampled (n = 69) for the entire study area, there are only four springs that must have an immediate intervention, and 22 of them are above the limit imposed by the Portuguese legislation. These results are intended to promote a Portuguese Action Plan for Radon that can be framed in the guidelines on the management and protection of groundwater resources.
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Singh B, Kant K, Garg M, Singh A, Sahoo BK, Sapra BK. A comparative study of radon levels in underground and surface water samples of Faridabad district of Southern Haryana, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moreno V, Bach J, Zarroca M, Font L, Roqué C, Linares R. Characterization of radon levels in soil and groundwater in the North Maladeta Fault area (Central Pyrenees) and their effects on indoor radon concentration in a thermal spa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 189:1-13. [PMID: 29544141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Radon levels in the soil and groundwater in the North Maladeta Fault area (located in the Aran Valley sector, Central Pyrenees) are analysed from both geological and radiation protection perspectives. This area is characterized by the presence of two important normal faults: the North Maladeta fault (NMF) and the Tredós Fault (TF). Two primary aspects make this study interesting: (i) the NMF shows geomorphic evidence of neotectonic activity and (ii) the presence of a thermal spa, Banhs de Tredós, which exploits one of the several natural springs of the area and needs to be evaluated for radiation dosing from radon according to the European regulation on basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation. The average soil radon and thoron concentrations along a profile perpendicular to the two normal faults - 22 ± 3 kBq·m-3 and 34 ± 3 kBq·m-3, respectively - are not high and can be compared to the radionuclide content of the granitic rocks of the area, 25 ± 4 Bq·kg-1 for 226Ra and 38 ± 2 Bq·kg-1 for 224Ra. However, the hypothesis that the normal faults are still active is supported by the presence of anomalies in both the soil radon and thoron levels that are unlikely to be of local origin together with the presence of similar anomalies in CO2 fluxes and the fact that the highest groundwater radon values are located close to the normal faults. Additionally, groundwater 222Rn data have complemented the hydrochemistry data, enabling researchers to better distinguish between water pathways in the granitic and non-granitic aquifers. Indoor radon levels in the spa vary within a wide range, [7-1664] Bq·m-3 because the groundwater used in the treatment rooms is the primary source of radon in the air. Tap water radon levels inside the spa present an average value of 50 ± 8 kBq·m-3, which does not exceed the level stipulated by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) of 100 kBq·m-3 for water used for human consumption. This finding implies that even relatively low radon concentration values in water can constitute a relevant indoor radon source when the transfer from water to indoor air is efficient. The estimated effective dose range of values for a spa worker due to radon inhalation is [1-9] mSv·y-1. The use of annual averaged radon concentration values may significantly underestimate the dose in these situations; therefore, a detailed dynamic study must be performed by considering the time that the workers spend in the spa.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moreno
- Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Dpt. de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Bach
- Unitat de Geodinàmica Externa i d'Hidrogeologia, Dpt. de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cs, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Zarroca
- Unitat de Geodinàmica Externa i d'Hidrogeologia, Dpt. de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cs, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ll Font
- Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Dpt. de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Roqué
- Geodinàmica Externa, Dpt. de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - R Linares
- Unitat de Geodinàmica Externa i d'Hidrogeologia, Dpt. de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cs, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Kumar A, Sharma S, Mehra R, Kanwar P, Mishra R, Kaur I. Assessment of radon concentration and heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Udhampur district, Jammu & Kashmir, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:815-831. [PMID: 29039044 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radon concentration was measured in water samples of 41 different locations from Udhampur district of Jammu & Kashmir, India, by using RAD7 and Smart RnDuo monitor. The variation of radon concentration in water ranged from 1.44 ± 0.31 to 63.64 ± 2.88 Bq L-1, with a mean value of 28.73 Bq L-1 using RAD7 and 0.64 ± 0.28 to 52.65 ± 2.50 Bq L-1, with a mean value of 20.30 Bq L-1 using Smart RnDuo monitor, respectively. About 17.07% of the studied water samples recorded to display elevated radon concentration above the reference range suggested by United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations (UNSCEAR). The mean annual effective dose of these samples was determined, and 78.95% samples were found to be within the safe limits set by World Health Organisation (WHO) and European Council (EU). The study revealed good agreement between the values obtained with two methods. Heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, As, Hg, Co, Pb and Cr) were determined in water samples by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer, and their correlation with radon content was also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Physics, DAV College, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India.
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Physics, DAV College, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
- Department of Physics, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Priya Kanwar
- Central Ground Water Board, North Western Himalayan Region, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Rosaline Mishra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Inderpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
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Telahigue F, Agoubi B, Souid F, Kharroubi A. Groundwater chemistry and radon-222 distribution in Jerba Island, Tunisia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 182:74-84. [PMID: 29202372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study integrates hydrogeological, hydrochemical and radiogenic data of groundwater samples taken from the Plio-Quaternary unconfined aquifer of Jerba Island, southeastern Tunisia, in order to interpret the spatial variations of the groundwater quality and identify the main hydrogeochemical factors responsible for the high ion concentrations and radon-222 content in the groundwater analysed. Thirty-nine groundwater samples were collected from open wells widespread on the island. Physical parameters (EC, pH, TDS and T °) were measured, major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- and HCO3-) were analysed and 222Rn concentrations were determined using a RAD7-H2O. Hydrogeochemical characterisation revealed that groundwater from the Jerba aquifer has several origins. Basically, two water types exist in the island. The first one, characterized by a low to moderate salinity with a chemical facies CaMgClSO4, characterizes the central part of Jerba (a recharge area) due to carbonate and gypsum dissolution. The second water type with high salinities, dominated by NaKCl type, was observed in coastal areas and some parts having low topographic and piezometric levels. These areas seem to be affected by the seawater intrusion process. The 222Rn concentrations in groundwater samples in Jerba varied from 0 Bq.L-1 to 2860 Bq.L-1 with an average of 867 Bq.L-1. The highest values were registered in the western coastal wells and near the fault of Guellala. However, the central and eastern wells showed low radon levels. Compared to 222Rn activity in some countries with the same lithology, radon concentrations in the Jerba unconfined aquifer have higher values influenced by the structure of the aquifer and by seawater inflow enriched with 222Rn resulting from the decay of uranium derived from phosphogypsum deposits in the gulf of Gabes. The EC and 222Rn spatial variability in the study area were mapped using ARC Map 10.3 software. Hydrochemical results in addition to geological data and radon activities confirm the existence of vertical communication between the Miocene aquifer and the unconfined Plio-Quaternary aquifer through fault system and a lateral communication with the sea via seawater intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Telahigue
- Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Techniques, University of Gabes University Campus, 6033 Gabes, Tunisia.
| | - Belgacem Agoubi
- Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Techniques, University of Gabes University Campus, 6033 Gabes, Tunisia.
| | - Fayza Souid
- Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Techniques, University of Gabes University Campus, 6033 Gabes, Tunisia.
| | - Adel Kharroubi
- Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Techniques, University of Gabes University Campus, 6033 Gabes, Tunisia.
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Alshahri F, El-Taher A, Elzain AEA. Characterization of Radon Concentration and Annual Effective Dose of Soil Surrounding a Refinery Area, Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jest.2017.311.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Reddy KU, Ningappa C, Sannappa J, Rangaswamy DR, Srinivasa E. Concentration of radon and physicochemical parameters in ground water around Kolar Gold Fields, Karnataka State, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akkaya G, Kahraman A, Koray A, Kaynak G. Variation in the radon concentrations and outdoor gamma radiation levels in relation to different geological formations in the thermal regions of Bursa, Turkey. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:490-503. [PMID: 27355348 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/3/490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spring waters used as spas and their region may contain significant amounts of natural radionuclides. The main sources of exposure are the inhalation of radon and its decay products released from the water and soil and terrestrial gamma-radiation. In order to evaluate the potential risk of thermal regions in Bursa, located in the impact area of the NAF (North Anatolian Fault), radon and thoron concentrations in soil gas, radon concentrations in thermal waters and outdoor gamma radiation levels were measured in thermal regions that have different geological formations. The radon and thoron concentrations in soil-gas were found to vary from 2272 ± 121 to 245196 ± 3455 Bq m-3 and from 999 ± 218 to 178 848 ± 17 742 Bq m-3, respectively. The radon concentrations in thermal waters ranged from 0.99 ± 0.21 to 226.74 ± 2.51 Bq l-1 in the rainy season and from 0.26 ± 0.10 to 178.03 ± 12.86 Bq l-1 in the dry season. The measured outdoor gamma radiation levels varied from 38 to 180 nGy h-1. The gamma dose rates were found to be strong positively correlating with the radon and thoron concentrations in soil-gas. The radon and outdoor gamma radiation levels were observed to be a function of the geological formations of the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Akkaya
- Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
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Rangaswamy DR, Srinivasa E, Srilatha MC, Sannappa J. Measurement of radon concentration in drinking water of Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Malakootian M, Darabi Fard Z, Rahimi M. Determination of radon concentration in drinking water resources of villages nearby Lalehzar fault and evaluation the annual effective dose. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kamra L, Choubey V, Kumar N, Rawat G, Khandelwal D. Radon variability in borehole from Multi-Parametric Geophysical Observatory of NW Himalaya in relation to meteorological parameters. Appl Radiat Isot 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kumar S, Singh S, Bajwa BS, Sabharwal AD. In situ measurements of radon levels in water and soil and exhalation rate in areas of Malwa belt of Punjab (India). ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2011; 47:446-455. [PMID: 22166152 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2011.622441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Radon concentration levels in water and soil gas from 36 locations pertaining to some areas of Malwa region of Punjab have been measured on an in situ basis using a continuous active radon detector (AlphaGuard, Model - PQ 2000 PRO, Genitron instruments, Germany). Exhalation rate measurements have also been carried out at these places, using a closed-circuit technique. The radon concentrations in soil and water varied from 1.9 to 16.4 kBq m(-3) and 5.01 to 11.6 kBq m(-3), respectively. The exhalation rate (E (Rn)) ranged between 7.48 and 35.88 mBq m(-2) s(-1) with an average value of 18.17 mBq m(-2) s(-1). Annual dose rates have been calculated for water radon concentrations. The minimum to maximum values of dose rates were found to be 13.42-31.08 μSv y(-1). The recorded values of radon concentration in water are within the safe limit of 11 Bq l(-1) recommended by the US Environment Protection Agency [National Research Council, Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water (Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 1999)]. All measurements were made in similar climatic and environmental conditions to ensure minimal variations in meteorological parameters. An intermediate correlation coefficient (0.5) was observed between radon exhalation rates and soil gas values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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