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Yoo GS, Park HC, Yu JI, Choi DH, Cho WK, Park YS, Park JO, Lim HY, Kang WK, Lee WY, Kim HC, Yun SH, Cho YB, Park YA, Song KD, Kim SH, Ha SY. Carcinoembryonic Antigen Improves the Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Prediction of Pathologic Response after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Patients with Rectal Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 52:446-454. [PMID: 31588705 PMCID: PMC7176967 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in improving the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the prediction of pathologic response after the neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) for patients with rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 524 rectal cancer patients who underwent NCRT and total mesorectal excision between January 2009 and December 2014. The performances of MRI with or without CEA parameters (initial CEA and CEA dynamics) for prediction of pathologic tumor response grade (pTRG) were compared by receiver-operating characteristic analysis with DeLong's method. Cox regression was used to identify the independent factors associated to pTRG and disease-free survival (DFS) after NCRT. RESULTS The median follow-up was 64.0 months (range, 3.0 to 113.0 months). On multivariate analysis, poor tumor regression grade on MRI (mrTRG; p < 0.001), initial CEA (p < 0.001) and the mesorectal fascia involvement on MRI before NCRT (mrMFI; p=0.054) showed association with poor pTRG. The mrTRG plus CEA parameters showed significantly improved performances in the prediction of pTRG than mrTRG alone. All of mrTRG, mrMFI, and initial CEA were also identified as independent factors associated with DFS. The initial CEA further discriminated DFS in the subgroups with good mrTRG or that without mrMFI. CONCLUSION The CEA parameters significantly improved the performance of MRI in the prediction of pTRG after NCRT for patients with rectal cancer. The DFS was further discriminated by initial CEA level in the groups with favorable MRI parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Sang Yoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Il Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Ho Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Yun
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ah Park
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Doo Song
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Janssen MHM, Aerts HJWL, Buijsen J, Lambin P, Lammering G, Öllers MC. Repeated positron emission tomography-computed tomography and perfusion-computed tomography imaging in rectal cancer: fluorodeoxyglucose uptake corresponds with tumor perfusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 82:849-55. [PMID: 21392896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze both the intratumoral fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and perfusion within rectal tumors before and after hypofractionated radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Rectal cancer patients, referred for preoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT), underwent FDG-positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) and perfusion-CT (pCT) imaging before the start of hypofractionated RT and at the day of the last RT fraction. The pCT-images were analyzed using the extended Kety model, quantifying tumor perfusion with the pharmacokinetic parameters K(trans), v(e), and v(p). The mean and maximum FDG uptake based on the standardized uptake value (SUV) and transfer constant (K(trans)) within the tumor were correlated. Also, the tumor was subdivided into eight subregions and for each subregion the mean and maximum SUVs and K(trans) values were assessed and correlated. Furthermore, the mean FDG uptake in voxels presenting with the lowest 25% of perfusion was compared with the FDG uptake in the voxels with the 25% highest perfusion. RESULTS The mean and maximum K(trans) values were positively correlated with the corresponding SUVs (ρ = 0.596, p = 0.001 and ρ = 0.779, p < 0.001). Also, positive correlations were found for K(trans) values and SUVs within the subregions (mean, ρ = 0.413, p < 0.001; and max, ρ = 0.540, p < 0.001). The mean FDG uptake in the 25% highest-perfused tumor regions was significantly higher compared with the 25% lowest-perfused regions (10.6% ± 5.1%, p = 0.017). During hypofractionated radiotherapy, stable mean (p = 0.379) and maximum (p = 0.280) FDG uptake levels were found, whereas the mean (p = 0.040) and maximum (p = 0.003) K(trans) values were found to significantly increase. CONCLUSION Highly perfused rectal tumors presented with higher FDG-uptake levels compared with relatively low perfused tumors. Also, intratumor regions with a high FDG uptake demonstrated with higher levels of perfusion than regions with a relatively low FDG-uptake. Early after hypofractionated RT, stable FDG uptake levels were found, whereas tumor perfusion was found to significantly increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H M Janssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Janssen MHM, Öllers MC, van Stiphout RGPM, Riedl RG, van den Bogaard J, Buijsen J, Lambin P, Lammering G. PET-based treatment response evaluation in rectal cancer: prediction and validation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 82:871-6. [PMID: 21377810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a positron emission tomography (PET)-based response prediction model to differentiate pathological responders from nonresponders. The predictive strength of the model was validated in a second patient group, treated and imaged identical to the patients on which the predictive model was based. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fifty-one rectal cancer patients were prospectively included in this study. All patients underwent fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET-computed tomography (CT) imaging both before the start of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and after 2 weeks of treatment. Preoperative treatment with CRT was followed by a total mesorectal excision. From the resected specimen, the tumor regression grade (TRG) was scored according to the Mandard criteria. From one patient group (n = 30), the metabolic treatment response was correlated with the pathological treatment response, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based cutoff value for the reduction of maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) within the tumor to differentiate pathological responders (TRG 1-2) from nonresponders (TRG 3-5). The applicability of the selected cutoff value for new patients was validated in a second patient group (n = 21). RESULTS When correlating the metabolic and pathological treatment response for the first patient group using ROC curve analysis (area under the curve = 0.98), a cutoff value of 48% SUV(max) reduction was selected to differentiate pathological responders from nonresponders (specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 64%). Applying this cutoff value to the second patient group resulted in a specificity and sensitivity of, respectively, 93% and 83%, with only one of the pathological nonresponders being false positively predicted as pathological responding. CONCLUSIONS For rectal cancer, an accurate PET-based prediction of the pathological treatment response is feasible already after 2 weeks of CRT. The presented predictive model could be used to select patients to be considered for less invasive surgical interventions or even a "wait and see" policy. Also, based on the predicted response, early modifications of the treatment protocol are possible, which might result in an improved clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H M Janssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO, GROW Research Institute, University Medical Centre Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Blood glucose level normalization and accurate timing improves the accuracy of PET-based treatment response predictions in rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2010; 95:203-8. [PMID: 20176406 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the influence of fluctuating blood glucose level (BGLs) and the timing of PET acquisition on PET-based predictions of the pathological treatment response in rectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty patients, diagnosed with locally advanced-rectal-cancer (LARC), were included in this prospective study. Sequential FDG-PET-CT investigations were performed at four time points during and after pre-operative radiochemotherapy (RCT). All PET-data were normalized for the BGL measured shortly before FDG injection. The metabolic treatment response of the tumor was correlated with the pathological treatment response. RESULTS During RCT, strong intra-patient BGL-fluctuations were observed, ranging from -38.7 to 95.6%. BGL-normalization of the SUVs revealed differences ranging from -54.7 to 34.7% (p < 0.001). Also, a SUV(max) time-dependency of 1.30 +/- 0.66 every 10 min (range: 0.39-2.58) was found during the first 60 min of acquisition. When correlating the percent reduction of SUV(max) after 2 weeks of RCT with the pathological treatment response, a significant increase (p = 0.027) in the area under the curve of ROC-curve analysis was found when normalizing the PET-data for the measured BGLs, indicating an increase of the predictive strength. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly underlines the necessity of BGL-normalization of PET-data and a precise time-management between FDG injection and the start of PET acquisition when using sequential FDG-PET-CT imaging for the prediction of pathological treatment response.
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Janssen MHM, Ollers MC, van Stiphout RGPM, Buijsen J, van den Bogaard J, de Ruysscher D, Lambin P, Lammering G. Evaluation of early metabolic responses in rectal cancer during combined radiochemotherapy or radiotherapy alone: sequential FDG-PET-CT findings. Radiother Oncol 2010; 94:151-5. [PMID: 20116114 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate metabolic changes of rectal tumors after 1 week of treatment of either radiochemotherapy (28 x 1.8 Gy+Capecitabine) (RCT) or hypofractionated radiotherapy (5 x 5 Gy) alone (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourty-six rectal cancer patients, 25 RCT- and 21 RT-patients, were included in this study. Sequential FDG-PET-CT scans were performed for each of the included patients both prior to treatment and after the first week of treatment. Consecutively, the metabolic treatment response of the tumor was evaluated. RESULTS For the patients referred for pre-operative RCT, significant reductions of SUV(mean) (p<0.001) and SUV(max) (p<0.001) within the tumor were found already after the first week of treatment (8 Gy biological equivalent dose (BED). In contrast, 1 week of treatment with RT alone did not result in significant changes in the metabolic activity of the tumor (p=0.767, p=0.434), despite the higher applied RT dose of 38.7 Gy BED. CONCLUSIONS Radiochemotherapy of rectal cancer leads to significant early changes in the metabolic activity of the tumor, which was not the case early after hypofractionated radiotherapy alone, despite the higher radiotherapy dose given. Thus, the chemotherapeutic agent Capecitabine might be responsible for the early metabolic treatment responses during radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H M Janssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), University Medical Centre Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Janssen MHM, Ollers MC, Riedl RG, van den Bogaard J, Buijsen J, van Stiphout RGPM, Aerts HJWL, Lambin P, Lammering G. Accurate prediction of pathological rectal tumor response after two weeks of preoperative radiochemotherapy using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 77:392-9. [PMID: 19646825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the optimal time point for repeated (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET)-CT imaging during preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) and the best predictive factor for the prediction of pathological treatment response in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 30 patients referred for preoperative RCT treatment were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent sequential PET-CT imaging at four time points: prior to therapy, at day 8 and 15 during RCT, and shortly before surgery. Tumor metabolic treatment responses were correlated with the pathological responses by evaluation of the tumor regression grade (TRG) and the pathological TN (ypT) stage of the resected specimen. RESULTS Based on their TRG evaluations, 13 patients were classified as pathological responders, whereas 17 patients were classified as pathological nonresponders. The response index (RI) for the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) on day 15 of RCT was found to be the best predictive factor for the pathological response (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.87) compared to the RI on day 8 (AUC = 0.78) or the RI of presurgical PET imaging (AUC = 0.66). A cutoff value of 43% for the reduction of SUV(max) resulted in a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 93%. CONCLUSIONS The SUV(max)-based RI calculated after the first 2 weeks of RCT provided the best predictor of pathological treatment response, reaching AUCs of 0.87 and 0.84 for the TRG and the ypT stage, respectively. However, a few patients presented with peritumoral inflammatory reactions, which led to mispredictions. Exclusion of these patients further enhanced the predictive accuracy of PET imaging to AUCs of 0.97 and 0.89 for TRG and ypT, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H M Janssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW Research Institute, University Medical Centre Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Kanstrup IL, Klausen TL, Bojsen-Møller J, Magnusson P, Zerahn B. Variability and reproducibility of hepatic FDG uptake measured as SUV as well as tissue-to-blood background ratio using positron emission tomography in healthy humans. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2009; 29:108-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2008.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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