1
|
Wang B, Ye T, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Luo C. Relationship of Fracture Morphological Characteristics with Posterolateral Corner Injuries in Hyperextension Varus Tibial Plateau Fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024:00004623-990000000-01212. [PMID: 39321271 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperextension varus tibial plateau fracture (HVTPF) is known to present with concomitant injuries to the posterolateral corner (PLC). However, the exact rate and characteristics of these injuries remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to explore the rate and characteristics of PLC injuries in HVTPFs. The secondary objective was to investigate the relationship between the fracture morphological features and the associated PLC injuries. METHODS Patients with HVTPFs were subdivided into 2 groups: group I (without fracture of the posterior column cortex) and group II (with fracture of the posterior column cortex). Fracture characteristics were summarized qualitatively based on fracture maps and quantitatively based on the counts of morphological parameters. Knee ligamentous and meniscal injuries were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. The association between fracture characteristics and PLC injuries was analyzed. RESULTS We included a total of 50 patients with HVTPFs in our study: 28 in group I and 22 in group II. The rate of PLC injuries was 28.6% in group I and 27.3% in group II. In group I, patients with PLC injuries showed fracture lines closer to the anterior rim of the medial plateau and had smaller fracture areas. Furthermore, 6 of the 8 patients with PLC injuries in group I also had posterior cruciate ligament injuries. CONCLUSIONS The rate of PLC injuries is relatively high in HVTPFs. In HVTPFs without fracture of the posterior column cortex, a small fracture area strongly suggests an accompanying PLC injury, and PLC injury is frequently combined with posterior cruciate ligament injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heylen S, Braeckevelt T, Verdonk P, Krause M, Michielsen J. Diagnosing popliteofibular ligament injuries in anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees: A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study investigating the inter- and intraobserver reliability of identification of the popliteofibular ligament. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e12112. [PMID: 39055397 PMCID: PMC11269624 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to investigate the intra- and interobserver reliability for the identification of the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ascertain the prevalence of PFL tears in ACL-injured knees without clinically high-grade posterolateral corner injury. Methods MRI readings were performed retrospectively by two surgeons on 84 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction in our department. The presence of the PFL on both sagittal and coronal images as well as the presence of PFL tears was noted. Readings were repeated 6 weeks later for one observer. The κ value was calculated to determine the intra- and interobserver reliability for identification of the PFL and the prevalence of PFL tears was ascertained. Results The PFL was visualized in 90.5%-91.7% of MRI scans. The intra- and interobserver reliability of visualizing the PFL on MRI had an κ value of 0.63 and 0.66 (substantially reliable), respectively. The intraobserver reliability for identification of PFL tears had an κ value of 0.26 (fair reliability). We found a 4.8% prevalence of PFL tears in ACL-injured knees. Conclusions There is substantially reliable intra- and interobserver reliability for the identification of the PFL on MRI scans but only fair reliability for the identification of PFL tears. A 4.8% prevalence of PFL tears in ACL-injured knees without clinically confirmed high-grade posterolateral corner injury can be observed in our series. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Heylen
- Department of Trauma and OrthopaedicsHeilig Hart Ziekenhuis LierLierBelgium
- Orthopaedic Research and Education FoundationOrthoClinic LierLierBelgium
- PhD Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Thomas Braeckevelt
- Department of Trauma and OrthopaedicsHeilig Hart Ziekenhuis LierLierBelgium
| | - Peter Verdonk
- OrthoCA Orthopaedic CenterAntwerpBelgium
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryAntwerp University HospitalEdegemBelgium
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Trauma Surgery and OrthopaedicsUKEHamburgGermany
| | - Jozef Michielsen
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryAntwerp University HospitalEdegemBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castro MO, Baptista DC, Afonso PD. Demystifying the "Dark Side of the Knee": An Update on Imaging of the Posterolateral Corner. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28:305-317. [PMID: 38768595 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1781431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee is a complex anatomical-functional unit that includes ligamentous and tendinous structures that are crucial for joint stability. This review discusses the intricate anatomy, biomechanics, and imaging modalities, as well as the current challenges in diagnosing PLC injuries, with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recognizing the normal MRI anatomy is critical in identifying abnormalities and guiding effective treatment strategies. Identification of the smaller structures of the PLC, traditionally difficult to depict on imaging, may not be necessary to diagnose a clinically significant PLC injury. Injuries to the PLC, often associated with cruciate ligament tears, should be promptly identified because failure to recognize them may result in persistent instability, secondary osteoarthritis, and cruciate graft failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Oliveira Castro
- Radiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve, Portimão, Portugal
- Lagoa Centro - Imagens Médicas, Lagoa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Correia Baptista
- Radiology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Diana Afonso
- Musculoskeletal Imaging Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital da Luz, Grupo Luz Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal
- Radiology Department, Hospital Particular da Madeira, Grupo HPA, Funchal, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Müller D. [Imaging of posterolateral rotational instability of the knee joint]. RADIOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 64:271-277. [PMID: 38289375 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-023-01258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Posterolateral instability of the knee joint typically occurs with injuries to the posterolateral corner of the joint or with additional combined injuries involving the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. In addition to numerous, smaller anatomical structures, the most important are the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), the popliteus muscle with its tendon, and the popliteofibular ligament (PFL), which can usually be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On the contrary, small structures like the arcuate ligament and fabellofibular ligament cannot always be identified. However, they are also of lesser importance in the development of posterolateral rotational instability. Overlooked injuries to the posterolateral joint corner promote instability with the complication of inadequate ligament reconstruction and early onset posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Knowledge of MRI morphology of the anatomical structures involved, taking into account their biomechanical significance, is crucial to recognize and use the corresponding imaging findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Müller
- Zentrales Röntgeninstitut, Muskuloskelettale und Traumabildgebung, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Loëstr. 170, 7000, Chur, Schweiz.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cilengir AH, Unal S, Sinci KA, Elmali F, Kucukciloglu Y, Tosun O. The relationship of proximal lateral collateral ligament hyperintensity with knee joint ligament and meniscus pathologies. Acta Radiol 2024; 65:225-232. [PMID: 38111241 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231217051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperintensity in the proximal lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is often confusing. This appearance may be alone or accompany other pathologies. PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the signal intensity (SI) change in the proximal LCL and the knee joint pathologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS The knee MRI scans taken between 2020 and 2022 were queried retrospectively. Patients with acute trauma, instability, knee surgery, or high-grade osteoarthritis were excluded. Included patients were divided into two groups as normal SI and increased SI according to proximal LCL. The difference in ligamentous and meniscal pathologies between the two groups was analyzed using a chi-square test. Inter-observer agreement analysis was performed on 50 randomly selected patients. RESULTS A total of 351 patients (139 men [39.6%], 212 women [60.4%]; median age = 37 years; interquartile range = 67 years) were included. There were 114 (32.5%) LCLs with normal SI and 237 (67.5%) LCLs with increased SI. Normal SI and increased SI groups had a significant difference in terms of joint side, median age, patellar tendon SI, anterior cruciate ligament SI, and medial collateral ligament SI (P = 0.004, P = 0.004, P = 0.001, P = 0.011, P = 0.004, respectively). A significant difference between the results of two separate LCL examinations in coronal + axial and coronal-only planes (P <0.001). Inter-observer agreement was found to be good to excellent. CONCLUSION Hyperintensity in the proximal LCL was more common on the right joint side, in older patients, and patients with hyperintensity in the proximal patellar tendon, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial collateral ligament. Evaluating the LCL only in the coronal plane overestimates the hyperintensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinan Unal
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kazim Ayberk Sinci
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Elmali
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kucukciloglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology Near East University, Lefkosa, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Tosun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology Near East University, Lefkosa, North Cyprus, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rakhra KS, Delorme JP, Sanders B, Liew A. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI for evaluating the posterolateral corner in acute knee dislocation. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:6752-6758. [PMID: 35925385 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic performance of preoperative MRI in evaluating posterolateral corner (PLC) structures after acute knee dislocation (KD) and determine the correlation of MRI with operative findings for grading structure integrity. METHODS Acute knee (femorotibial) dislocations between 2005 and 2020 with preoperative MRI and surgical posterolateral corner repair were identified from a single academic institution. From MRI, integrity was evaluated for PLC structures: lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteus tendon (PT), biceps femoris tendon (BFT), and ligamento-capsular complex (LCC). Frequency of injury to each structure and number of PLC structures torn in each case were tabulated. Diagnostic performance of MRI was determined using surgery as the reference standard. Correlation between MRI and surgery for each PLC structure was determined using kappa. RESULTS Thirty-nine KD cases (19 right) in 39 patients (28 male) were included, with mean age of 33 years. Mechanism of injury was as follows: high energy 52%, low energy 38%, ultra-low energy 10%. LCL was most frequently torn, in 95% (37/39) of cases. Most commonly, three of four PLC structures were torn in 54% (21/39) of cases. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI was high for LCL 95%, BFT 87%, PT 82%, and LCC 92%. Correlation between MRI and surgical findings was variable: substantial for BFT, moderate for LCL and PT, and fair for LCC. CONCLUSION MRI has high accuracy for detecting tears of posterolateral corner stabilizers in the setting of acute KD. However, for grading structure integrity, the correlation of MRI with surgical findings is variable, ranging from fair to substantial. KEY POINTS • In acute knee dislocation, MRI has high diagnostic accuracy for detecting tears of posterolateral corner (PLC) structures. • Preoperative MRI should be considered by orthopedic surgeons when there is clinical concern for posterolateral corner instability following acute knee dislocation. • Although MRI is valuable in the preoperative investigation of knee dislocation, clinical assessment and intraoperative exploration may still be required for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawan S Rakhra
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute & Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Jean-Philippe Delorme
- Radiology Department, Saint-Eustache Hospital, 520 Arthur-Sauvé Boulevard, Saint-Eustache, QC, J7R5B1, Canada
| | - Brendan Sanders
- Credit Valley Hospital, 2200 Eglinton Ave W, Mississauga, ON, L5M 2N1, Canada
| | - Allan Liew
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, Suite J135, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vieira ELC, Vieira EÁ, Aguiar RA, Lopes CS, Steffen AM, Cohen M. Are the popliteofibular ligament, the arcuate ligament, and the fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle the same structure? An anatomic and terminological study. J Anat 2022; 241:478-483. [PMID: 35396715 PMCID: PMC9296030 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions in the lateral region of the knee can result in severe disability due to instability and articular degeneration. The structures in the posterolateral side of the knee function as a unit contributes to rotation and translation limits. Anatomical descriptions of the lateral corner of the knee are incomplete and contradictory. This study aims to verify, through anatomical dissections in cadavers, if the fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle, the arcuate ligament, and the popliteofibular ligament are distinct or the same structure with different terminology and descriptions in the literature. Fifteen cadavers were dissected. Photographs were taken, and in some cases, a video was recorded. Also, the correct terminology for ligament and insertion was searched. The dissections allowed the popliteus muscle to be identified proximally in the lateral femoral condyle, in the fibula head's posterolateral region, and through a meniscocapsular insertion. In none of the anatomy books reviewed, this fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle is mentioned. However, our findings and data from other experimental studies provide evidence of its presence. The aponeurotic portion of the arcuate ligament is distinguished from the short lateral ligament, which is the fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle with its tendinous attachment. Therefore, the term popliteofibular ligament should be abandoned based on the anatomic terminology, and the term "fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle" should be used instead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Cruells Vieira
- Medical and Biological Sciences CenterPontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC‐SP) in SorocabaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Eduardo Álvaro Vieira
- Medical and Biological Sciences CenterPontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC‐SP) in SorocabaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Rafael Angelini Aguiar
- Former Residents at the Medical and Biological Sciences CenterPontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC‐SP) in SorocabaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Cladis Sanches Lopes
- Former Residents at the Medical and Biological Sciences CenterPontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC‐SP) in SorocabaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Alfredo Mendes Steffen
- Former Residents at the Medical and Biological Sciences CenterPontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC‐SP) in SorocabaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Moisés Cohen
- Sports Traumatology Center (Cete) and Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP‐EPM)São PauloBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Varus stress MRI in the refined assessment of the posterolateral corner of the knee joint. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11858. [PMID: 35831396 PMCID: PMC9279472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess traumatic and non-traumatic conditions of the knee. Due to its complex and variable anatomy, the posterolateral corner (PLC)—often referred to as the joint’s dark side—remains diagnostically challenging. We aimed to render the diagnostic evaluation of the PLC more functional by combining MRI, varus loading, and image post-processing in a model of graded PLC injury that used sequential transections of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament. Ten human cadaveric knee joint specimens underwent imaging in each condition as above, and both unloaded and loaded using an MR-compatible device that standardized loading (of 147 N) and position (at 30° flexion). Following manual segmentation, 3D joint models were used to computationally measure lateral joint space opening for each specimen, configuration, and condition, while manual measurements provided the reference standard. With more extensive ligament deficiency and loading, lateral joint spaces increased significantly. In conclusion, varus stress MRI allows comprehensive PLC evaluation concerning structural integrity and associated functional capacity. Beyond providing normative values of lateral compartment opening, this study has potential implications for diagnostic and surgical decision-making and treatment monitoring in PLC injuries.
Collapse
|
9
|
Falkowski AL, Jacobson JA, Gandikota G, Lucas DR, Magerkurth O, Zaottini F. Imaging Characteristics of the Proximal Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee: Findings on Ultrasound and MRI With Histologic Correlation. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2022; 41:827-834. [PMID: 34086999 PMCID: PMC9290494 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine prevalence of increased signal intensity of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the knee on MRI and decreased echogenicity on ultrasound, and compare with cadaveric histologic evaluation. METHODS After IRB approval of this prospective study with informed consent, patients having knee MRI were additionally evaluated with ultrasound. Signal intensities of LCL on MRI (low, intermediate, high), echogenicity at ultrasound (hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic), and extent of findings were assessed. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed ranked test, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Two cadaveric knees were imaged with MRI and ultrasound, including histologic LCL evaluation. RESULTS Seventy-three subjects were included (39 males, 34 females; mean age 48 ± 14 years) with 77 knee examinations. On MRI, low, intermediate, and high signals were present in 21% (16/77), 75% (58/77), and 4% (3/77), respectively. On ultrasound, echogenicity was assessed as hyperechoic, hypoechoic, and anechoic in 62% (48/77), 38% (29/77), and 0% (0/77), respectively. Mean length of increased signal was 8.6 mm (±4.9) on MRI, and 6.5 mm (±4.8) on ultrasound. The ICC showed a good to excellent intermodality reliability (0.735-0.899) without statistically significant difference for interreader measurements (P = .163-.795). Histology evaluation showed transition of ligament fibers to fibrocartilage at its insertion with increased connective tissue mucin corresponding to MRI and ultrasound findings. CONCLUSIONS Increased signal intensity of the proximal LCL on ultrasound and MRI is common and corresponds to normal connective tissue mucin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Falkowski
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Radiology, Balgrist University HospitalUniversity of Zurich (UZH)Zurich
| | - Jon A. Jacobson
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - David R. Lucas
- Department of Pathology and Clinical LaboratoriesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Federico Zaottini
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Radiology, Hospital San MartinoUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morales-Avalos R, Masferrer-Pino Á, Ruiz-Chapa E, Padilla-Medina JR, Vilchez-Cavazos F, Peña-Martínez V, Elizondo-Omaña R, Perelli S, Guzmán-López S, García-Quintanilla JF, Monllau JC. MRI evaluation of the peripheral attachments of the lateral meniscal body: the menisco-tibio-popliteus-fibular complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:1461-1470. [PMID: 34142172 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine, identify and measure the structures of the menisco-tibio-popliteus-fibular complex (MTPFC) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knees without structural abnormalities or a history of knee surgery. METHODS One-hundred-and-five knees without prior injury or antecedent surgery were analyzed by means of MRI. The average age was 50.1 years ± 14.8. All the measurements were performed by three observers. The peripherical structures of the lateral meniscus body were identified to determine the location, size, and thickness of the entire MTPFC. The distance to other "key areas" in the lateral compartment was also studied and compared by gender and age. RESULTS The lateral meniscotibial ligament (LMTL) was found in 97.1% of the MRIs, the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) in 93.3%, the popliteomeniscal ligaments (PML) in 90.4% and the meniscofibular ligament (MFL) in 39%. The anteroposterior distance of the LMTL in an axial view was 20.7 mm ± 3.9, the anterior thickness of the LMTL was 1.1 mm ± 0.3, and the posterior thickness of the LMTL 1.2 mm ± 0.1 and the height in a coronal view was 10.8 mm ± 1.9. The length of the PFL in a coronal view was 8.7 mm ± 2.5, the thickness was 1.4 mm ± 0.4 and the width in an axial view was 7.8 mm ± 2.2. CONCLUSIONS The MTPFC has a constant morphological and anatomical pattern for three of its main ligaments and can be easily identified and measured in an MRI; the MFL has a lower prevalence, considering a structure difficult to identify by 1.5 T MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Morales-Avalos
- Knee Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital "Dr, José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Knee and Arthroscopy Unit, ICATME, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ángel Masferrer-Pino
- Knee and Arthroscopy Unit, ICATME, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | - José Ramón Padilla-Medina
- Knee Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital "Dr, José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Félix Vilchez-Cavazos
- Knee Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital "Dr, José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Víctor Peña-Martínez
- Knee Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital "Dr, José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Rodrigo Elizondo-Omaña
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Simone Perelli
- Knee and Arthroscopy Unit, ICATME, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital del Mar I L'Esperança, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Santos Guzmán-López
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
| | - Juan Francisco García-Quintanilla
- Centro de Radiodiagnostico e Imagen, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Joan Carles Monllau
- Knee and Arthroscopy Unit, ICATME, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital del Mar I L'Esperança, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (U.A.B.), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Key Surgically Relevant Anatomy of the Medial and Lateral Aspects of the Knee. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Role of Osteotomy and Tunnel Bone Grafting in Chronic Medial and Lateral Knee Injuries. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
The popliteofibular ligament: a cadaveric ultrasound study. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:183-189. [PMID: 34146118 PMCID: PMC8626355 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The popliteofibular ligament (PFL) is an important stabilizer of the knee found within the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the joint. Injuries to the PLC can cause substantial patient morbidity. Accurate PFL visualization has been historically challenging, impeding injury diagnosis and treatment. The gold standard for in vivo PFL visualization is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but this procedure has slice thickness limitations, is costly, and is subject to longer wait times. Ultrasonographic (US) PFL assessment is a potentially viable alternative to MRI. This study aimed to determine the viability of US PFL assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten fresh-frozen lower limb specimens were evaluated for the presence and morphometric characteristics of the PFL via US using an 18.0-MHz linear transducer. The cadavers were then dissected and reassessed for the presence and morphometric characteristics of the PFLs for comparison with US findings. Moreover, the fracture of the fibular styloid process near the site of the insertion of the PFL (the arcuate sign) was simulated and assessed via US. RESULTS The PFL was visualized and measured in all ten knees via both US and cadaveric assessments. There were no statistically significant differences in PFL morphometric characteristics determined via US examination and dissection. The fibular styloid fracture was easily identified in US examination. CONCLUSION US imaging is a viable alternative for accurate and effective assessment of the normal PFL. Moreover, the arcuate sign can be evaluated via US.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pękala PA, Mann MR, Pękala JR, Tomaszewski KA, LaPrade RF. Evidence-Based Clinical Anatomy of the Popliteofibular Ligament and Its Importance in Orthopaedic Surgery: Cadaveric Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging Meta-analysis and Radiological Study. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1659-1668. [PMID: 33017542 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520950415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popliteofibular ligament (PFL) is a static stabilizer of the posterolateral corner of the knee, preventing varus angulation, tibial rotation, and posterior translation. The PFL is anatomically variable, and there is no current review that outlines its prevalence rate and morphological variations. PURPOSE To investigate the anatomic prevalence and morphological qualities of the PFL in various global patient populations via a meta-analysis of relevant literature involving both cadaveric dissections and patient-based research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS We pooled literature data detailing PFL prevalence rates and performed a retrospective MRI study of 100 knees to determine the overall PFL prevalence. Data searches and analyses were performed according to Anatomical Quality Assurance and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. RESULTS There were 30 cadaveric studies and 11 MRI studies (including our radiological investigation), representing a total of 1595 lower limbs. The meta-analysis of cadaveric studies showed a higher prevalence of the PFL than the meta-analysis of MRI studies, with 98.4% (95% CI, 97.5%-99.2%) and 89.0% (95% CI, 73.9%-98.6%), respectively. Our MRI investigation reported a PFL prevalence of 92.0%. CONCLUSION The PFL was found to be a constant or rarely absent anatomic structure of the human knee according to the analysis of cadaveric dissection studies, and it was identified notably less on MRI, albeit not significantly. Increasing PFL anatomic knowledge, including awareness of its prevalence and morphological diversity, will improve injury diagnoses, treatment methods, and prognoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław A Pękala
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mitchell R Mann
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub R Pękala
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof A Tomaszewski
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arcuate sign-fibular head avulsion fracture and associated injuries in the pediatric and adolescent population. Emerg Radiol 2021; 28:723-727. [PMID: 33566239 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-021-01910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the first "arcuate sign" case series in the pediatric population, radiologic features of the associated injuries, management, and how they compare with the adult population. METHODS Retrospective study included patients under 18 years of age with a classic "arcuate sign" on radiographs. Data collected included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, and management. Radiographs and advanced imaging (MRI, CT) were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists in a blinded fashion and findings recorded. RESULTS Seven patients (4 males, 3 females) with mean age 15 years (range 14-17 years) were included in the study. All 7 injuries were related to sports, 5/7 (71%) being non-contact injuries. Five patients had MRI done-1 LCL injury, MPFL sprain, and MCL sprain were reported; 3 popliteofibular ligament and popliteus sprains were seen; and 3 bone contusions were present on imaging. None of the patients had meniscus or cruciate ligament tears. One patient had an additional fracture of the lateral tibial plateau at the ilio-tibial band attachment and an associated peroneal nerve injury. Five out of seven (71.4%) were treated non-operatively and were able to return back to activity at a mean of 7.2 weeks from injury. Two out of seven (28.6%) needed operative intervention for the fracture but not arthroscopic repair. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with a radiographic arcuate sign tend not to have ACL, PCL, or meniscal injuries, and treatment is predominantly non-operative in contrast to literature reported in adults.
Collapse
|
16
|
Masferrer-Pino A, Saenz-Navarro I, Rojas G, Perelli S, Erquicia J, Gelber PE, Monllau JC. The Menisco-Tibio-Popliteus-Fibular Complex: Anatomic Description of the Structures That Could Avoid Lateral Meniscal Extrusion. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:1917-1925. [PMID: 32200063 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze, quantify, and redefine the anatomy of the peripheral attachments of the lateral meniscal body to further understand how the structures might play a part in preventing meniscal extrusion and how it might be applied to surgical techniques. METHODS Ten nonpaired fresh-frozen cadaveric knees without prior injury, a surgical history, or gross anatomic abnormality were included. There were 5 right and 5 left knees, and 50% were from male donors and 50% were from female donors. All the dissections were performed by a group of 3 experts in knee surgery (2 knee surgeons and 1 anatomy professor who oversaw the design of the dissection protocol and guided this protocol). The main peripheral structures associated with the lateral meniscus body were dissected to determine the insertion, size, thickness, and location of the lateral meniscotibial ligament (LMTL), popliteofibular ligament (PFL), and popliteomeniscal ligament (PML). The distance to various landmarks in the lateral compartment was also determined using an electronic caliper. Moreover, a histopathologic study was carried out. RESULTS The average thickness of the LMTL was 0.62 ± 0.18 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.75 mm); that of the PFL-PML area was 1.05 ± 0.27 mm (95% CI, 0.85-1.24 mm). The anteroposterior distance measured 15.80 ± 4.80 mm (95% CI, 12.40-19.30 mm) for the LMTL and 10.40 ± 1.70 mm (95% CI, 9.21-11.63 mm) for the PFL-PML area. The anteroposterior distance of the whole menisco-tibio-popliteus-fibular complex (MTPFC) was 28.20 ± 4.95 mm (95% CI, 24.70-31.70 mm). The average distance from the MTPFC to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscal root was 29.30 ± 2.29 mm (95% CI, 27.60-30.90 mm), whereas that to the anterior horn was 32.00 ± 4.80 mm (95% CI, 28.60-35.50 mm). The average distance from the tibial insertion of the LMTL to the articular surface was 5.59 ± 1.22 mm (95% CI, 4.72-6.46 mm). In all the anatomic components of the knee, a consistent morphologic and histologic pattern was observed between the fibers of the LMTL, PFL, and PML and those of the lateral meniscal body, making up the proposed MTPFC. CONCLUSIONS A consistent anatomic pattern has been identified between the lateral meniscal body and the LMTL, PFL, and PML, forming an interconnected complex that would seem appropriate to denominate the MTPFC. A precise study of this region and appropriate nomenclature for it could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of lateral meniscal injuries at this level, as well as the development of surgical techniques to treat these lesions and prevent extrusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study contributes to the understanding of the lateral meniscal body attachments and the functions they serve. This will lead to improvements in the treatment of lesions in this region, including the development of surgical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Masferrer-Pino
- Institut Català de Traumatologia i Medicina de l'Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ivan Saenz-Navarro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fundació Hospital Esperit Sant, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Rojas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Regional de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Simone Perelli
- Institut Català de Traumatologia i Medicina de l'Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Erquicia
- Institut Català de Traumatologia i Medicina de l'Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo E Gelber
- Institut Català de Traumatologia i Medicina de l'Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Monllau
- Institut Català de Traumatologia i Medicina de l'Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pękala PA, Mann MR, Pękala JR, Loukas M, Wojciechowski W, Walocha JA, Tomaszewski KA. The gastrocnemiofibular ligament: A new, more anatomically accurate name for the fabellofibular ligament—An original magnetic resonance imaging study and meta‐analysis. Clin Anat 2020; 33:419-427. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław A. Pękala
- Department of AnatomyJagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence‐Based Anatomy Working Group Kraków Poland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesAndrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Krakow Poland
| | - Mitchell R. Mann
- Department of AnatomyJagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence‐Based Anatomy Working Group Kraków Poland
| | - Jakub R. Pękala
- Department of AnatomyJagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence‐Based Anatomy Working Group Kraków Poland
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical SciencesSt. Geroge's University School of Medicine True Blue Grenada
| | - Wadim Wojciechowski
- Department of RadiologyJagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
- Department of RadiologyComarch Healthcare S.A. Krakow Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Walocha
- Department of AnatomyJagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence‐Based Anatomy Working Group Kraków Poland
| | - Krzysztof A. Tomaszewski
- Department of AnatomyJagiellonian University Medical College, International Evidence‐Based Anatomy Working Group Kraków Poland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesAndrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Krakow Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park H, Jung JY. Recent Issues in Musculoskeletal Anatomy Research and Correlation with MRI. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2020; 81:2-20. [PMID: 36238117 PMCID: PMC9432098 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.81.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MRI 영상은 관절 내 질환의 평가에 중요한 검사기법이며, 관절 MRI 영상의 해석을 위해선 견고한 해부학적 지식이 바탕이 되어야 한다. 관절의 해부학 분야에서는, 새로운 구조물이 발견되기도 하며, 과거에 보고되었으나 기능을 알지 못하던 구조물이 새롭게 주목을 받기도 한다. 본 종설에서는 최근 십여 년간 활발하게 연구되어온 견관절 회전근개 케이블(rotator cable) 및 상관절막(superior capsule), 슬관절의 후외측(posterolateral corner) 및 전외측 인대 복합(anterolateral ligament complex), 발목관절의 원위부 경비골 인대결합(distal tibiofibular syndesmosis) 등의 최근 연구 결과를 소개하고, 이를 MRI 영상을 통해 확인해 보았다.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Jung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Treme GP, Salas C, Ortiz G, Gill GK, Johnson PJ, Menzer H, Richter DL, Qeadan F, Wascher DC, Schenck RC. A Biomechanical Comparison of the Arciero and LaPrade Reconstruction for Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119838251. [PMID: 31019985 PMCID: PMC6466468 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119838251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Injury to the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee requires reconstruction
to restore coronal and rotary stability. Two commonly used procedures are
the Arciero reconstruction technique (ART) and the LaPrade reconstruction
technique (LRT). To the authors’ knowledge, these techniques have not been
biomechanically compared against one another. Purpose: To identify if one of these reconstruction techniques better restores
stability to a PLC-deficient knee and if concomitant injury to the proximal
tibiofibular joint or anterior cruciate ligament affects these results. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight matched-paired cadaveric specimens from the midfemur to toes were used.
Each specimen was tested in 4 phases: intact PLC (phase 1), PLC sectioned
(phase 2), PLC reconstructed (ART or LRT) (phase 3), and tibiofibular (phase
4A) or anterior cruciate ligament (phase 4B) sectioning with PLC
reconstructed. Varus angulation and external rotation at 0º, 20º, 30º, 60º,
and 90º of knee flexion were quantified at each phase. Results: In phase 3, both reconstructions were effective at restoring laxity back to
the intact state. However, in phase 4A, both reconstructions were
ineffective at stabilizing the joint owing to tibiofibular instability. In
phase 4B, both reconstructions had the potential to restrict varus
angulation motion. There were no statistically significant differences found
between reconstruction techniques for varus angulation or external rotation
at any degree of flexion in phase 3 or 4. Conclusion: The LRT and ART are equally effective at restoring stability to knees with
PLC injuries. Neither reconstruction technique fully restores stability to
knees with combined PLC and proximal tibiofibular joint injuries. Clinical Relevance: Given these findings, surgeons may select their reconstruction technique
based on their experience and training and the specific needs of their
patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehron P. Treme
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christina Salas
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Christina Salas, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics &
Rehabilitation, MSC10 5600, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
87131-000 ()
| | - Gabriel Ortiz
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - George Keith Gill
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heather Menzer
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dustin L. Richter
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Fares Qeadan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health
Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Daniel C. Wascher
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert C. Schenck
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, The University of
New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Filli L, Rosskopf AB, Sutter R, Fucentese SF, Pfirrmann CW. MRI Predictors of Posterolateral Corner Instability: A Decision Tree Analysis of Patients with Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear. Radiology 2018; 289:170-180. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018180194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Filli
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedics (S.F.F.), Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., S.F.F., C.W.A.P.)
| | - Andrea B. Rosskopf
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedics (S.F.F.), Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., S.F.F., C.W.A.P.)
| | - Reto Sutter
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedics (S.F.F.), Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., S.F.F., C.W.A.P.)
| | - Sandro F. Fucentese
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedics (S.F.F.), Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., S.F.F., C.W.A.P.)
| | - Christian W.A. Pfirrmann
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedics (S.F.F.), Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (L.F., A.B.R., R.S., S.F.F., C.W.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Increased Accuracy of Varus Stress Radiographs Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Fibular Collateral Ligament Grade III Tears. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2230-2235. [PMID: 29884567 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and varus stress radiographs for fibular collateral ligament (FCL) tears, and compare these modalities to intraoperative findings. METHODS All patients who underwent an isolated FCL or combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)/FCL reconstruction by a single surgeon between 2010 and 2017 with preoperative varus stress radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included in this study. A control group was composed of patients with an MRI and intact ACL and FCL. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing FCL injuries on MRI were determined based on review by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist, blinded to the pathology associated with each patient (FCL injury vs control), and compared with the gold standard of examination under anesthesia, followed by surgical confirmation of an FCL tear at the time of FCL reconstruction. The sensitivity of diagnosing an FCL injury based on varus stress radiographs was also determined. Furthermore, the ability of both imaging modalities to identify an FCL injury was stratified based on acute versus chronic etiology. RESULTS A total of 232 patients were included: 98 patients in the FCL tear group (mean age: 33.6 ± 12.2 years) and 134 patients in the control group (mean age: 44.0 ± 17.2 years). Varus stress radiographs were determined to be more sensitive in diagnosing FCL injuries compared with MRI, with an overall sensitivity of 70% compared with 66%, respectively. Based on MRI, overall specificity was 68%. Based on chronicity of the injuries, MRI was more accurate for detecting acute FCL injuries than chronic injuries (P = .002), and varus stress radiographs were more accurate for detecting chronic FCL injuries than acute injuries (P = .041). CONCLUSIONS The results support the use of both varus stress radiographs and MRI in diagnosing FCL injuries, because MRI is more sensitive in diagnosing an acute FCL tear, and varus stress radiographs are more sensitive in diagnosing a chronic FCL tear. Both imaging modalities are recommended to diagnose both acute and chronic FCL injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, case-control study.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mehta P, Morrow M, Russell J, Madhuripan N, Habeeb M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Musculoskeletal Emergencies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2017; 38:439-452. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Agha
- Diagnostic Imaging, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Diagnostic Imaging, Almana Hospital, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Temponi EF, de Carvalho Júnior LH, Saithna A, Thaunat M, Sonnery-Cottet B. Incidence and MRI characterization of the spectrum of posterolateral corner injuries occurring in association with ACL rupture. Skeletal Radiol 2017; 46:1063-1070. [PMID: 28424850 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-017-2649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and MRI characteristics of the spectrum of posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries occurring in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a level IV, retrospective case series study. All patients clinically diagnosed with an ACL rupture between July 2015 and June 2016 who underwent MRI of the knee were included in the study. In addition to standard MRI knee reporting, emphasis was placed on identifying injury to the PLC and a description of involvement of these structures by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Association with PLC involvement was sought with concomitant injuries using correlation analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS One hundred sixty-two patients with MRI following ACL rupture were evaluated. Thirty-two patients (19.7%) had an injury to at least one structure of the PLC, including the inferior popliteomeniscal fascicle (n = 28), arcuate ligament (n = 20), popliteus tendon (n = 20), superior popliteomeniscal fascicle (n = 18), lateral collateral ligament (n = 8), popliteofibular ligament (n = 7), biceps tendon (n = 4), iliotibial band (n = 3), and fabellofibular ligament (n = 1). Seventy-five percent of all patients with combined ACL and PLC injuries had bone contusions involving the lateral compartment of the knee. The presence of these contusions strongly correlated with superior popliteomeniscal fascicle lesions (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between injuries to other structures of the PLC and other intra-articular lesions. CONCLUSION Missed injuries of the PLC lead to considerable morbidity. The relevance of this study is to highlight that these injuries occur more frequently than previously described and that an appropriate index of suspicion, clinical examination, and MRI are all required to reduce the risk of missed diagnoses. The results of this study support previous suggestions that the rate of concomitant PLC injury in the ACL-deficient knee is under-reported. The rate of combined injuries in this series was 19.7%. The key message of this paper is that PLC injury is common in the presence of ACL injury and should be sought both clinically and radiologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Frois Temponi
- Hospital Madre Teresa, Avenida Raja Gabáglia, 1002, Belo Horizonte, 30441-070, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lúcio Honório de Carvalho Júnior
- Hospital Madre Teresa, Avenida Raja Gabáglia, 1002, Belo Horizonte, 30441-070, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adnan Saithna
- Southport and Ormskirk Hospitals, Southport, UK.,Department of Clinical Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mathieu Thaunat
- Centre Orthopedic Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopedic Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Naraghi AM, White LM. Imaging of Athletic Injuries of Knee Ligaments and Menisci: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology 2017; 281:23-40. [PMID: 27643766 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute knee injuries are a common source of morbidity in athletes and if overlooked may result in chronic functional impairment. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the knee has become the most commonly performed musculoskeletal MR examination and is an indispensable tool in the appropriate management of the injured athlete. Meniscal and ligamentous tearing are the most frequent indications for surgical intervention in sports injuries and an understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, mechanisms of injury, and patterns of injury are all critical to accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. These will be discussed in reference to meniscal tears and injuries of the cruciate ligaments as well as injuries of the posterolateral and posteromedial corners of the knee. (©) RSNA, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Naraghi
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Lawrence M White
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gimber LH, Hardy JC, Melville DM, Scalcione LR, Rowan A, Taljanovic MS. Normal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Anatomy of the Capsular Ligamentous Supporting Structures of the Knee. Can Assoc Radiol J 2016; 67:356-367. [PMID: 27221698 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the normal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearances of the capsular ligaments of the knee is of great importance. These ligaments contribute to stability of the knee joint and are frequently injured. In this article, we describe the normal MR imaging anatomy of the capsular ligaments of the knee including the lateral and medial collateral ligamentous complexes, the extensor mechanism, and the supporting ligamentous structures of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Normal MR imaging findings and important anatomic variants of the neurovascular structures of the knee are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana H Gimber
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
| | - Jolene C Hardy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David M Melville
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Luke R Scalcione
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mihra S Taljanovic
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ahn SJ, Jeong YM, Lee BG, Sim JA, Choi HY, Kim JH, Lee SW. Using three-dimensional isotropic SPACE MRI to detect posterolateral corner injury of the knee. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:1251-60. [PMID: 26823457 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115626470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis is important in cases of posterolateral corner (PLC) injury due to the limitations of physical examination in patients with multi-ligament injury. PURPOSE To document the appearance of PLC of the knee on three-dimensional (3D) isotropic MR images, and to determine the significance of MRI findings in patients with confirmed posterolateral rotatory instability. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five patients that underwent surgery for posterolateral instability, and 25 individuals with normal MRI constituted the study cohort. The PLC appearances (popliteofibular, fabellofibular, arcuate ligaments, popliteomeniscal fascicle) were analyzed using 3D isotropic proton density sequence and routine two-dimensional (2D) MRI. In addition, the "fibular cap" sign was evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square and McNemar's tests. RESULTS Thickening of popliteofibular, fabellofibular, arcuate ligaments, and popliteomeniscal fascicle was significantly more frequent in the PLC injury group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of 3D MRI for popliteofibular, fabellofibular, arcuate ligaments, and popliteomeniscal fascicle injury were 63/92%, 54/100%, 46/100%, and 58/92%, respectively. On comparing 3D and 2D images with respect to injury detectability (grade 3 or 4), both modalities visualized injuries, but 3D detected grade 3 or grade 1 rather than grade 4 or 0, respectively. The fibular cap sign was observed significantly more frequently in PLC group, with 58% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and was better observed by 3D than 2D (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION 3D MRI is a valid modality for detecting PLC abnormalities as it visualizes pathologies in each component and exhibits the positive fibular cap sign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Joa Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Goo Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ang Sim
- Department of Orthopedics, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Choi
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheen-Woo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim HS, Yoon YC, Park KJ, Wang JH, Choe BK. Interposition of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament into the Medial Compartment of the Knee Joint on Coronal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:239-44. [PMID: 26957909 PMCID: PMC4781763 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of our study was to evaluate the overall prevalence and clinical significance of interposition of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) into the medial compartment of the knee joint in coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 317 consecutive patients referred for knee MRI at our institution between October 2009 and December 2009. Interposition of the PCL into the medial compartment of the knee joint on proton coronal MRI was evaluated dichotomously (i.e., present or absent). We analyzed the interposition according to its prevalence as well as its relationship with right-left sidedness, gender, age, and disease categories (osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and medial meniscus tear). Results Prevalence of interposition of PCL into the medial compartment of the knee joint was 47.0% (149/317). There was no right (50.0%, 83/166) to left (43.7%, 66/151) or male (50.3%, 87/173) to female (43.1%, 62/144) differences in the prevalence. There was no significant association between the prevalence and age, or the disease categories. Conclusion Interposition of the PCL into the medial compartment of the knee joint is observed in almost half of patients on proton coronal MRI of the knee. Its presence is not associated with any particular factors including knee pathology and may be regarded as a normal MR finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Young Cheol Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ki Jeong Park
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Bong-Keun Choe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02454, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee HNA, Ahn SE, Park JS, Ryu KN, Jin W, Park YK, Huh Y. Differences in MR signal intensity of lateral collateral ligament of knee joint on fat-suppressed proton density-weighted imaging. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20150893. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
30
|
Bolog NV, Andreisek G. Reporting knee meniscal tears: technical aspects, typical pitfalls and how to avoid them. Insights Imaging 2016; 7:385-98. [PMID: 26883139 PMCID: PMC4877346 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-016-0472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate imaging technique in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions and represents a standard tool in knee evaluation. MRI plays a critical role in influencing the treatment decision and enables information that would obviate unnecessary surgery including diagnostic arthroscopy. An accurate interpretation of the knee depends on several factors, starting with technical aspects including radiofrequency coils, imaging protocol and magnetic field strength. The use of dedicated high-resolution orthopaedic coils with a different number of integrated elements is mandatory in order to ensure high homogeneity of the signal and high-resolution images. The clinical imaging protocol of the knee includes different MRI sequences with high-spatial resolution in all orientations: sagittal, coronal, and axial. Usually, the slice thickness is 3 mm or less, even with standard two-dimensional fast spin echo sequences. A common potential reason for pitfalls and errors of interpretation is the unawareness of the normal tibial attachments and capsular attachment of the menisci. Complete description of meniscal tears implies that the radiologist should be aware of the patterns and the complex classification of the lesions. TEACHING POINTS • Technical factors may influence MRI interpretation. • Unawareness of the normal meniscal anatomy may lead to errors of interpretation. • Description of meniscal tears implies the knowledge of meniscal tear classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae V Bolog
- Phoenix Swiss Med, Mittelweg 29, 4142, Munchenstein, Switzerland.
| | - Gustav Andreisek
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Ramistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The popliteal fibular ligament in acute knee trauma: patterns of injury on MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:1413-9. [PMID: 26025122 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-015-2176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of injury associated with injury to the popliteofibular ligament injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 180 MRI scans undertaken for acute knee trauma. Scans were excluded if the time of injury was over 4 weeks from the time of the scan, or if there was a history of septic arthritis, inflammatory arthropathy, previous knee surgery, or significant artefact. An agreed criterion for assessing the structures of the posterolateral ligamentous complex was defined and in each scan, the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) was scored as normal or injured. The menisci, ligaments, and tendons of each knee were also assessed. RESULTS The mean age was 25.7 years (range, 9-65 years) and 72.2% (n = 130) patients were male. The PFL was injured in 36 cases (20%). There is a significant association between PFL injury and ACL rupture (p = 0.0001), ITB injury (p = 0.0001), PCL injury (p = 0.0373), in addition to associations with injury to other posterolateral corner structures including the lateral collateral ligament (p = 0.0001), biceps femoris tendon (p = 0.0014), and popliteus tendon (p = 0.0014). Of our series of PFL injuries, nine cases (25%) were associated with further injuries of posterolateral corner structures and in 27 cases (75%) the PFL was the only posterolateral corner structure torn. CONCLUSIONS PFL injury is not uncommon in acute knee trauma and is associated with significant internal derangement of the knee, especially anterior cruciate ligament rupture, ITB sprain, and injury to other structures within the posterolateral corner.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Sports injuries at the knee are very common, not only in contact sports such as football but also in sports with jumping and pivoting. In addition, overuse injuries can affect the tendons, ligaments, and bone with degeneration, friction, and stress response. Radiologists and sports medicine professionals should be familiar with the range of injury occurring at the knee and patterns of injury that can be used to predict other more subtle pathology. These topics and others will be discussed.
Collapse
|
33
|
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lateral Side of the Knee and Surgical Implications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2015; 23:2-9. [DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
34
|
Geiger D, Chang EY, Pathria MN, Chung CB. Posterolateral and Posteromedial Corner Injuries of the Knee. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2014; 22:581-99. [PMID: 25442024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geiger
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Eric Y Chang
- VA Healthcare San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 408 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA 92103-8226, USA
| | - Mini N Pathria
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 408 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA 92103-8226, USA
| | - Christine B Chung
- VA Healthcare San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 408 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA 92103-8226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Geiger D, Chang E, Pathria M, Chung CB. Posterolateral and posteromedial corner injuries of the knee. Radiol Clin North Am 2013; 51:413-32. [PMID: 23622092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Posterolateral (PLC) and posteromedial (PMC) corners of the knee represent complex anatomic regions because of intricate soft tissue and osseous relationships in small areas. Concise knowledge of these relationships is necessary before approaching their evaluation at imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging offers an accurate imaging diagnostic tool to establish normal anatomy and diagnose and characterize soft tissue and osseous injury. It is important to carefully evaluate the PLC and PMC structures on magnetic resonance imaging before planned surgical intervention to avoid potential complications resulting from occult injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geiger
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meniscofibular ligament: morphology and functional significance of a relatively unknown anatomical structure. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:214784. [PMID: 22811916 PMCID: PMC3394392 DOI: 10.1155/2012/214784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. A relatively unknown ligamentous structure of the posterolateral corner of the knee joint, the so-called meniscofibular ligament (MFL), was investigated as regards its macroscopic morphology, its histological features, and its reaction to knee movements. Material and Methods. MFL was exposed on 21 fresh-frozen unpaired knee joints. Its microscopic morphology was examined utilizing for comparison the fibular collateral and the popliteofibular ligament. Results. MFL was encountered in 100% of the specimens as a thin striplike fibrous band extending between the lower border of the lateral meniscus and the head of the fibula. MFL was tense during knee extension and external rotation of the tibia, whereas its histological features were similar to those of fibular collateral and popliteofibular ligament. Discussion. Its precise histological nature is studied as well as its tension alterations during knee movements. The potential functional significance of the MFL with respect to its role in avoidance of lateral meniscus and lateral coronary ligament tears is discussed. Conclusions. MFL presumably provides an additional protection to the lateral meniscus during the last stages of knee extension, as well as to the lateral coronary ligament reducing the possibility of a potential rupture.
Collapse
|
39
|
Guenoun D, Le Corroller T, Amous Z, Pauly V, Sbihi A, Champsaur P. The contribution of MRI to the diagnosis of traumatic tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Diagn Interv Imaging 2012; 93:331-41. [PMID: 22542209 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
When faced with a clinical suspicion of knee ligament injury, MRI nowadays has a central role in the diagnostic strategy. In particular, it is essential for assessing the cruciate ligaments and any associated meniscal tears. The objective of this review is to present the various direct and indirect MRI signs of tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and then describe the lesions associated with it. The anatomical and clinical aspects are also discussed so that the contribution of MRI to the diagnosis and therapeutic management of an ACL tear can be better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Guenoun
- Departement of Radiology, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gwathmey FW, Tompkins MA, Gaskin CM, Miller MD. Can stress radiography of the knee help characterize posterolateral corner injury? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470:768-73. [PMID: 21822568 PMCID: PMC3270195 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-2008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional MRI is limited for characterizing the posterolateral corner of the knee due to the region's anatomic variability and complexity; further, MRI is a static study and cannot demonstrate pathologic laxity. Stress radiography may provide additional information about instability. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore (1) correlated varus stress radiography with MRI findings, (2) compared opening in patients who underwent surgical posterolateral corner stabilization versus those who did not, and (3) determined whether stress radiography findings could supplement MRI for making treatment decisions. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 26 patients (27 knee injuries) and correlated lateral compartment opening on varus stress radiography with severity of posterolateral corner injury on MRI. We compared radiographic findings in 18 patients with complete injuries who underwent posterolateral corner stabilization with five who did not. RESULTS A complete posterolateral corner injury on MRI was associated with an average of 18.6 mm (10.0-36.5 mm) of varus opening versus 12.8 mm (7.5-17.0 mm) in partial injuries. Opening in operative cases that underwent stabilization was 16.5 mm (11.0-36.5 mm) versus 11.0 mm (7.5-13.5 mm) for those that did not. Ten of 15 partial injuries underwent stabilization, for which the varus opening was 13.6 mm (11.0-17.0 mm). Average varus opening in partial injuries that did not undergo stabilization was 11.0 mm (7.5-13.5 mm). CONCLUSIONS Varus stress radiography correlated to MRI findings for posterolateral corner injury. The injuries we treated with reconstruction were associated with increased varus opening. In patients with partial posterolateral corner injury on MRI, we used degree of opening on varus stress radiography to aid the decision for stabilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Winston Gwathmey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Marc A. Tompkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Cree M. Gaskin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA ,Department of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Mark D. Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tyler P, Datir A, Saifuddin A. Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomical variations in the knee. Part 1: ligamentous and musculotendinous. Skeletal Radiol 2010; 39:1161-73. [PMID: 20155418 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-009-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now the modality of choice for the investigation of internal derangement of the knee. Technological advances, including the wider availability of stronger magnets and new sequences, allows improved visualisation of smaller structures. Normal variants must be recognised as such, so that both over-investigation and mis-diagnosis are avoided. This article reviews both the well-recognised and the less common ligamentous and musculotendinous anatomical variants within the knee and illustrates their imaging characteristics on MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Tyler
- Department of Radiology, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sekiya JK, Swaringen JC, Wojtys EM, Jacobson JA. Diagnostic ultrasound evaluation of posterolateral corner knee injuries. Arthroscopy 2010; 26:494-9. [PMID: 20362828 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether dynamic ultrasound (US) would be able to differentiate posterolateral corner knee injuries that would require surgical intervention. METHODS This is a single-group cohort study. A knee sonogram was obtained in patients referred to us with suspected posterolateral knee injury. In addition to static US imaging, a dynamic US stress test was performed by placement of maximum varus stress on the knee at 30 degrees of flexion. The tibiofemoral separation was then measured with US. Results from US and surgery were then compared. RESULTS Sixteen patients had US and underwent surgery, and twelve patients had surgical findings requiring surgical intervention to the posterolateral knee structures. With regard to static US images, the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy were 92%, 75%, 92%, 75%, and 88%, respectively, for the lateral collateral ligament; 33%, 100%, 100%, 33%, and 50%, respectively, for the popliteus; and 67%, 75%, 67%, 75%, and 69%, respectively, for the popliteofibular ligament. The dynamic US stress test showing 10.5 mm of lateral joint space width or more during varus stress showed a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 100% for injury to the lateral collateral ligament and posterolateral corner structures, with a positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 75%, and accuracy of 88%. CONCLUSIONS A positive dynamic US stress test (>or=10.5 mm) positively predicted the need for posterolateral knee surgery in 100% of patients in this study who required posterolateral corner repair or reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria in series of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Sekiya
- MedSport, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0391, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
LaPrade RF, Wozniczka JK, Stellmaker MP, Wijdicks CA. Analysis of the static function of the popliteus tendon and evaluation of an anatomic reconstruction: the "fifth ligament" of the knee. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:543-9. [PMID: 20042547 DOI: 10.1177/0363546509349493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popliteus tendon has important dynamic and static stabilizing functions at the knee. Evaluation of its static role as the "fifth ligament" of the knee and a subsequent analysis of a popliteus tendon reconstruction has not been performed. HYPOTHESIS In vitro knee stability can be restored to a popliteus tendon-deficient knee with an anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Eleven nonpaired cadaveric knees were tested under the following popliteus tendon states: intact, sectioned, and reconstructed using an autogenous semitendinosus graft. Each knee was subjected to 10-N.m varus moments, 5-N.m external and internal torques, and 88-N anterior and posterior loads at flexion angles of 0 degrees , 20 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees . A 6 degrees of freedom electromagnetic motion tracking system was used to assess motion changes of the tibia with respect to the femur. RESULTS Significant increases in external rotation and small but significant increases in internal rotation, varus angulation, and anterior translation motion were found after sectioning the popliteus tendon compared to the intact state. Significant decreases in external rotation were found in the reconstructed state compared with the sectioned state at knee flexion angles of 20 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees . Comparing the reconstructed state to the intact state, there were no significant differences at knee flexion angles of 0 degrees and 20 degrees , but significant decreases of external rotation were found at knee flexion angles of 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees . Additionally, there were small but significant differences between the reconstructed and intact state with respect to varus angulation at knee flexion angles of 20 degrees , 30 degrees , and 60 degrees ; anterior translation at 20 degrees and 30 degrees ; and internal rotation at all flexion angles. CONCLUSION The popliteus tendon has important primary stabilization roles at the knee. The authors also found that an anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction significantly reduced the increase in external rotation that occurred with sectioning the popliteus tendon; however, differences seen with respect to internal rotation, varus angulation, and anterior translation were not restored. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The popliteus tendon functions essentially as the fifth major ligament of the knee. An anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction can restore external rotation stability to knees with popliteus tendon injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F LaPrade
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, R102, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Correlation between the rotational degree of the dial test and arthroscopic and physical findings in posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18:123-9. [PMID: 19565220 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-009-0850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) is difficult because it occurs rarely, takes time to manifest, and no single definitive tool exists in diagnosing posterolateral corner injuries. We sought to evaluate the correlation between rotational degrees in the dial test and physical and arthroscopic findings that surgically verified PLRI in the knee joint. Patients (n = 67) who were diagnosed as having PLRI and received posterolateral reconstruction (n = 57) and repair (n = 10) from 1998 to 2006 were recruited. Preoperative physical findings were evaluated under anesthesia, and arthroscopic findings during surgeries were analyzed. A dial test with post-anesthesia (spinal or general) was conducted. We divided patients into three subgroups (A: <15 degrees, B: 15-20 degrees, and C: >20 degrees), according to differences in rotational degrees in the dial test. All tests showed significant differences among the three groups and positive findings increased as the rotational degrees increased. No test showed a statistically significant difference in the specific group. All tests except for popliteal hiatus widening showed significant differences among the three groups and positive findings also increased as the rotational degrees increased. The total incidence and positive rate of each physical examination and the popliteal hiatus arthroscopic findings in PLRI significantly increased as the rotational degree in the dial test increased. The number of positive findings on physical examination was larger than the number of positive findings by arthroscopy in all three groups.
Collapse
|
45
|
Obaid H, Gartner L, Haydar AA, Briggs TWR, Saifuddin A. The meniscofibular ligament: an MRI study. Eur J Radiol 2008; 73:159-61. [PMID: 18995979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the appearances and determine the prevalence of the meniscofibular ligament (ligamentum fibulare-MFibL) on MRI of the knee. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Retrospective observational review of 160 knee MRI studies (152 patients) which was performed for a variety of clinical presentations over a period of 31 months. The images were assessed independently by two musculoskeletal radiology Fellows. RESULTS The MFibL was optimally visualised on far lateral sagittal oblique fat suppressed PDW FSE images. The MFibL appeared as a curvilinear or straight, hypointense band of variable thickness extending between the inferior margin of the posterior third of the lateral meniscus and the fibular head. The ligament was demonstrated in 42.5% (n=68) of the total knee MRI studies, but this prevalence increased to 63% (56/88) in the presence of fluid in the posterolateral corner of the joint. CONCLUSION The MFibL is commonly seen on far lateral fat suppressed oblique sagittal PD weighted MR images, particularly in the presence of fluid in the posterolateral corner, and should be recognised as a normal structure in the posterolateral corner of the knee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haron Obaid
- Department of Radiology, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster DN2 5LT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
MRI of the popliteofibular ligament: isotropic 3D WE-DESS versus coronal oblique fat-suppressed T2W MRI. Skeletal Radiol 2007; 36:1141-6. [PMID: 17938917 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-007-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare isotropic 3D water excitation double-echo steady state (WE-DESS) MRI with coronal oblique fat-suppressed T2-weighted (FS T2W) images in the identification of the popliteofibular ligament (PFL). MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective analysis of 122 consecutive knee MRIs was performed in patients referred for knee pain from the orthopaedic clinic. In addition to the standard knee sequences, isotropic WE-DESS volume acquisition through the whole knee and coronal oblique FS T2W fast spin echo sequences through the posterolateral corner were obtained. The presence of the popliteus and biceps femoris tendons, lateral collateral and PFL was documented. Anterior cruciate ligament injury was present in 33 cases and these were excluded from the study because of the risk of associated PFL injury, leaving a total of 89 cases. Of the 42 patients in whom arthroscopic evaluation was subsequently obtained, none were found to have an injury to the PFL. RESULTS The lateral collateral ligament, biceps femoris and popliteus tendon were identified in all cases on all sequences. The PFL was seen in 81 (91.0%; 95% CI 85.1-97.0%) patients using the WE-DESS sequence and 63 (70.8%; 95% CI 61.3-80.2%) patients using the coronal oblique FS T2W sequence, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.00005). CONCLUSION Isotropic 3D WE-DESS MRI significantly enhances our ability to identify the popliteofibular ligament compared with coronal oblique fat-suppressed T2-weighted images.
Collapse
|