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Mallak N, Yilmaz B, Meyer C, Winters C, Mench A, Jha AK, Prasad V, Mittra E. Theranostics in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Updates and Emerging Technologies. Curr Probl Cancer 2024; 52:101129. [PMID: 39232443 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in somatostatin receptor (SSTR) targeted imaging and treatment of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have revolutionized the management of these tumors. This comprehensive review delves into the current practice, discussing the use of the various FDA-approved SSTR-agonist PET tracers and the predictive imaging biomarkers, and elaborating on Lu177-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) including the evolving areas of post-therapy imaging practices, PRRT retreatment, and the potential role of dosimetry in optimizing patient treatments. The future directions sections highlight ongoing research on investigational PET imaging radiotracers, future prospects in alpha particle therapy, and combination therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mallak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Burcak Yilmaz
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Catherine Meyer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Celeste Winters
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anna Mench
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Abhinav K Jha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, US
| | - Vikas Prasad
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, US
| | - Erik Mittra
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Section, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Jones M, Higgs S, Dwerryhouse S, Markos V, Mason K, Green C, Nawwar A, Searle J, Lyburn I. Combined positron emission tomography and contrast enhanced CT (PET/CeCT) is a feasible single investigation in the staging of oesophagogastric cancers: single-centre pilot study experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2024; 106:576-584. [PMID: 37983017 PMCID: PMC11365727 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2023.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staging of oesophagogastric (OG) cancers usually involves endoscopy (OGD), and separate visits for contrast enhanced computed tomography (CeCT) and positron emission tomography (PET/CT). At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, some of our patients underwent single-visit combined staging with PET/CeCT. We compare this novel pathway with standard separate imaging in time to completion of staging, to start of treatment, and cost. METHODS We identified all patients discussed at our OG multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting in 2020. Clinical records revealed dates of investigations and treatments. Data were tabulated in Excel, with statistical analysis in SPSS. All patients followed the same MDT process and image reviewing criteria. Costs were compared using prices supplied by finance departments. RESULTS A total of 211 new patients were discussed at our MDT in 2020. Of these, 48 patients had combined PET/CeCT staging, and 68 had separate scans. Median time (interquartile range) in days from OGD to final imaging was 9 (6-23) for the combined group versus 21 (16-28) for the separate group (p≤0.001). Median time (days) from OGD to treatment start was 37 (29-52) for combined versus 55 (40-71) for separate (p≤0.001). No combined scans were of insufficient diagnostic quality for the MDT. PET/CeCT had a potential cost saving of £113 per patient. CONCLUSIONS PET/CeCT allows accurate radiological staging of OG cancers with a single scan. Patients completed staging and started treatment faster, with a potential saving of £10,509 in one year. PET/CeCT has become standard staging at our trust, and we aim to incorporate radiotherapy planning images too.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jones
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S Higgs
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - V Markos
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - K Mason
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Prinzi A, Frasca F, Russo M, Pellegriti G, Piticchio T, Tumino D, Belfiore A, Malandrino P. Pre-Operative Calcitonin and CEA Values May Predict the Extent of Metastases to the Lateral Neck Lymph Nodes in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2979. [PMID: 39272838 PMCID: PMC11394084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16172979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), lymph node metastases are often present at diagnosis and the extent of surgery is usually based upon pre-operative calcitonin and CEA levels as well as ultrasound findings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of pre-operative calcitonin and CEA levels as predictive markers of the burden of lymph node metastases at diagnosis. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study analyzing 87 MTC patients. Results: The median levels of calcitonin and CEA were 88.4 pg/mL and 7.0 ng/mL, respectively, in patients with no lymph nodes metastases; 108.0 pg/mL and 9.6 ng/mL, respectively, in patients with metastases to 1-5 lymph nodes; 520.5 pg/mL and 43.2 ng/mL, respectively, in patients with metastases to >5 lymph nodes. There were no significant differences in pre-operative calcitonin and CEA values between N0 and N1a patients, whereas they were significantly higher in N1b patients. Pre-operative cut-off levels distinguishing N0/N1a from N1b patients were 90 pg/mL for calcitonin (sensitivity 100%, specificity 59.3%, AUC = 0.82) and 17 ng/mL for CEA (sensitivity 100%, specificity 75%, AUC = 0.89). Conclusions: in patients with MTC, pre-operative serum calcitonin and CEA levels may drive the decision-making process to better define the extent of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Prinzi
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
- Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Tommaso Piticchio
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Tumino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
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Zhang Z, Yu J, Rainer E, Hargitai L, Jiang Z, Karanikas G, Traub-Weidinger T, Crevenna R, Hacker M, Li S. The role of [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT in diagnostic and prognostic assessment of medullary thyroid cancer: a 15-year experience with 109 patients. Eur Thyroid J 2024; 13:e240089. [PMID: 38900599 PMCID: PMC11301540 DOI: 10.1530/etj-24-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Correct diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are crucial to treat patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT in patients with MTC. Methods We reviewed MTC patients who underwent [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT from June 2008 to November 2023. Clinical characteristics, follow-up data, and the following [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT parameters were recorded: maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and SUVmean of multiple organs. The diagnostic value of PET/CT for the detection of tumor lesions was calculated. Serum basal calcitonin (bCt) and stimulated calcitonin (sCt) were determined. Receiver operating characteristics, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses were performed. Results In total, 109 patients (50 women, 59 men; average age, 55 ± 14 years) were included in the analysis. The patient-related sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT were 95%, 93%, and 94%, respectively. The lesion-related sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 65%, 99%, and 72%, respectively. The optimal cutoff values of bCt, sCt, and CEA to obtain positive [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT results were 64 pg/mL, 1808 pg/mL, and 4 µg/L, respectively. Patients with negative [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT had longer overall survival than patients with positive [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT results (P = 0.017). Significant positive correlations were found between bCt, sCt, and CEA with SUVmax, SUVmean, and MTV of [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT (P < 0.001). [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT results and MTV may be useful for the evaluation of the prognosis of patients with recurrent MTC, while age and MTV were independent prognostic factors in patients with primary MTC. For all patients, SUVmean of the left kidney, liver, aorta, and pancreas might be used to independently predict OS. Conclusion [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT had great value for diagnosis and prognostic assessment in patients with MTC. The DOPA PET/CT parameter SUVmean and MTV showed significant association with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Josef Yu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Rainer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lindsay Hargitai
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zewen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgios Karanikas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Traub-Weidinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Crevenna
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuren Li
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Petranović Ovčariček P, Calderoni L, Campenni A, Fanti S, Giovanella L. Molecular imaging of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:317-333. [PMID: 38899737 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2365776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular imaging of thyroid and parathyroid diseases has changed in recent years due to the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and new imaging techniques. Accordingly, we provided an clinicians-oriented overview of such techniques and their indications. AREAS COVERED A review of the literature was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time or language restrictions through the use of one or more fitting search criteria and terms as well as through screening of references in relevant selected papers. Literature up to and including December 2023 was included. Screening of titles/abstracts and removal of duplicates was performed and the full texts of the remaining potentially relevant articles were retrieved and reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Thyroid and parathyroid scintigraphy remains integral in patients with thyrotoxicosis, thyroid nodules, differentiated thyroid cancer and, respectively, hyperparathyroidism. In the last years positron-emission tomography with different tracers emerged as a more accurate alternative in evaluating indeterminate thyroid nodules [18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)], differentiated thyroid cancer [124I-iodide, 18F-tetrafluoroborate, 18F-FDG] and hyperparathyroidism [18F-fluorocholine]. Other PET tracers are useful in evaluating relapsing/advanced forms of medullary thyroid cancer (18F-FDOPA) and selecting patients with advanced follicular and medullary thyroid cancers for theranostic treatments (68Ga/177Ga-somatostatin analogues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Petranović Ovčariček
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Letizia Calderoni
- Nuclear Medicine Division, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alfredo Campenni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Unit of Nuclear Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Nuclear Medicine Division, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Chandekar KR, Satapathy S, Bal C. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Thyroid Cancer: An Updated Review. PET Clin 2024; 19:131-145. [PMID: 38212213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
PET/computed tomography (CT) is a valuable hybrid imaging modality for the evaluation of thyroid cancer, potentially impacting management decisions. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT has proven utility for recurrence evaluation in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients having thyroglobulin elevation with negative iodine scintigraphy. Aggressive histologic subtypes such as anaplastic thyroid cancer shower higher FDG uptake. 18F-FDOPA is the preferred PET tracer for medullary thyroid cancer. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor and arginylglycylaspartic acid -based radiotracers have emerged as promising PET agents for radioiodine refractory DTC patients with the potential for theranostic application.
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Imperiale A, Berti V, Burgy M, Cazzato RL, Piccardo A, Treglia G. Molecular imaging and related therapeutic options for medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art and future opportunities. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:187-202. [PMID: 37715050 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to its rarity and non-specific clinical presentation, accurate diagnosis, and optimal therapeutic strategy of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) remain challenging. Molecular imaging provides valuable tools for early disease detection, monitoring treatment response, and guiding personalized therapies. By enabling the visualization of molecular and cellular processes, these techniques contribute to a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of more effective clinical interventions. Different nuclear imaging techniques have been studied for assessing MTC, and among them, PET/CT utilizing multiple radiotracers has emerged as the most effective imaging method in clinical practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current use of advanced molecular imaging modalities, with a particular focus on PET/CT, for the management of patients with MTC. It aims to guide physicians towards a rationale for the use of molecular imaging also including theranostic approaches and novel therapeutical opportunities. Overall, we emphasize the evolving role of nuclear medicine in MTC. The integration of diagnostics and therapeutics by in vivo molecular imaging represents a major opportunity to personalize treatment for individual patients, with targeted radionuclide therapy being one representative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Imperiale
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France.
- Molecular Imaging, DRHIM, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR7178, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Valentina Berti
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mickaël Burgy
- Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Roberto Luigi Cazzato
- Interventional Radiology, Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnoldo Piccardo
- Nuclear Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Puranik AD, Choudhury S, Ghosh S, Dev ID, Ramchandani V, Uppal A, Bhosale V, Palsapure A, Rungta R, Pandey R, Khatri S, George G, Satamwar Y, Maske R, Agrawal A, Shah S, Purandare NC, Rangarajan V. Tata Memorial Centre Evidence Based Use of Nuclear medicine diagnostic and treatment modalities in cancer. Indian J Cancer 2024; 61:S1-S28. [PMID: 38424680 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_52_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT PET/CT and radioisotope therapy are diagnostic and therapeutic arms of Nuclear Medicine, respectively. With the emergence of better technology, PET/CT has become an accessible modality. Diagnostic tracers exploring disease-specific targets has led the clinicians to look beyond FDG PET. Moreover, with the emergence of theranostic pairs of radiopharmaceuticals, radioisotope therapy is gradually making it's way into treatment algorithm of common cancers in India. We therefore would like to discuss in detail the updates in PET/CT imaging and radionuclide therapy and generate a consensus-driven evidence based document which would guide the practitioners of Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Puranik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital and Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Treglia G, Rufini V, Piccardo A, Imperiale A. Update on Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Focus on Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:481-489. [PMID: 36702731 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a discrepancy among the available guidelines on the usefulness of nuclear medicine techniques in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) diagnosis and treatment. Aim of this review is to provide an update on diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine techniques in this setting. Evidence-based data clearly demonstrates the usefulness of PET/CT with different radiopharmaceuticals in recurrent MTC (in particular when serum calcitonin is higher than 150 pg/mL or calcitonin doubling time is shortened) and 18F-FDOPA should be the preferred PET radiopharmaceutical. If 18F-FDOPA PET/CT is negative or unavailable, 18F-FDG PET/CT or 68Ga-DOTA-peptides PET/CT could be performed for MTC restaging. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend PET/CT with several radiopharmaceuticals for MTC staging. Clinical experience on PET/MRI with different radiopharmaceuticals in MTC is still limited. Several investigational nuclear medicine therapeutic options are currently under evaluation in metastatic MTC. More data are needed to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and role of these therapeutic options in the management of MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Treglia
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vittoria Rufini
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences and Hematology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; ENETS Center of Excellence for the Diagnosis and Cure of Neuroendocrine Tumors, Rome, Italy
| | - Arnoldo Piccardo
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Ente Ospedaliero "Ospedali Galliera", Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessio Imperiale
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Molecular Imaging-DRHIM IPHC, UMR7178, CNRS/Unistra, Strasbourg, France
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Adnan A, Basu S. Somatostatin Receptor Targeted PET-CT and Its Role in the Management and Theranostics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2154. [PMID: 37443548 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonist-based Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) imaging is nowadays the mainstay for the assessment and diagnostic imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), especially in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) (World Health Organization (WHO) grade I and II). Major clinical indications for SSTR imaging are primary staging and metastatic workup, especially (a) before surgery, (b) detection of unknown primary in metastatic NET, (c) patient selection for theranostics and appropriate therapy, especially peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), while less major indications include treatment response evaluation on and disease prognostication. Dual tracer PET-CT imaging using SSTR targeted PET tracers, viz. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-Octreotate (DOTA-TATE) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NaI3-Octreotide (DOTA-NOC), and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), have recently gained widespread acceptance for better assessment of whole-body tumor biology compared to single-site histopathology, in terms of being non-invasive and the ability to assess inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity on a global scale. FDG uptake has been identified as independent adverse risk factor in various studies. Recently, somatostatin receptor antagonists have been shown to be more sensitive and specific in detecting the disease. The aim of this review article is to summarize the clinical importance of SSTR-based imaging in the clinical management of neuroendocrine and related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Adnan
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, JerbaiWadia Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sandip Basu
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, JerbaiWadia Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Ferrarazzo G, Camponovo C, Deandrea M, Piccardo A, Scappaticcio L, Trimboli P. Suboptimal accuracy of ultrasound and ultrasound-based risk stratification systems in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma should not be overlooked. Findings from a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:532-540. [PMID: 35419855 PMCID: PMC9790631 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasound (US) is the pivotal procedure during the diagnostic work-up of thyroid nodule and several US-based risk stratification systems (RSSs) have been recently developed. Since the performance of RSSs in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) has been rarely investigated, the present systematic review aimed to achieve high evidence about (1) how MTC is classified according to RSSs; (2) if RSSs correctly classify MTC at high risk/suspicion, and (3) if MTC is classified as suspicious at US when RSSs are not used. DESIGN The review was performed according to MOOSE. The online search was performed by specific algorithm on January 2022. A random-effects model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five papers were initially included and their risk of bias was generally low. According to ATA system, 65% of MTCs was assessed at high suspicion and 25% at intermediate suspicion. Considering all RSSs, a 54.8% of MTCs was put in a high-risk/suspicion category. Pooling data from studies without data of RSS the prevalence of ultrasonographically suspicious MTCs was 60%. CONCLUSIONS As conclusion, MTC presentation according to RSSs is partially known and it is classified in a high-risk/suspicion category of RSSs in just over a half of cases. This advises for further studies, ideally supported by international societies, to better define the US presentation of MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Camponovo
- Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di LuganoEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC)LuganoSwitzerland
| | - Maurilio Deandrea
- UO Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Malattie del metabolismoAO Ordine Mauriziano TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Arnoldo Piccardo
- Nuclear Medicine DepartmentEnte Ospedaliero “Ospedali Galliera”GenoaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Translational MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di LuganoEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC)LuganoSwitzerland
- Facoltà di Scienze BiomedicheUniversità della Svizzera Italiana (USI)LuganoSwitzerland
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Adnan A, Raju S, Kumar R, Basu S. An Appraisal and Update of Fluorodeoxyglucose and Non-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET Tracers in Thyroid and Non-Thyroid Endocrine Neoplasms. PET Clin 2022; 17:343-367. [PMID: 35717097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine neoplasms and malignancies are a diverse group of tumors with varied clinical, histopathologic, and functional features. These tumors vary from sporadic to hereditary, isolated entities to multiple neoplastic syndromes, functioning and non functioning tumors, unifocal locally invasive, and advanced to multifocal tumors with disseminated distant metastases. The presence of various specific biomarkers and specific receptor targets serves as valuable tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and management. PET-CT with FDG and a multitude of novel and specific radiotracers towards specific therapeutic targets mandates personalization of their use, so as to ensure maximum clinical benefit in the management of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Adnan
- Radiation Medicine Centre (B.A.R.C), Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhana Raju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandip Basu
- Radiation Medicine Centre (B.A.R.C), Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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13
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Refardt J, Hofland J, Wild D, Christ E. Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2662-e2670. [PMID: 35380158 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The key for molecular imaging is the use of a radiotracer with a radioactive and a functional component. While the functional component targets a specific feature of the tumor, the radioactive component makes the target visible. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are a diverse group of rare tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells found mainly in the gastroenteropancreatic system, lung, thyroid, and adrenal glands. They are characterized by the expression of specific hormone receptors on the tumor cell surface, which makes them ideal targets for radiolabeled peptides. The most commonly expressed hormone receptors on NEN cells are the somatostatin receptors. They can be targeted for molecular imaging with various radiolabeled somatostatin analogs, but also with somatostatin antagonists, which have shown improved imaging quality. 18F-DOPA imaging has become a second-line imaging modality in NENs, with the exception of the evaluation of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Alternatives for NENs with insufficient somatostatin receptor expression due to poor differentiation involve targeting glucose metabolism, which can also be used for prognosis. For the localization of the often-small insulinoma, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging has become the new standard. Other alternatives involve metaiodobenzylguanidine and the molecular target C-X-C motif chemokine receptor-4. In addition, new radiopeptides targeting the fibroblast activation protein, the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and cholecystokinin-2 receptors have been identified in NENs and await further evaluation. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of the major molecular imaging modalities currently used in the field of NENs, and also to provide an outlook on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damian Wild
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Christ
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Califano I, Pitoia F, Chirico R, De Salazar A, Bastianello MJ. Prospective study on the clinical relevance of 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine 2022; 77:143-150. [PMID: 35489000 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 18F-DOPA Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (18F-DOPA PET/CT) is a sensitive functional imaging method (65-75%) for detecting disease localization in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). We aimed: (i) to assess the clinical usefulness of 18F-DOPA PET/CT in patients with MTC and elevated calcitonin (Ctn) and CEA levels and, (ii) to evaluate changes in disease management secondary to the findings encountered with this methodology. METHODS Thirty-six patients with MTC and Ctn levels ≥150 pg/ml were prospectively included. Neck ultrasound, chest contrast-enhanced CT, liver magnetic resonance imaging/abdominal three-phase contrast-enhanced CT and bone scintigraphy were carried out up to 6 months before the 18F DOPA PET/CT. RESULTS Seventy eight percent of patients were female and 27% had hereditary MTC. Median Ctn level was 1450 pg/ml [150-56620], median CEA level 413 ng/ml [2.9-7436]. Median Ctn DT was 37.5 months [5.7-240]; median CEA DT was 31.8 [4.9-180]. 18F-DOPA PET/CT was positive in 33 patients (91.6%); in 18 (56%) uptake was observed in lymph nodes in the neck or mediastinum, in seven cases (22%) distant metastases were diagnosed, and in eight additional patients (24%) both locoregional and distant sites of disease were found. Ctn and CEA levels were higher in patients with ≥3 foci of distant metastases. In 14 patients (38.8%), findings on 18F-DOPA PET/CT led to changes in management; surgery for locoregional lymph nodes was the most frequent procedure in 8 patients (22%). CONCLUSION 18F-DOPA PET/CT was useful for the detection of recurrent disease in MTC, providing incremental value over conventional imaging procedures that led to modification in treatment strategies in nearly 40% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Califano
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Oncología AH Roffo, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fabián Pitoia
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Chirico
- Molecular Imaging and Metabolic Therapy Section. Imaging Department, University Hospital CEMIC, Galván 4102. CP 1414, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra De Salazar
- Molecular Imaging and Metabolic Therapy Section. Imaging Department, University Hospital CEMIC, Galván 4102. CP 1414, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Bastianello
- Molecular Imaging and Metabolic Therapy Section. Imaging Department, University Hospital CEMIC, Galván 4102. CP 1414, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Christ E, Wild D, Refardt J. Molecular Imaging in neuroendocrine neoplasias. Presse Med 2022; 51:104115. [PMID: 35131317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging, which uses molecular targets due to the overexpression of specific peptide hormone receptors on the tumour surface, has become an indispensable diagnostic technique. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) especially differentiated NENs or neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a rare group of heterogeneous tumours, characterized by the expression of hormone receptors on the tumour cell surface. This property makes them receptive to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches (theranostics) using radiolabelled peptides. Amongst the known hormone receptors, somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are expressed on the majority of NETs and are therefore the most relevant receptors for theranostic approaches. Current research aims to medically upregulate their expression, while other focuses are on the use of different radiopeptides (64Cu and 67Cu) or somatostatin-antagonists instead of the established somatostatin agonists. The GLP-1 receptor is another clinically relevant target, as GLP-1-R imaging has become the new standard for the localisation of insulinomas. For staging and prognostic evaluation in dedifferentiated NENs, 18F-FDG-imaging is useful, but lacks a therapeutic counterpart. Further options for patients with insufficient expression of SSTR involve metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and the molecular target C-X-C motif chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4). New targets such as the glucose-dependant insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) have been identified in NENs recently and await further evaluation. For medullary thyroid cancer 18-F-DOPA imaging is standard, however this technique is rather second line for other NENs. In this area, the discovery of minigastrin, which targets the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptors in medullary thyroid carcinoma and foregut NENs, may improve future management. This review aims to provide an overview of the most commonly used functional imaging modalities for theranostics in NENs today and in the possible future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Christ
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Damian Wild
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Refardt
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Preoperative Serum Calcitonin Level and Ultrasonographic Characteristics Predict the Risk of Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Functional Analysis of Calcitonin-Related Genes. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9980185. [PMID: 35280443 PMCID: PMC8906989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9980185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Early cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis is an important cause of poor survival in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). This study evaluated whether the preoperative serum calcitonin level in combination with ultrasonographic features of MTC can be used to assess the LN status as well as predict the risk of metastasis in patients with MTC. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 95 patients with MTC, and a nomogram model was constructed and validated. Using integrated database analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), we mined pathways wherein CALCA is involved, identified calcitonin-related genes, and analyzed their functions. Results. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the infiltrating range, diameter, calcification, blood flow, the preoperative serum calcitonin level, and metastasis. The metastasis risk-prediction model showed great accuracy in determining the risk of metastasis in MTC (area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve: 0.979 [95% confidence interval 0.946–1.000]). Decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that the model has excellent clinical utilization potential. Significantly, CALCA, the mRNA for calcitonin, was highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues and associated with the cytokine–cytokine receptor and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways as well as the cell-adhesion molecules. ROC curve indicated that the CNTFR, CD27, GDF6, and TSLP genes, which are related to the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway, could indicate the risk of metastasis in MTC. Conclusions. The preoperative serum calcitonin level, in combination with ultrasonographic features, can be used to predict the risk of metastasis in patients with MTC and constitute a noninvasive accurate method for preoperative diagnosis of MTC.
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17
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Giovanella L, Deandreis D, Vrachimis A, Campenni A, Petranovic Ovcaricek P. Molecular Imaging and Theragnostics of Thyroid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1272. [PMID: 35267580 PMCID: PMC8909041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of different thyroid cancer histotypes. The existing risk stratification models can be refined, by incorporation of tumor-specific molecular markers that have theranostic power, to optimize patient-specific (individualized) treatment decisions. Molecular imaging with varying radioisotopes of iodine (i.e., 131I, 123I, 124I) is an indispensable component of dynamic and theragnostic risk stratification of differentiated carcinoma (DTC) while [18F]F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) helps in addressing disease aggressiveness, detects distant metastases, and risk-stratifies patients with radioiodine-refractory DTC, poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. For medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a neuroendocrine tumor derived from thyroid C-cells, [18F]F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-[18F]FDOPA) PET/CT and/or [18F]FDG PET/CT can be used dependent on serum markers levels and kinetics. In addition to radioiodine therapy for DTC, some theragnostic approaches are promising for metastatic MTC as well. Moreover, new redifferentiation strategies are now available to restore uptake in radioiodine-refractory DTC while new theragnostic approaches showed promising preliminary results for advanced and aggressive forms of follicular-cell derived thyroid cancers (i.e., peptide receptor radiotherapy). In order to help clinicians put the role of molecular imaging into perspective, the appropriate role and emerging opportunities for molecular imaging and theragnostics in thyroid cancer are discussed in our present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Desiree’ Deandreis
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alexis Vrachimis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, German Oncology Center, University Hospital of the European University, Limassol 4108, Cyprus;
| | - Alfredo Campenni
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Petra Petranovic Ovcaricek
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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18
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Refardt J, Hofland J, Wild D, Christ E. New Directions in Imaging Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:143. [PMID: 34735669 PMCID: PMC8568754 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Accurate imaging is crucial for correct diagnosis, staging, and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The search for the optimal imaging technique has triggered rapid development in the field. This review aims at giving an overview on contemporary imaging methods and providing an outlook on current progresses. Recent Findings The discovery of molecular targets due to the overexpression of specific peptide hormone receptors on the NEN’s surface has triggered the development of multiple radionuclide imaging modalities. In addition to the established imaging technique of targeting somatostatin receptors, several alternative radioligands have been developed. Targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor by exendin-4 has a high sensitivity in localizing insulinomas. For dedifferentiated NENs, new molecular targets such as the C-X-C motif chemokine-receptor-4 have been evaluated. Other new targets involve the fibroblast activation protein and the cholecystokinin-2 receptors, where the ligand minigastrin opens new possibilities for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Summary Molecular imaging is an emerging field that improves the management of NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damian Wild
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Christ
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Refardt J, Hofland J, Kwadwo A, Nicolas GP, Rottenburger C, Fani M, Wild D, Christ E. Theranostics in neuroendocrine tumors: an overview of current approaches and future challenges. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:581-594. [PMID: 32495250 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors, mainly localized in the gastrointestinal system. What characterizes NENs is the expression of hormone receptors on the tumor cell surface, making them accessible for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches (theranostics) using radiolabelled peptides. Somatostatin receptors subtype-two (SST2) play an important role in NENs since they are overexpressed and homogeneously distributed at the surface of the majority of NENs. Accordingly, targeting SST2 for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has been established. Current research aims at upregulating its expression by epigenetic treatment or improving its targeting via use of alternative radioligands. In addition, recent data suggest a future role of SST antagonists as a diagnostic tool and a potential therapeutic option. Another promising target is the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. Targeting GLP-1R using exendin-4 (GLP-1 analogue) has a high sensitivity for the localization of the often SST2-negative sporadic insulinomas and insulinomas in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1. Further options for patients with insufficient expression of SST2 involve metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and the molecular target C-X-C motif chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), which have been evaluated for potential theranostic approach in symptomatic NENs or dedifferentiated tumors. Recently, new targets such as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) have been identified in NENs. Finally, minigastrin - a ligand targeting the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptors in medullary thyroid carcinoma and foregut neuroendocrine tumors - may improve future management of these diseases with currently limited therapeutic options. This review summarises the current approaches and future challenges of diagnostic and therapeutic evaluations in neuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antwi Kwadwo
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume P Nicolas
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christof Rottenburger
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Wild
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Christ
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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A Review of the Significance in Measuring Preoperative and Postoperative Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Values in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060609. [PMID: 34208296 PMCID: PMC8230872 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 1–2% of all thyroid malignancies, and it originates from parafollicular “C” cells. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker, mainly for gastrointestinal malignancies. There are references in literature where elevated CEA levels may be the first finding in MTC. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of measuring preoperative and postoperative CEA values in patients with MTC and to define the clinical significance of the correlation between CEA and the origin of C cells. Materials and Methods: The existing and relevant literature was reviewed by searching for articles and specific keywords in the scientific databases of PubMedCentraland Google Scholar (till December 2020). Results: CEA has found its place, especially at the preoperative level, in the diagnostic approach of MTC. Preoperative CEA values >30 ng/mL indicate extra-thyroid disease, while CEA values >100 ng/mL are associated with lymph node involvement and distant metastases. The increase in CEA values preoperatively is associated with larger size of primary tumor, presence of lymph nodes, distant metastases and a poorer prognosis. The clinical significance of CEA values for the surgeon is the optimal planning of surgical treatment. In the recent literature, C cells seem to originate from the endoderm of the primitive anterior gut at the ultimobranchial bodies’ level. Conclusions: Although CEA is not a specific biomarker of the disease in MTC, itsmeasurement is useful in assessing the progression of the disease. The embryonic origin of C cells could explain the increased CEA values in MTC.
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21
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Zhao Y, Ge Y, He Q. Preoperative Staging Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer Based on Multi-Row Spiral CT. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2021.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract, and its incidence has increased significantly in recent years. The 5-year survival rate of patients with early local colorectal cancer is more than 90%, with local invasion of about 68%, and distant metastasis of less
than 10%. Therefore, early diagnosis and early treatment is an effective means for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. At present, X-ray air-barium double contrast radiography and fiberoptic endoscope are most commonly used in the examination of colorectal tumors in the world.
These two methods have the advantages of simple operation, intuition and low cost. However, it is limited to judge the depth of tumor invasion, whether to break through the serosa, lymphatic metastasis, and distant metastasis. In this work, it can be confirmed that the measurement of preoperative
tumor vascular volume reconstruction density is feasible in the preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer, it will provide clinicians with more valuable information about preoperative tumor staging. Besides, multi-slice spiral CT has the advantages of less trauma, high speed, and clear
image. It can not only judge the location of the tumor, the depth, and extent of tumor invasion, and show distant organ metastasis, but also has good application value in tumor staging. In this paper, the clinical data and MSCT imaging data of patients with colorectal cancer were analyzed
retrospectively, and the value of MSCT in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Anorectal Medicine, Hangzhou Fuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yujie Ge
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Fuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Qunfeng He
- Department of Anorectal Medicine, Hangzhou Fuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang 311400, China
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22
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Arici S, Karyagar SS, Erdemir RU, Cekin R, Atcı MM, Güven O, Karyagar S, Cihan Ş. The correlation between tumor markers and Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT findings in patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Jamsek J, Hocevar M, Bergant D, Zaletel K, Rep S, Lezaic L. Diagnostic value of [ 18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT in detection of primary medullary thyroid cancer. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:429-437. [PMID: 33544320 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a challenging neuroendocrine malignancy where the role of nuclear medicine imaging is currently limited. This paper investigates the potential diagnostic value of [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT in primary MTC. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 25 patients (10 male, 15 female) with suspicion for primary MTC based on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). All patients had a baseline three phase [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT (2.5 MBq/kg): two regional head and neck and upper mediastinum studies at 5 min (first phase) and 120 min (third phase) and a whole-body PET/CT (from the skull vertex to mid-thighs) at 60 min (second phase). Any non-physiological radiotracer uptake was regarded as MTC positive. All patients referred to surgery had a preoperative neck-US. True lesion status was assessed using either histopathology, FNAB results or follow-up imaging and laboratory (calcitonin, CEA) results. Results with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Nineteen of 25 patients (76%) were surgically treated and histopathology reports were obtained. Patient-based sensitivity and positive predictive value for detection of any MTC lesion using [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT were both 100%. Neck-US was more specific (100% vs 70%; p = 0.002) and had a higher positive predictive value than [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT (100% vs 55%; p = 0.018) for N1a and N1b staging. [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT had a higher sensitivity (100% vs 50%; p = 0.025) and higher negative predictive value (100% vs 81%; p = 0.026) than neck-US for N1b staging. The optimal SUVmax cut-off to differentiate malignant from benign neck lesions at 60 and 120 min was 2.56. Patients with M1 stage on PET/CT had higher calcitonin (median of 5,372 vs 496.6 pg/ml; p = 0.005) and CEA concentrations (median of 95.8 vs 18.65 µg/l; p = 0.034) compared to patients with M0 disease. CONCLUSION [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT appears to be a promising radiotracer for primary staging of MTC by increasing diagnostic accuracy for N staging and detecting possible distant metastatic sites at initial presentation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jamsek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hocevar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Bergant
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Zaletel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastijan Rep
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Lezaic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) are rare neoplasms derived from calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid. They can occur sporadically or as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Overall, successful management of MTC patients heavily relies on the patient's conditions, tumor stage, genetic background, and the medical team's experience. Over the past 10 years, many consensus or near consensus of expert panels have been published for the treatment and follow-up of MTC (e.g., American Thyroid Association [ATA] 2009, ATA 2015, European Society of Medical Oncology [ESMO] 2019, European Association of Nuclear Medicine [EANM] 2020). The recent 2020 EANM guidelines recommend in particular to carry out 18F-FDOPA (6-18F-fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan (PET/CT scan) in MTC patients with persistent disease; however, this recommendation was not made in the 2015 ATA revised version. 18F-flurodeoxy glucose PET/CT scan is limited to aggressive forms, and PET imaging using 68Ga-somatostatin analogs appears suboptimal. This special article focuses on the clinical value of PET imaging in three common clinical scenarios (before initial thyroidectomy, before cervical reoperations for persistent/recurrent disease, and in the follow-up of metastatic cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Castinetti
- Department of Endocrinology, Aix Marseille University, INSERM U1251, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - David Taïeb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Timone university hospital, European Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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25
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Arici S, Karyagar SS, Erdemir RU, Cekin R, Atcı MM, Güven O, Karyagar S, Cihan Ş. The correlation between tumor markers and Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT findings in patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 40:161-166. [PMID: 33451923 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Calcitonin (Ctn) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are used as markers for medullary thyroid cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of serum Ctn and CEA levels in predicting total tumor volume. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT findings such as whole-body somatostatin receptor-expressing metabolic tumor volume (SSR-E MTV) and total lesion volume (SSR-E TLV) were calculated and correlation analysis was done for tumor markers and whole-body SSR-E MTV and TLV. RESULTS A total of 28 patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer were included in this retrospective study. In the correlation analysis, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between Ctn and whole-body SSR-E MTV (rho=0.503 and P=.008). Similarly, significant positive correlation was observed between Ctn and whole-body SSR-E TLV (rho=0.436 and P=.023). There was a significant positive correlation between CEA and whole-body SSR-E MTV (rho=0.584 and P=.007). Also, a positive correlation was observed between CEA and whole-body SSR-E TLV (rho=0.436 and P=.023). These correlations were most marked in patients with Ctn≥152pg/mL and/or both nodal and bone involvement. CONCLUSION These results could stimulate clinicians to perform Ga-68 PET for treatment decisions, especially in patients with high CEA and Ctn levels at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arici
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía.
| | - S S Karyagar
- Department of Nuclear Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
| | - R U Erdemir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turquía
| | - R Cekin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
| | - M M Atcı
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
| | - O Güven
- Department of Nuclear Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
| | - S Karyagar
- Department of Nuclear Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
| | - Ş Cihan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
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26
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Which Is the Optimal Scan Time of 18F-DOPA PET/CT in Patients With Recurrent Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma?: Results From a Dynamic Acquisition Study. Clin Nucl Med 2020; 45:e134-e140. [PMID: 31977485 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this retrospective study was to determine, by dynamic acquisition, the optimal scan time of F-DOPA PET/CT in patients with recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). METHODS Twenty-one patients with suspected recurrent MTC underwent dynamic F-DOPA PET/CT (lasting 45 minutes) followed by whole-body scan. Three different time intervals of dynamic acquisition were evaluated: ultra-early phase (2-5 minutes), early phase (5-10 minutes), and late phase (40-45 minutes). The number and SUVmax of all detected lesions among the 3 dynamic acquisition phases were compared on qualitative and semiquantitative analyses. Time-activity curves, SUVmax washout rate between ultra-early or early phase and late phase, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between lesion and background activity were also calculated. RESULTS At dynamic acquisition, 15 of 21 patients were classified as PET-positive and 6 of 21 as PET-negative, with overall 21 detected lesions. Ultra-early and early imaging provided a better lesion visualization than late phase in more than 70% of cases, as also reflected by SNR (mean SNR reduction between 2 and 45 minutes, -45% ± 19%). Time-activity curves showed a rapid tracer accumulation in MTC lesions, with an average maximum uptake at 2 minutes after injection. Mean lesion SUVmax was 2-fold higher in ultra-early frames compared with last frames (mean washout rate, -44% ± 33%). Finally, compared with whole-body imaging in the same field of view, dynamic acquisition identified 1 additional positive patient and 3 additional lesions in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study, showing a very fast F-DOPA uptake in MTC lesions, suggests the utility to obtain early PET/CT images, already at 2 to 5 minutes after tracer injection, when maximum lesion tracer uptake is reached.
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Rotania M, Chabrier G, Imperiale A. Synchronous bilateral pheochromocytomas and bilobar medullary thyroid carcinoma revealed by 18F-FDOPA PET/CT in a MEN-2A asymptomatic patient. Endocrine 2019; 66:691-692. [PMID: 31478160 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rotania
- Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Molecular and Nuclear Medicine, Instituto Oulton, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gérard Chabrier
- Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Department, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessio Imperiale
- Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Molecular Imaging-DRHIM, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS/Unistra, Strasbourg, France.
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28
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EANM practice guideline for PET/CT imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 47:61-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Brammen L, Niederle MB, Riss P, Scheuba C, Selberherr A, Karanikas G, Bodner G, Koperek O, Niederle B. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Do Ultrasonography and F-DOPA-PET-CT Influence the Initial Surgical Strategy? Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:3919-3927. [PMID: 30306375 PMCID: PMC6245031 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background At the time of diagnosis, one-third of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients show lymph node (LN) or distant metastasis. A metastasized MTC requires different surgical strategies. Objective This study aimed to determine the value of ultrasound and [18F]fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography with computed tomography (F-DOPA-PET-CT) in localizing MTC, as well as LN and distant metastasis. Methods The study included 50 patients (24 males/26 females) with preoperative ultrasound, F-DOPA-PET-CT, and histologically proven MTC. Imaging results were correlated with both preoperative basal calcitonin (bCt) levels and final histology. Results Tumors were classified as pT1a:17 (diameter, mean ± standard deviation: 5.8 ± 3.0 mm), pT1b:15 (15.0 ± 3.2 mm), pT2:9 (27.3 ± 7.0 mm), and pT3:9 (38.3 ± 24.2 mm). The median bCt level was 202 pg/mL (lower/upper quartile: 82/1074 pg/mL). Ultrasound was positive for tumor in 45/50 (92%) patients (20.0 ± 16.0 mm) and negative in 5 patients (3.2 ± 2.2 mm). Overall, 43/50 (86%) patients had positive F-DOPA local scans (20.0 ± 16.4 mm), while 7 (14%) patients were negative (7.7 ± 8.1 mm). Lastly, 21/50 (42%) patients had LN metastasis; 8/21 (38%) patients had positive LNs suspected with ultrasound, and 12/21 (57%) patients had positive LNs suspected with F-DOPA. Tumor and LN sensitivity of ultrasound was 92% and 43%, respectively, and 86% and 57% of F-DOPA-PET-CT, respectively. In 3/50 (6%) patients and 3/50 (6%) patients, mediastinal LN metastasis and distant metastasis, respectively, were diagnosed only by F-DOPA-PET-CT. Conclusion Ultrasound and F-DOPA-PET-CT are sensitive for the localization of MTC but not for the presence and location of LN metastasis (limitations: size/number). Only F-DOPA ensures the diagnosis of distant metastasis and influences the extent of LN surgery. Surgical strategy cannot be predicted based on neither ultrasound nor F-DOPA-PET-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Brammen
- Section "Endocrine Surgery", Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin B Niederle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Riss
- Section "Endocrine Surgery", Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Scheuba
- Section "Endocrine Surgery", Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Selberherr
- Section "Endocrine Surgery", Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgios Karanikas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bodner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Radiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Koperek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Niederle
- Section "Endocrine Surgery", Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Former Chief of the Section "Endocrine Surgery", Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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