The effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on MR images of bone marrow

Pictorial review: challenges in distinguishing bilateral metaphyseal marrow abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging

The paediatric metaphysis is afflicted by a wide range of pathological processes as it is the most metabolically active and well-vascularised part of the developing skeleton. This review focuses on metaphyseal marrow signal change detected with magnetic resonance imaging, which is most often occult on radiographs. When bilateral, these imaging appearances frequently present a diagnostic quandary. This review assists the radiologist to confidently dismiss physiological signal change and confidently work through the differential diagnosis. This is achieved by illustrating a practical method of classifying signal change into four categories: physiological red marrow, red marrow reconversion, marrow infiltration, and oedema-like marrow signal intensity. In doing so, various pathological entities are reviewed along with imaging pearls and next-step investigations.

Imaging of bone marrow pitfalls with emphasis on MRI

Normal marrow contains both hematopoietic/red and fatty/yellow marrow with a predictable pattern of conversion and skeletal distribution on MRI. Many variations in normal bone marrow signal and appearances are apparent and the reporting radiologist must differentiate these from other non-neoplastic, benign or neoplastic processes. The advent of chemical shift imaging has helped in characterising and differentiating more focal heterogeneous areas of red marrow from marrow infiltration. This review aims to cover the MRI appearances of normal marrow, its evolution with age, marrow reconversion, variations of normal marrow signal, causes of oedema-like marrow signal, and some common non-neoplastic entities, which may mimic marrow neoplasms.

Normal Bone Marrow and Non-neoplastic Systemic Hematopoietic Disorders in the Adult

This article provides an overview of the imaging appearances of normal adult bone marrow with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging. We also review the cellular processes and imaging features of normal developmental yellow-to-red marrow conversion and compensatory physiologic or pathologic red marrow reconversion. Key imaging features that differentiate between normal adult marrow, normal variants, non-neoplastic hematopoietic disorders, and malignant marrow disease are discussed, as well as posttreatment changes.

Therapy-Related Imaging Findings in Patients with Sarcoma

Knowledge of imaging findings related to therapy administered to patients with sarcoma is pivotal in selecting appropriate care for these patients. Imaging studies are performed as surveillance in asymptomatic patients or because symptoms, including anxiety, develop. In addition to detection of recurrent disease and assessment of response to therapy, diagnosis of conditions related to therapy that may or may not need treatment has a marked positive impact on quality of life. The purpose of this review is to assist radiologists, nuclear physicians, and others clinicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients in recognizing imaging findings related to therapy and not to activity of the previously treated sarcoma. Imaging findings are time dependent and often specific in relation to therapy given.