The best radionuclide for radioimmunotherapy of small tumors: beta- or alpha-emitter?

Drug carrier-assisted combined chemo- and radionuclide therapy for tumors of diverse origins: effects of therapeutic schemes on tumor responses

Despite the promising results in cancer treatment, standard monotherapy remains insufficient for a wide range of oncological diseases. Combined therapy can significantly improve therapeutic outcomes compared to single-agent treatments. However, identifying the optimal treatment regimen for combined therapy can be a challenging task. In this work, we developed a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of three types of tumors - CT26 colorectal cancer, B16-F10 melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer using combined chemo- and radionuclide therapy. This was achieved by loading nanoparticles with radium-223 (223Ra-labeled NPs) and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). Each tumor model (CT26, B16-F10, 4T1) was treated using different therapeutic strategies: (i) intravenous or (ii) intratumoral administration of 223Ra-labeled NPs for single radionuclide therapy; (iii) intravenous injection of DOX for chemotherapy; and (iv) intratumoral injection of 223Ra-labeled NPs combined with intravenous administration of DOX for combined therapy. Our results demonstrated that each tumor model exhibited a distinct response to single and combined therapies. Notably, the combined chemo- and radionuclide therapy (DOX = 10 mg kg-1 and 223Ra-labeled NPs = 2.7 KBq kg-1) demonstrated a significantly higher therapeutic outcome than single therapies (DOX = 10 mg kg-1 or 223Ra-labeled NPs = 2.7 KBq kg-1). In particular, the average therapeutic response was >35% for monotherapy and >60%-80% for combined therapy. Importantly, the therapeutic effect across the three tumor types followed the order B16-F10 >4T1 >CT26. Thus, this work systematically investigated the response of three tumor types to the applicability of single chemo- or radionuclide therapy and their combination.

The safety and treatment response of combination therapy of radioimmunotherapy and radiofrequency ablation for solid tumor: a study in vivo

OBJECTION

To investigate the safety and treatment response of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in combination with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of VX2 tumor on rabbit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 36 rabbits bearing VX2 tumor on the thigh were randomly assigned into 3 groups (group I: 1-2 cm; group II: 2-3 cm; group III: 3-4 cm) and 4 subgroups (A: as control, just puncture the tumor using the RFA electrode without power output; B: RFA alone; C: 131I-chTNT intratumoral injection alone; D: RFA+131I-chTNT intratumoral injection 3 days later). The variation of blood assay, weight and survival among different groups and subgroups were used to assess the treatment safety. Ultrasound (US) was used to monitor and assess the tumor response after treatment.

RESULTS

According to the results of the weight and the blood assay among different groups, subgroups, and at two time points (one day before and the 16th day after treatment), no damages to the liver, kidney function and myelosuppression resulting from the treatment were found. No significant differences in survivals among the four subgroups (p = 0.087) were found. In addition, 131I-chTNT did not show significant inhibition effect on VX2 tumor progression according to US measurements.

CONCLUSION

131I-chTNT intratumoral injection alone or in combination with RFA is relatively safe for rabbit without significant toxicity and shows no significant effect on the survival. The treatment response is not as satisfactory as anticipated.

Radiofrequency ablation before intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT improves the tumor-to-normal tissue ratio in solid VX2 tumor

PURPOSE

This study was aimed to investigate whether the tumor necrosis induced by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can improve the ratio of tumor-to-normal tissue (T/NT) after intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Eighteen New Zealand rabbits bearing VX2 tumor on the thigh were randomly divided into two treatment groups (control group: intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT alone; RFA group: RFA + intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT 3 days after RFA) and each group was further divided into three subgroups I, II, and III (1-2 cm, 2-3 cm, and 3-4 cm in maximum diameter, respectively), by the tumor size. SPECT was performed to evaluate the T/NT on days 1, 8, and 15 after (131)I-chTNT injection.

RESULTS

After treatment, all rabbits underwent the SPECT whole-body scan and the T/NT was analyzed. The results showed that T/NT in the RFA group (55.45±41.83) was significantly higher compared with the control group (7.23±5.61) (F=18.89, p=0.001). Meanwhile, a linear ascending trend was found for T/NT in the RFA group along with the follow-up time (r=0.47, p=0.01). The tumor size or the dose of (131)I-TNT injection had no significant effect on the variation of T/NT in both groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

RFA before intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT can dramatically improve T/NT, demonstrating the potential application of this combination therapy.

Radioimmunotherapy of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

This manuscript reviews current advances in the use of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). RIT has been in use for more than 20 years and has progressed significantly with the discovery of new molecular targets, the development of new stable chelates, the humanization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and the use of pretargeting techniques. Today, two products targeting the CD20 antigen are approved: (131)I-tositumomab (Bexxar(®)), and (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin(®)). (131)I-tositumomab is available in the United States, and (90)Y-ibritumumab tiuxetan in Europe, the United States, Asia, and Africa. RIT can be integrated in clinical practice using non-ablative activities for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) or as consolidation after induction chemotherapy in front-line treatment in FL patients. Despite the lack of phase III studies to clearly define the efficacy of RIT in the management of B lymphoma in the era of rituximab-based therapy, RIT efficacy in NHL has been demonstrated. In relapsing refractory FL and transformed NHL, RIT as a monotherapy induces around 30% complete response with a possibility of durable remissions. RIT consolidation after induction therapy significantly improves the quality of the response. Dose-limiting toxicity of RIT is hematological, depending on bone marrow involvement and prior treatment. Non-hematological toxicity is generally low. Different studies have been published assessing innovative protocols of RIT or new indications, in particular treatment in patients with aggressive lymphomas. High-dose treatment, RIT as consolidation after different therapeutic induction modalities, RIT in first-line treatment or fractionated RIT showed promising results. New MAbs, in particular humanized MAbs, or combinations of naked and radiolabeled MAbs, also appear promising. Personalized dosimetry protocols should be developed to determine injected activity.

Successful radioimmunotherapy of established syngeneic rat colon carcinoma with 211At-mAb

Background

Most carcinomas are prone to metastasize despite successful treatment of the primary tumor. One way to address this clinical challenge may be targeted therapy with α-emitting radionuclides such as astatine-211 (²¹¹At). Radioimmunotherapy utilizing α-particle emitting radionuclides is considered especially suitable for the treatment of small cell clusters and single cells, although lesions of different sizes may also be present in the patient. The aim of this study was primarily to evaluate the toxicity and secondarily in vivo efficacy of a ²¹¹At-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against colon carcinoma with tumor diameters of approximately 10 mm.

Methods

Eighteen rats with subperitoneal syngeneic colon carcinoma were allocated to three groups of six animals together with three healthy rats in each group. The groups were injected intravenously with either 150 μg of unlabeled mAbs (controls) or 2.5 or 5 MBq ²¹¹At-mAbs directed towards the Lewis Y antigen expressed on the cell membrane of several carcinomas. Tumor volume, body weight, and blood cell counts were monitored for 100 days after treatment.

Results

Local tumors were non-palpable in five out of six rats after treatment with both activities of ²¹¹At-mAbs, compared to one out of six in the control group. At the study end, half of the animals in each group given ²¹¹At-BR96 and one animal in the control group were free from disease. Radioimmunotherapy resulted in dose-dependent, transient weight loss and myelotoxicity. Survival was significantly better in the groups receiving targeted alpha therapy than in those receiving unlabeled mAbs.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the possibility of treating small, solid colon carcinoma tumors with α-emitting radionuclides such as ²¹¹At bound to mAbs, with tolerable toxicity.

An overview of targeted alpha therapy

The effectiveness of targeted α-therapy (TAT) can be explained by the properties of α-particles. Alpha particles are helium nuclei and are ~8,000 times larger than β(-)-particles (electrons). When emitted from radionuclides that decay via an α-decay pathway, they release enormous amounts of energy over a very short distance. Typically, the range of α-particles in tissue is 50-100 μm and they have high linear energy transfer (LET) with a mean energy deposition of 100 keV/μm, providing a more specific tumor cell killing ability without damage to the surrounding normal tissues than β(-)-emitters. Due to these properties, the majority of pre-clinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that α-emitters such as (225)Ac, (211)At, (212)Bi, (213)Bi, (212)Pb, (223)Ra, and (227)Th are ideal for the treatment of smaller tumor burdens, micrometastatic disease, and disseminated disease. Even though these α-emitters have favorable properties, the development of TAT has been limited by high costs, unresolved chemistry, and limited availability of the radionuclides. To overcome these limitations, more potent isotopes, additional sources, and more efficient isotope production methods should be addressed. Furthermore, better chelation and labeling methods with the improvements of isotope delivery, targeting vehicles, molecular targets, and identification of appropriate clinical applications are still required.