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Biomarkers Discovery for Colorectal Cancer: A Review on Tumor Endothelial Markers as Perspective Candidates. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4912405. [PMID: 27965519 PMCID: PMC5124654 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4912405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. The early detection of CRC, during the promotion/progression stages, is an enormous challenge for a successful outcome and remains a fundamental problem in clinical approach. Despite the continuous advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, there is a need for discovery of sensitive and specific, noninvasive biomarkers. Tumor endothelial markers (TEMs) are associated with tumor-specific angiogenesis and are potentially useful to discriminate between tumor and normal endothelium. The most promising TEMs for oncogenic signaling in CRC appeared to be the TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, and TEM8. Overexpression of TEMs especially TEM1, TEM7, and TEM8 in colorectal tumor tissue compared to healthy tissue suggests their role in tumor blood vessels formation. Thus TEMs appear to be perspective candidates for early detection, monitoring, and treatment of CRC patients. This review provides an update on recent data on tumor endothelial markers and their possible use as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, and therapy of colorectal cancer patients.
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Wang Y, Luo Z, Liu K, Wang J, Duan Y. In situ targeting TEM8 via immune response and polypeptide recognition by wavelength-modulated surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20006. [PMID: 26822761 PMCID: PMC4731803 DOI: 10.1038/srep20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in real-time and in situ monitoring of living cell activities in life science and medicine. This paper reports a whole cell sensing protocol over the interface of Au film coupled in a wavelength-modulated surface plasmon resonance (WMSPR) biosensor. With dual parabolic mirrors integrated in the sensor, the compact and miniaturized instrument shows satisfactory refractive index sensitivity (2220 nm/RIU) and a high resolution of resonance wavelength shift of 0.3 nm to liquid samples. The affinity interactions between the biomarker of human tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) and antibody (Ab) or specific polypeptide (PEP) were firstly introduced to WMSPR biosensor analysis. Both the interaction events of Ab-cell and PEP-cell over the Au film interface can be recognized by the sensor and the balance time of interactions is about 20 min. The concentration range of Ab for quantitative monitoring of the TEM8 expression on human colon carcinoma SW620 cells was investigated. The present low-cost and time-saving method provides a time resolution of binding specificity between Ab/PEP and TEM8 for real-time analysis of antigen on living tumor cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Kunping Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.,Faculty of biotechnology industry, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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Hou S, Choi JS, Garcia MA, Xing Y, Chen KJ, Chen YM, Jiang ZK, Ro T, Wu L, Stout DB, Tomlinson JS, Wang H, Chen K, Tseng HR, Lin WY. Pretargeted Positron Emission Tomography Imaging That Employs Supramolecular Nanoparticles with in Vivo Bioorthogonal Chemistry. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1417-24. [PMID: 26731174 PMCID: PMC4893318 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A pretargeted oncologic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging that leverages the power of supramolecular nanoparticles with in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry was demonstrated for the clinically relevant problem of tumor imaging. The advantages of this approach are that (i) the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of tumor-targeting and imaging agents can be independently altered via chemical alteration to achieve the desired in vivo performance and (ii) the interplay between the two PKs and other controllable variables confers a second layer of control toward improved PET imaging. In brief, we utilized supramolecular chemistry to synthesize tumor-targeting nanoparticles containing transcyclooctene (TCO, a bioorthogonal reactive motif), called TCO⊂SNPs. After the intravenous injection and subsequent concentration of the TCO⊂SNPs in the tumors of living mice, a small molecule containing both the complementary bioorthogonal motif (tetrazine, Tz) and a positron-emitting radioisotope ((64)Cu) was injected to react selectively and irreversibly to TCO. High-contrast PET imaging of the tumor mass was accomplished after the rapid clearance of the unreacted (64)Cu-Tz probe. Our nanoparticle approach encompasses a wider gamut of tumor types due to the use of EPR effects, which is a universal phenomenon for most solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hou
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Jin-sil Choi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Mitch Andre Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Yan Xing
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-9061, United States
| | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ziyue K. Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Tracy Ro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - David B. Stout
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - James S. Tomlinson
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-9061, United States
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1770, United States
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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Abstract
In view of the trend towards personalized treatment strategies for (cancer) patients, there is an increasing need to noninvasively determine individual patient characteristics. Such information enables physicians to administer to patients accurate therapy with appropriate timing. For the noninvasive visualization of disease-related features, imaging biomarkers are expected to play a crucial role. Next to the chemical development of imaging probes, this requires preclinical studies in animal tumour models. These studies provide proof-of-concept of imaging biomarkers and help determine the pharmacokinetics and target specificity of relevant imaging probes, features that provide the fundamentals for translation to the clinic. In this review we describe biological processes derived from the “hallmarks of cancer” that may serve as imaging biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and treatment response monitoring that are currently being studied in the preclinical setting. A number of these biomarkers are also being used for the initial preclinical assessment of new intervention strategies. Uniquely, noninvasive imaging approaches allow longitudinal assessment of changes in biological processes, providing information on the safety, pharmacokinetic profiles and target specificity of new drugs, and on the antitumour effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Preclinical biomarker imaging can help guide translation to optimize clinical biomarker imaging and personalize (combination) therapies.
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Kuo F, Histed S, Xu B, Bhadrasetty V, Szajek LP, Williams MR, Wong K, Wu H, Lane K, Coble V, Vasalatiy O, Griffiths G, Paik CH, Elbuluk O, Szot C, Chaudhary A, St. Croix B, Choyke P, Jagoda EM. Immuno-PET imaging of tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3996-4006. [PMID: 24984190 PMCID: PMC4224515 DOI: 10.1021/mp500056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is a cell surface receptor that is highly expressed in a variety of human tumors and promotes tumor angiogenesis and cell growth. Antibodies targeting TEM8 block tumor angiogenesis in a manner distinct from the VEGF receptor pathway. Development of a TEM8 imaging agent could aid in patient selection for specific antiangiogenic therapies and for response monitoring. In these studies, L2, a therapeutic anti-TEM8 monoclonal IgG antibody (L2mAb), was labeled with (89)Zr and evaluated in vitro and in vivo in TEM8 expressing cells and mouse xenografts (NCI-H460, DLD-1) as a potential TEM8 immuno-PET imaging agent. (89)Zr-df-L2mAb was synthesized using a desferioxamine-L2mAb conjugate (df-L2mAb); (125)I-L2mAb was labeled directly. In vitro binding studies were performed using human derived cell lines with high, moderate, and low/undetectable TEM8 expression. (89)Zr-df-L2mAb in vitro autoradiography studies and CD31 IHC staining were performed with cryosections from human tumor xenografts (NCI-H460, DLD-1, MKN-45, U87-MG, T-47D, and A-431). Confirmatory TEM8 Western blots were performed with the same tumor types and cells. (89)Zr-df-L2mAb biodistribution and PET imaging studies were performed in NCI-H460 and DLD-1 xenografts in nude mice. (125)I-L2mAb and (89)Zr-df-L2mAb exhibited specific and high affinity binding to TEM8 that was consistent with TEM8 expression levels. In NCI-H460 and DLD-1 mouse xenografts nontarget tissue uptake of (89)Zr-df-L2mAb was similar; the liver and spleen exhibited the highest uptake at all time points. (89)Zr-L2mAb was highly retained in NCI-H460 tumors with <10% losses from day 1 to day 3 with the highest tumor to muscle ratios (T:M) occurring at day 3. DLD-1 tumors exhibited similar pharmacokinetics, but tumor uptake and T:M ratios were reduced ∼2-fold in comparison to NCI-H460 at all time points. NCI-H460 and DLD-1 tumors were easily visualized in PET imaging studies despite low in vitro TEM8 expression in DLD-1 cells indicating that in vivo expression might be higher in DLD-1 tumors. From in vitro autoradiography studies (89)Zr-df-L2mAb specific binding was found in 6 tumor types (U87-MG, NCI-H460, T-47D MKN-45, A-431, and DLD-1) which highly correlated to vessel density (CD31 IHC). Westerns blots confirmed the presence of TEM8 in the 6 tumor types but found undetectable TEM8 levels in DLD-1 and MKN-45 cells. This data would indicate that TEM8 is associated with the tumor vasculature rather than the tumor tissue, thus explaining the increased TEM8 expression in DLD-1 tumors compared to DLD-1 cell cultures. (89)Zr-df-L2mAb specifically targeted TEM8 in vitro and in vivo although the in vitro expression was not necessarily predictive of in vivo expression which seemed to be associated with the tumor vasculature. In mouse models, (89)Zr-df-L2mAb tumor uptakes and T:M ratios were sufficient for visualization during PET imaging. These results would suggest that a TEM8 targeted PET imaging agent, such as (89)Zr-df-L2mAb, may have potential clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic applications by providing a quantitative measure of tumor angiogenesis and patient selection for future TEM8 directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kuo
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Stephanie Histed
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Biying Xu
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-3372, United States
| | - Veerendra Bhadrasetty
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Lawrence P. Szajek
- PET Department and Nuclear Medicine Division,
Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Mark R. Williams
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Karen Wong
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Haitao Wu
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-3372, United States
| | - Kelly Lane
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-3372, United States
| | - Vincent Coble
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-3372, United States
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National
Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-3372, United States
| | - Gary
L. Griffiths
- Clinical Research Directorate/CMRP, Leidos
Biomedical Research Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Chang H. Paik
- PET Department and Nuclear Medicine Division,
Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Osama Elbuluk
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Christopher Szot
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Peter Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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Hong H, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai W. New radiotracers for imaging of vascular targets in angiogenesis-related diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:2-20. [PMID: 25086372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances over the last several decades in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow for targeted imaging of molecular and cellular events in the living systems. Angiogenesis, a multistep process regulated by the network of different angiogenic factors, has attracted world-wide interests, due to its pivotal role in the formation and progression of different diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and inflammation. In this review article, we will summarize the recent progress in PET or SPECT imaging of a wide variety of vascular targets in three major angiogenesis-related diseases: cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Faster drug development and patient stratification for a specific therapy will become possible with the facilitation of PET or SPECT imaging and it will be critical for the maximum benefit of patients.
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Guo N, Lang L, Gao H, Niu G, Kiesewetter DO, Xie Q, Chen X. Quantitative analysis and parametric imaging of 18F-labeled monomeric and dimeric RGD peptides using compartment model. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:743-52. [PMID: 22437879 PMCID: PMC3401513 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive PET imaging with radiolabeled RGD peptides for α(v)β(3) integrin targeting has become an important tool for tumor diagnosis and treatment monitoring in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. To better understand the molecular process and tracer pharmacokinetics, we introduced kinetic modeling in the investigation of (18)F-labeled RGD peptide monomer (18)F-FP-c(RGDyK) (denoted as (18)F-FPRGD) and dimer (18)F-FP-PEG3-E[c(RGDyK)](2) (denoted as (18)F-FPPRGD2). PROCEDURES MDA-MB-435 tumor-bearing mice underwent 60 min dynamic PET scans following the injection of either (18)F-FPRGD or (18)F-FPPRGD2. Blocking studies with pre-injection of a blocking mass dose were performed for both monomeric and dimeric RGD groups. (18)F-FPRAD (RAD) was used as a negative control. Kinetic parameters (K(1), k(2), k(3), k(4)) of a three-compartment model were fitted to the dynamic data to allow quantitative comparisons between the monomeric and dimeric RGD peptides. RESULTS Dimeric RGD peptide tracer showed significantly higher binding potential (Bp(ND) = k(3)/k(4), 5.87 ± 0.31) than that of the monomeric analog (2.75 ± 0.48, p = 0.0022, n = 4/group). The Bp(ND) values showed a significantly greater ratio (dimer/monomer ~2.1) than the difference in %ID/g uptake measured from static images (dimer/monomer ~1.5, p = 0.0045). Significant decrease in Bp(ND) was found in the blocked groups compared with the unblocked ones (dimer p = 0.00024, monomer p = 0.005, n = 4/group). Similarly, the RAD control group showed the lowest Bp(ND) value among all the test groups, as the RAD peptide does not bind to integrin α(v)β(3). Volume of distribution (V(T) = K(1)/k (2)(1 + k (3)/k (4))) could be separated into non-specific (V (ND) = K (1)/k (2)) and specific (V (S) = K (1) k (3)/(k (2) k (4))) components. Specific distribution volume (V(S)) was the dominant component of V(T) in the unblocked groups and decreased in the blocked groups. Unblocked RGD dimer also showed higher V(S) than that of the monomer (dimer V(S) = 2.38 ± 0.15, monomer V(S) = 0.90 ± 0.17, p = 0.0013, n = 4/group), well correlated with Bp(ND) calculations. Little difference in V(ND) was found among all groups. Moreover, parametric maps allowed quantitative analysis at voxel level and provided higher tumor-to-background contrast for Bp(ND) maps than the static images. Tumor heterogeneity in kinetic parameters was found in parametric images, which could not be clearly identified in static intensity images. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of both monomeric and dimeric RGD peptide tracers was compared, and the RGD dimers showed significantly higher binding affinity than the monomeric analogs. Kinetic parameters were demonstrated to be valuable for separating specific and non-specific binding and may allow more sensitive and detailed quantification than simple standardized uptake value analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lixin Lang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haokao Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qingguo Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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