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Ho Shon I, Hogg PJ. Imaging of cell death in malignancy: Targeting pathways or phenotypes? Nucl Med Biol 2023; 124-125:108380. [PMID: 37598518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is fundamental in health and disease and resisting cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Treatment of malignancy aims to cause cancer cell death, however current clinical imaging of treatment response does not specifically image cancer cell death but assesses this indirectly either by changes in tumor size (using x-ray computed tomography) or metabolic activity (using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography). The ability to directly image tumor cell death soon after commencement of therapy would enable personalised response adapted approaches to cancer treatment that is presently not possible with current imaging, which is in many circumstances neither sufficiently accurate nor timely. Several cell death pathways have now been identified and characterised that present multiple potential targets for imaging cell death including externalisation of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, caspase activation and La autoantigen redistribution. However, targeting one specific cell death pathway carries the risk of not detecting cell death by other pathways and it is now understood that cancer treatment induces cell death by different and sometimes multiple pathways. An alternative approach is targeting the cell death phenotype that is "agnostic" of the death pathway. Cell death phenotypes that have been targeted for cell death imaging include loss of plasma membrane integrity and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Targeting the cell death phenotype may have the advantage of being a more sensitive and generalisable approach to cancer cell death imaging. This review describes and summarises the approaches and radiopharmaceuticals investigated for imaging cell death by targeting cell death pathways or cell death phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ho Shon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Yeh SHH, Chang WC, Hsu SM, Lin MH, Chung MC, Ke CS, Lee YC, Hwang CJ, Yang DJ. Chelation-Tamoxifen Conjugates for Imaging of Estrogen Receptors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2021; 37:30-40. [PMID: 34491835 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2021.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The differential diagnosis of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) pathway-activated systems by using a labeled antiestrogen helps to select the patients for optimal response to endocrine therapy and to discontinue the treatment when resistance occurs. The authors' purpose was to synthesize chelator-tamoxifen conjugates for imaging ER (+) diseases. Materials and Methods: A hydroxypropyl linker was incorporated between either cyclam or cyclam diacetic acid and tamoxifen analog to produce SC-05-L-1 (Z-1-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan-1-yl)-3-((5-(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy) phenyl) -4,5-diphenylpent-4-en-1-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol) and SC-05-N-1 (Z-2,2'-(4-(3-((5-(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-4,5-diphenylpent-4-en-1-yl)oxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl) -1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-diyl)diacetic acid), respectively. In vitro cell uptake and cell/media ratios of 99mTc-SC-05-L-1 and 99mTc- SC-05-N-1 in ER (+) ovarian cancer cells (TOV-112D and OVCAR3) were performed. To ascertain the specificity of cell uptake, the cell uptake was blocked with estrone. In vivo 99mTc-SC-05-L-1 or 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography was conducted in tumor-bearing rodents and compared to 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (a reference technology). Results: The radiochemical purities of 99mTc-SC-05-L-1 and 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 were greater than 99% (n = 10). 99mTc-SC-05-L-1 had higher cell/media ratios than 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 in OVCAR-3 ER (+) cells. The cell uptake of 99mTc-SC-05-L-1 was blocked 80% by estrone indicating an ER-mediated process occurred. 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 was further selected for in vivo imaging studies due to higher maximum tolerated dose and superior water solubility than 99mTc-SC-05-L-1. 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 showed higher tumor uptake and tumor/muscle count density ratios than 18F-FDG in tumor-bearing rodents. Conclusion: 99mTc-SC-05-N-1 showed better differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors than 18F-FDG, indicating great promising in chelator-tamoxifen conjugate for ER pathway-directed systems imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Hsin-Hsien Yeh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Meng Hsu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chaio Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Hsien Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Camillian Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Chorng-Jer Hwang
- Management Center, Camillian Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
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Detecting retinal cell stress and apoptosis with DARC: Progression from lab to clinic. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100976. [PMID: 34102318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) is a retinal imaging technology that has been developed within the last 2 decades from basic laboratory science to Phase 2 clinical trials. It uses ANX776 (fluorescently labelled Annexin A5) to identify stressed and apoptotic cells in the living eye. During its development, DARC has undergone biochemistry optimisation, scale-up and GMP manufacture and extensive preclinical evaluation. Initially tested in preclinical glaucoma and optic neuropathy models, it has also been investigated in Alzheimer, Parkinson's and Diabetic models, and used to assess efficacy of therapies. Progression to clinical trials has not been speedy. Intravenous ANX776 has to date been found to be safe and well-tolerated in 129 patients, including 16 from Phase 1 and 113 from Phase 2. Results on glaucoma and AMD patients have been recently published, and suggest DARC with an AI-aided algorithm can be used to predict disease activity. New analyses of DARC in GA prediction are reported here. Although further studies are needed to validate these findings, it appears there is potential of the technology to be used as a biomarker. Much larger clinical studies will be needed before it can be considered as a diagnostic, although the relatively non-invasive nature of the nasal as opposed to intravenous administration would widen its acceptability in the future as a screening tool. This review describes DARC development and its progression into Phase 2 clinical trials from lab-based research. It discusses hypotheses, potential challenges, and regulatory hurdles in translating technology.
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Abstract
One major characteristic of programmed cell death (apoptosis) results in the increased expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane of dying cells. Consequently, PS represents an excellent target for non-invasive imaging of apoptosis by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Annexin V is a 36 kDa protein which binds with high affinity to PS in the presence of Ca2+ ions. This makes radiolabeled annexins valuable apoptosis imaging agents for clinical and biomedical research applications for monitoring apoptosis in vivo. However, the use of radiolabeled annexin V for in vivo imaging of cell death has been met with a variety of challenges which have prevented its translation into the clinic. These difficulties include: complicated and time-consuming radiolabeling procedures, sub-optimal biodistribution, inadequate pharmacokinetics leading to poor tumour-to-blood contrast ratios, reliance upon Ca2+ concentrations in vivo, low tumor tissue penetration, and an incomplete understanding of what constitutes the best imaging protocol following induction of apoptosis. Therefore, new concepts and improved strategies for the development of PS-binding radiotracers are needed. Radiolabeled PS-binding peptides and various Zn(II) complexes as phosphate chemosensors offer an innovative strategy for radionuclide-based molecular imaging of apoptosis with PET and SPECT. Radiolabeled peptides and Zn(II) complexes provide several advantages over annexin V including better pharmacokinetics due to their smaller size, better availability, simpler synthesis and radiolabeling strategies as well as facilitated tissue penetration due to their smaller size and faster blood clearance profile allowing for optimized image contrast. In addition, peptides can be structurally modified to improve metabolic stability along with other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The present review will summarize the current status of radiolabeled annexins, peptides and Zn(II) complexes developed as radiotracers for imaging apoptosis through targeting PS utilizing PET and SPECT imaging.
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Aoki M, Odani A, Ogawa K. Development of radiolabeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) complexes for cell death imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:317-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible visual loss, which has been estimated to affect 3.5% of those over 40 years old and projected to affect a total of 112 million people by 2040. Such a dramatic increase in affected patients demonstrates the need for continual improvement in the way we diagnose and treat this condition. Annexin A5 is a 36 kDa protein that is ubiquitously expressed in humans and is studied as an indicator of apoptosis in several fields. This molecule has a high calcium-dependent affinity for phosphatidylserine, a cell membrane phospholipid externalized to the outer cell membrane in early apoptosis. The DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) project uses fluorescently-labelled annexin A5 to assess glaucomatous degeneration, the inherent process of which is the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Furthermore, this project has conducted investigation of the retinal apoptosis in the neurodegenerative conditions of the eye and brain. In this present study, we summarized the use of annexin A5 as a marker of apoptosis in the eye. We also relayed the progress of the DARC project, developing real-time imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo from the experimental models of disease and identifying mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and its treatments, which has been applied to the first human clinical trials. DARC has potential as a biomarker in neurodegeneration, especially in the research of novel treatments, and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma.
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ogawa K. Biocomplexes in radiochemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lin MH, Wu SY, Wang HE, Liu RS, Chen JC. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Annexin V for imaging of apoptosis during HSV1-tk/GCV prodrug activation gene therapy in mice with NG4TL4 sarcoma. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 108:1-7. [PMID: 26656427 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis has been suggested as a cytocidal mechanism of the HSV1-tk-expressing cells when exposed to ganciclovir (GCV). This study evaluated the efficacy of (111)In-labeled Annexin V for monitoring tumor responses during prodrug activation gene therapy with HSV1-tk and GCV. MATERIALS AND METHODS Annexin V was conjugated to DOTA using N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC), labeled with (111)In-InCl3 and purified using size exclusion chromatography to give (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V conjugate. The radiochemical yield and the radiochemical purity of (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V were 74±12% and 98±3%, respectively (n=10). (111)In-DOTA-BSA was prepared similarly. An in vitro study to demonstrate the apoptosis of NG4TL4-STK cells after GCV treatment has been performed. Mice bearing NG4TL4-STK and NG4TL4-WT tumors were treated with GCV (10 mg/kg daily) by i.p. injection for 7 consecutive days. Before and during the GCV treatment, biodistribution studies and scintigraphic imaging were performed at 2h post injection of the radiotracers. RESULTS The uptake of (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V in treated cells (13.41±1.30%) was 4.1 times higher than that in untreated cells (3.21±0.37%). The GCV-induced cell apoptosis in NG4TL4-STK tumor resulted in a significantly increasing accumulation of (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V (1.92±0.32%ID/g at day 0, 4.79±0.86%ID/g at day 2, 4.56±0.58%ID/g at day 4) was observed, but not for that of (111)In-DOTA-BSA. During consecutive GCV treatment, scintigraphic imaging with (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V revealed high uptake in NG4TL4-STK tumor compared with that in NG4TL4-WT tumor. However, no specific (111)In-DOTA-BSA accumulation in NG4TL4-STK and NG4TL4-WT tumors was observed throughout the course of GCV treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that (111)In-DOTA-Annexin V can be used for monitoring tumor cell apoptosis during prodrug activation gene therapy with HSV1-tk and GCV for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxiao Branch, No.145, Zhengzhou Rd., Datong Dist., Taipei City 10341, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Benali K, Louedec L, Azzouna RB, Merceron O, Nassar P, Al Shoukr F, Petiet A, Barbato D, Michel JB, Sarda-Mantel L, Le Guludec D, Rouzet F. Preclinical Validation of99mTc–Annexin A5–128 in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis and Infective Endocarditis: Comparison with99mTc–HYNIC–Annexin A5. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Benali
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Liliane Louedec
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Rana Ben Azzouna
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Olivier Merceron
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierre Nassar
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Faisal Al Shoukr
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Anne Petiet
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Barbato
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Laure Sarda-Mantel
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Dominique Le Guludec
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Francois Rouzet
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
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Radiolabeled apoptosis imaging agents for early detection of response to therapy. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:732603. [PMID: 25383382 PMCID: PMC4212626 DOI: 10.1155/2014/732603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since apoptosis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis and is associated with responses to therapy, molecular imaging of apoptotic cells could be useful for early detection of therapeutic effects, particularly in oncology. Radiolabeled annexin V compounds are the hallmark in apoptosis imaging in vivo. These compounds are reviewed from the genesis of apoptosis (cell death) imaging agents up to recent years. They have some disadvantages, including slow clearance and immunogenicity, because they are protein-based imaging agents. For this reason, several studies have been conducted in recent years to develop low molecule apoptosis imaging agents. In this review, radiolabeled phosphatidylserine targeted peptides, radiolabeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) complex, radiolabeled 5-fluoropentyl-2-methyl-malonic acid (ML-10), caspase-3 activity imaging agents, radiolabeled duramycin, and radiolabeled phosphonium cation are reviewed as promising low-molecular-weight apoptosis imaging agents.
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Liu L, Zhao M, Wang Z, Qin Y, Wang X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel technetium-99m-labeled HYNIC-d-glucose as a potential tumor imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nazari M, Minai-Tehrani A, Emamzadeh R. Comparison of different probes based on labeled annexin V for detection of apoptosis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic representation of the different probes based on annexin V for the detection of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Nazari
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Emamzadeh
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan, Iran
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Ogawa K, Ohtsuki K, Shibata T, Aoki M, Nakayama M, Kitamura Y, Ono M, Ueda M, Doue T, Onoguchi M, Shiba K, Odani A. Development and evaluation of a novel (99m)tc-labeled annexin A5 for early detection of response to chemotherapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81191. [PMID: 24324676 PMCID: PMC3852265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5 can be considered as a benchmark in the field of apoptosis imaging. However, 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5 has characteristics of high uptake and long retention in non-target tissues such as kidney and liver. To minimize this problem, we developed a novel 99mTc-labeled annexin A5 using a bis(hydroxamamide) derivative [C3(BHam)2] as a bifunctional chelating agent, and evaluated its usefulness as an imaging agent for detecting apoptosis. The amino group of C3(BHam)2 was converted to a maleimide group, and was coupled to thiol groups of annexin A5 pretreated with 2-iminothiolane. 99mTc labeling was performed by a ligand exchange reaction with 99mTc-glucoheptonate. Biodistribution experiments for both 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 and 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5 were performed in normal mice. In addition, in tumor-bearing mice, the relationship between the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy (5-FU) and the tumor accumulation of 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 just after the first treatment of 5-FU was evaluated. 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 was prepared with a radiochemical purity of over 95%. In biodistribution experiments, 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 had a much lower kidney accumulation of radioactivity than 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5. In the organs for metabolism, such as liver and kidney, radioactivity after the injection of 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5 was residual for a long time. On the other hand, radioactivity after the injection of 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 gradually decreased. In therapeutic experiments, tumor growth in the mice treated with 5-FU was significantly inhibited. Accumulation of 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 in tumors significantly increased after 5-FU treatment. The accumulation of radioactivity in tumor correlated positively with the counts of TUNEL-positive cells. These findings suggest that 99mTc-C3(BHam)2-annexin A5 may contribute to the efficient detection of apoptotic tumor response after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Ogawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsuichi Ohtsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kameoka Hospital, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shibata
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miho Aoki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoji Kitamura
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Doue
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Masahisa Onoguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiba
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akira Odani
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Challapalli A, Kenny LM, Hallett WA, Kozlowski K, Tomasi G, Gudi M, Al-Nahhas A, Coombes RC, Aboagye EO. 18F-ICMT-11, a caspase-3-specific PET tracer for apoptosis: biodistribution and radiation dosimetry. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1551-6. [PMID: 23949910 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Effective anticancer therapy induces tumor cell death through apoptosis. Noninvasive monitoring of apoptosis during therapy may provide predictive outcome information and help tailor treatment. A caspase-3-specific imaging radiotracer, (18)F-(S)-1-((1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-5-(2(2,4-difluorophenoxymethyl)-pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl)isatin ((18)F-ICMT-11), has been developed for use in PET studies. We report the safety, biodistribution, and internal radiation dosimetry profiles of (18)F-ICMT-11 in 8 healthy human volunteers. METHODS (18)F-ICMT-11 was intravenously administered as a bolus injection (mean ± SD, 159 ± 2.75 MBq; range, 154-161 MBq) to 8 healthy volunteers (4 men, 4 women). Whole-body (vertex to mid thigh) PET/CT scans were acquired at 6 time points, up to 4 h after tracer injection. Serial whole blood, plasma, and urine samples were collected for radioactivity measurement and radiotracer stability. In vivo (18)F activities were determined from quantitative analysis of the images, and time-activity curves were generated. The total numbers of disintegrations in each organ normalized to injected activity (residence times) were calculated as the area under the curve of the time-activity curve, normalized to injected activities and standard values of organ volumes. Dosimetry calculations were then performed using OLINDA/EXM 1.1. RESULTS Injection of (18)F-ICMT-11 was well tolerated in all subjects, with no serious tracer-related adverse events reported. The mean effective dose averaged over both men and women was estimated to be 0.025 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq (men, 0.022 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq; women, 0.027 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq). The 5 organs receiving the highest absorbed dose (mGy/MBq), averaged over both men and women, were the gallbladder wall (0.59 ± 0.44), small intestine (0.12 ± 0.05), upper large intestinal wall (0.08 ± 0.07), urinary bladder wall (0.08 ± 0.02), and liver (0.07 ± 0.01). Elimination was both renal and via the hepatobiliary system. CONCLUSION (18)F-ICMT-11 is a safe PET tracer with a dosimetry profile comparable to other common (18)F PET tracers. These data support the further development of (18)F-ICMT-11 for clinical imaging of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Challapalli
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cheng Q, Lu L, Grafström J, Hägg Olofsson M, Thorell JO, Samén E, Johansson K, Ahlzén HS, Linder S, Arnér ES, Stone-Elander S. Site-specifically 11C-labeled Sel-tagged annexin A5 and a size-matched control for dynamic in vivo PET imaging of protein distribution in tissues prior to and after induced cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2562-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tsao N, Chanda M, Yu DF, Kurihara H, Zhang YH, Mendez R, Yang DJ. ⁹⁹mTc-N4amG: synthesis biodistribution and imaging in breast tumor-bearing rodents. Appl Radiat Isot 2012. [PMID: 23208240 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(99m)Tc-N4-guanine ((99m)Tc-N4amG) was synthesized and evaluated in this study. Cellular uptake and cellular fraction studies were performed to evaluate the cell penetrating ability. Biodistribution and planar imaging were conducted in breast tumor-bearing rats. Up to 17%ID uptake was observed in cellular uptake study with 40% of (99m)Tc-N4amG was accumulated in the nucleus. Biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging studies showed increased tumor/muscle count density ratios as a function of time. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using (99m)Tc-N4amG in tumor specific imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tsao
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Hu S, Kiesewetter DO, Zhu L, Guo N, Gao H, Liu G, Hida N, Lang L, Niu G, Chen X. Longitudinal PET imaging of doxorubicin-induced cell death with 18F-Annexin V. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:762-70. [PMID: 22392643 PMCID: PMC3387344 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to apply longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (18)F-Annexin V to visualize and evaluate cell death induced by doxorubicin in a human head and neck squamous cell cancer UM-SCC-22B tumor xenograft model. PROCEDURES In vitro toxicity of doxorubicin to UM-SCC-22B cells was determined by a colorimetric assay. Recombinant human Annexin V protein was expressed and purified. The protein was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for fluorescence staining and (18)F for PET imaging. Established UM-SCC-22B tumors in nude mice were treated with two doses of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg each dose) with 1 day interval. Longitudinal (18)F-Annexin V PET was performed at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days after the treatment started. Following PET imaging, direct tissue biodistribution study was performed to confirm the accuracy of PET quantification. RESULTS Two doses of doxorubicin effectively inhibited the growth of UM-SCC-22B tumors by inducing cell death including apoptosis. The cell death was clearly visualized by (18)F-Annexin V PET. The peak tumor uptake, which was observed at day 3 after treatment started, was significantly higher than that in the untreated tumors (1.56 ± 0.23 vs. 0.89 ± 0.31%ID/g, p < 0.05). Moreover, the tumor uptake could be blocked by co-injection of excess amount of unlabeled Annexin V protein. At day 7 after treatment, the tumor uptake of (18)F-Annexin had returned to baseline level. CONCLUSIONS (18)F-Annexin V PET imaging is sensitive enough to allow visualization of doxorubicin-induced cell death in UM-SCC-22B xenograft model. The longitudinal imaging with (18)F-Annexin will be helpful to monitor early response to chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Lei Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Ning Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Haokao Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, China
| | - Naoki Hida
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Lixin Lang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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Development of (99m)Tc-N4-NIM for molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:828139. [PMID: 22719210 PMCID: PMC3376529 DOI: 10.1155/2012/828139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitro group of 2-nitroimidazole (NIM) enters the tumor cells and is bioreductively activated and fixed in the hypoxia cells. 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (N4) has shown to be a stable chelator for 99mTc. The present study was aimed to develop 99mTc-cyclam-2-nitroimidazole (99mTc-N4-NIM) for tumor hypoxia imaging. N4-NIM precursor was synthesized by reacting N4-oxalate and 1,3-dibromopropane-NIM, yielded 14% (total synthesis). Cell uptake of 99mTc-N4-NIM and 99mTc-N4 was obtained in 13762 rat mammary tumor cells and mesothelioma cells in 6-well plates. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-N4-NIM was evaluated in breast-tumor-bearing rats at 0.5–4 hrs. Tumor oxygen tension was measured using an oxygen probe. Planar imaging was performed in the tumor-bearing rat and rabbit models. Radiochemical purity of 99mTc-N4-NIM was >96% by HPLC. Cell uptake of 99mTc-N4-NIM was higher than 99mTc-N4 in both cell lines. Biodistribution of 99mTc-N4-NIM showed increased tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle count density ratios as a function of time. Oxygen tension in tumor tissue was 6–10 mmHg compared to 40–50 mmHg in normal muscle tissue. Planar imaging studies confirmed that the tumors could be visualized clearly with 99mTc-N4-NIM in animal models. Efficient synthesis of N4-NIM was achieved. 99mTc-N4-NIM is a novel hypoxic probe and may be useful in evaluating cancer therapy.
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Tian R, Pan D. Imaging Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via Cy5.5-Annexin V. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 46:155-61. [PMID: 24900054 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-012-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this article is to present the results of an imaging study of myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS Twenty nude mice were randomly divided into an experimental group (10 mice) and control group (10 mice). In the experimental group, myocardial apoptosis was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 min. This was followed by reperfusion for 90 min. In the control group, the heart was exposed for the same length of time as in the experimental group. Cy5.5-annexin V (25 μg) was injected into both sets of mice after the onset of reperfusion. At 90 min post-injection, the mice were imaged. The region of interest (ROI) was obtained, and the fluorescence intensity of the ROI was quantified. The animals were sacrificed, and myocardial apoptosis was assayed by TUNEL assay. RESULTS Fluorescence intensity in the ischemia/reperfusion hearts was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In the TUNEL assay, more apoptotic cells were observed in the experimental group than in the control group, correlating with imaging results. CONCLUSION Fluorescence imaging of Cy5.5-annexin V in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion can be used in vivo as a noninvasive means of detecting ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic cells in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, China 610041
| | - DongFeng Pan
- Radiology Department, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
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Lahorte C, Pétillot P, Nevière R, Marchetti P, Slegers G. The myocardial uptake of 123I - annexin V is increased in septic rats. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vangestel C, Van de Wiele C, Mees G, Mertens K, Staelens S, Reutelingsperger C, Pauwels P, Van Damme N, Peeters M. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Imaging of the Early Time Course of Therapy-Induced Cell Death Using Technetium 99m Tricarbonyl His-Annexin A5 in a Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Model. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As apoptosis occurs over an interval of time after administration of apoptosis-inducing therapy in tumors, the changes in technetium 99m (99mTc)-tricarbonyl (CO)3 His-annexin A5 (His-ann A5) accumulation over time were examined. Colo205-bearing mice were divided into six treatment groups: (1) control, (2) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 250 mg/kg), (3) irinotecan (100 mg/kg), (4) oxaliplatin (30 mg/kg), (5) bevacizumab (5 mg/kg), and (6) panitumumab (6 mg/kg). 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 was injected 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours posttreatment, and micro–single-photon emission computed tomography was performed. Immunostaining of caspase-3 (apoptosis), survivin (antiapoptosis), and LC3-II (autophagy marker) was also performed. Different dynamics of 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 uptake were observed in this colorectal cancer xenograft model, in response to a single dose of three different chemotherapeutics (5-FU, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin). Bevacizumab-treated mice showed no increased uptake of the radiotracer, and a peak of 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 uptake in panitumumab-treated mice was observed 24 hours posttreatment, as confirmed by caspase-3 immunostaining. For irinotecan-, oxaliplatin-, and bevacizumab-treated tumors, a significant correlation was established between the radiotracer uptake and caspase-3 immunostaining ( r = .8, p < .05; r = .9, p < .001; r = .9, p < .001, respectively). For 5-FU- and panitumumabtreated mice, the correlation coefficients were r = .7 ( p = .18) and r = .7 ( p = .19), respectively. Optimal timing of annexin A5 imaging after the start of different treatments in the Colo205 model was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Christophe Van de Wiele
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Gilles Mees
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Steven Staelens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Nancy Van Damme
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Marc Peeters
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
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Vangestel C, Van de Wiele C, Van Damme N, Staelens S, Pauwels P, Reutelingsperger CPM, Peeters M. (99)mTc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 micro-SPECT demonstrates increased cell death by irinotecan during the vascular normalization window caused by bevacizumab. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1786-94. [PMID: 22045708 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal tumors are dependent on angiogenesis for growth, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Antiangiogenic drugs can induce a transient normalization of the tumor vasculature with improved delivery of coadministered chemotherapy. The efficacy of antihuman VEGF antibody (bevacizumab) with or without irinotecan was evaluated in a colorectal cancer xenograft using (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5. METHODS Colo205-bearing mice were treated with a single dose of bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) during 2, 4, or 6 d. Microvessel density, pericyte coverage (α-smooth-muscle actin immunostaining), collagen-covered tumor vessels (Masson trichrome staining), and tumor hypoxic fraction (pimonidazole staining) were determined at the 3 different time points after treatment with bevacizumab. To investigate the possible synergistic effects of combination therapy with bevacizumab and irinotecan, Colo205-bearing mice were treated with a single dose of bevacizumab 2, 4, or 6 d before administration of a single dose of irinotecan (100 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl. The apoptosis-detecting radiotracer (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 was injected (18.5 MBq) in mice 12, 24, and 48 h after the start of the irinotecan or NaCl treatment, and micro-SPECT was subsequently performed 3.5 h after injection of the radiotracer. Results were correlated to histologic analysis for apoptosis (caspase-3 activation). RESULTS Four days after bevacizumab administration, microvessel density decreased significantly, and α-smooth-muscle actin and collagen-covered vessels, compared with control tumors, were increased, suggesting normalization of the tumor vasculature. Hypoxic fraction was slightly reduced 4 d after treatment with bevacizumab. SPECT analyses demonstrated a significant increase in tumoral (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 uptake 4 d after bevacizumab treatment and 24 h after irinotecan administration (232.78 ± 24.82 percentage injected dose/tumor weight [g]/body weight [kg], P < 0.05), compared with each monotherapy, indicating a synergistic effect of both therapies. CONCLUSION (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 micro-SPECT demonstrates increased antitumor activity of irinotecan during the transient vascular normalization period caused by bevacizumab. Our data outline the importance of timing of combined anti-VEGF treatment with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Maruk AY, Bruskin AB, Kodina GE. Novel 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals with bifunctional chelating agents. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362211040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of amino acid-based radiotracer 99mTc-N4-AMT for breast cancer imaging. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:276907. [PMID: 21541217 PMCID: PMC3085329 DOI: 10.1155/2011/276907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study was to develop an efficient synthesis of 99mTc-O-[3-(1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclohexadecane)-propyl]-α-methyl tyrosine (99mTc-N4-AMT) and evaluate its potential in cancer imaging. Methods. N4-AMT was synthesized by reacting N4-oxalate and 3-bromopropyl AMT (N-BOC, ethyl ester). In vitro cellular uptake kinetics of 99mTc-N4-AMT was assessed in rat mammary tumor cells. Tissue distribution of the radiotracer was determined in normal rats at 0.5–4 h, while planar imaging was performed in mammary tumor-bearing rats at 30–120 min. Results. The total synthesis yield of N4-AMT was 14%. Cellular uptake of 99mTc-N4-AMT was significantly higher than that of 99mTc-N4. Planar imaging revealed that 99mTc-N4-AMT rendered greater tumor/muscle ratios than 99mTc-N4. Conclusions. N4-AMT could be synthesized with a considerably high yield. Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that 99mTc-N4-AMT, a novel amino acid-based radiotracer, efficiently enters breast cancer cells, effectively distinguishes mammary tumors from normal tissues, and thus holds the promise for breast cancer imaging.
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Vangestel C, Peeters M, Mees G, Oltenfreiter R, Boersma HH, Elsinga PH, Reutelingsperger C, Van Damme N, De Spiegeleer B, Van de Wiele C. In vivo imaging of apoptosis in oncology: an update. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:340-58. [PMID: 21521554 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, data on noninvasive imaging of apoptosis in oncology are reviewed. Imaging data available are presented in order of occurrence in time of enzymatic and morphologic events occurring during apoptosis. Available studies suggest that various radiopharmaceutical probes bear great potential for apoptosis imaging by means of positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, for several of these probes, thorough toxicologic studies are required before they can be applied in clinical studies. Both preclinical and clinical studies support the notion that 99mTc-hydrazinonicotinamide-annexin A5 and SPECT allow for noninvasive, repetitive, quantitative apoptosis imaging and for assessing tumor response as early as 24 hours following treatment instigation. Bioluminescence imaging and near-infrared fluorescence imaging have shown great potential in small-animal imaging, but their usefulness for in vivo imaging in humans is limited to structures superficially located in the human body. Although preclinical tumor-based data using high-frequency-ultrasonography (US) are promising, whether or not US will become a routinely clinically useful tool in the assessment of therapy response in oncology remains to be proven. The potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for imaging late apoptotic processes is currently unclear. Neither 31P MRS nor 1H MRS signals seems to be a unique identifier for apoptosis. Although MRI-measured apparent diffusion coefficients are altered in response to therapies that induce apoptosis, they are also altered by nonapoptotic cell death, including necrosis and mitotic catastrophe. In the future, rapid progress in the field of apoptosis imaging in oncology is expected.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel 99mTc complex of HYNIC-conjugated aminomethylenediphosphonate as a potential bone imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synthesis and biodistribution of a novel 99mTc complex of HYNIC-conjugated metronidazole as a potential tumor hypoxia imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [99mTc]-labeled tricarbonyl His-annexin A5 as an imaging agent for the detection of phosphatidylserine-expressing cells. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:965-75. [PMID: 21055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis is one of the mechanisms behind successful chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Radiolabeled annexin A5 has been demonstrated to be a successful tool in the detection of apoptosis following chemotherapy in vivo. METHODS His-tagged annexin A5 was labeled with [(99m)Tc]-tricarbonyl and evaluated as apoptosis imaging radiotracer in vitro and in vivo. The binding of the radiotracer was evaluated in Colo205 cells stimulated with 5-FU (1 mM) for 4 and 24 h, and confirmed by flow cytometry. Biodistribution and dosimetric studies were performed in healthy nude mice (n=5) via planar scintigraphy. [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 was also evaluated for in vivo imaging of spontaneous apoptosis in Colo205-bearing mice (n=12). RESULTS The labeling procedure yielded a compound with 95-99% radiochemical purity and good in vitro stability. In vitro binding experiments indicated that the radiotracer retained its PS-binding activity. [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 rapidly cleared from the blood and predominantly accumulated in the kidneys. Absorbed dose (per organ) was found to be 116 ± 64 μGy/MBq for the kidneys and 10.38 ± 0.50 μGy/MBq for the liver. The effective dose was 7.00 ± 0.28 μSv/MBq. Spontaneous apoptosis in Colo205-bearing mice was visualised by [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 SPECT and correlated well with caspase-3 immunostaining (R=0.867, P<.01). CONCLUSION [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 may be a useful novel radioligand for the in vivo detection of cell death associated with PS expression. A simple, noninvasive way of detecting apoptosis in vivo could have many applications including a better understanding of the extent and timing of apoptosis in response to cancer therapies and assessment of early tumor response.
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Erba PA, Manfredi C, Lazzeri E, Minichilli F, Pauwels EK, Sbrana A, Strauss HW, Mariani G. Time Course of Paclitaxel-Induced Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Virus-Induced Breast Cancer. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:775-81. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Torres Martin de Rosales R, Årstad E, Blower PJ. Nuclear imaging of molecular processes in cancer. Target Oncol 2009; 4:183-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-009-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Haas RLM. Low dose radiotherapy in indolent lymphomas, enough is enough. Hematol Oncol 2009; 27:71-81. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wong E, Kumar V, Howman-Giles RB, Vanderheyden JL. Imaging of Therapy-Induced Apoptosis Using99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V in Thymoma Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:715-26. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Effie Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The St. George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET and Clinical Ultrasound, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET and Clinical Ultrasound, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert B. Howman-Giles
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Early uptake of 99mTc-C2A in the acute phase of myocardial infarction as a prognostic indicator for follow-up cardiac dysfunction. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:764-9. [PMID: 18677202 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283025085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The C2A domain of Synaptotagmin I is a molecular probe for the specific imaging of cell death. Here we test the hypothesis that the uptake of 99mTc-C2A in the acute phase of an infarction is associated with cardiac dysfunction in follow-ups. METHODS The left coronary artery was occluded in Sprague-Dawley rats for 0, 10, 20, and 30 min. 99mTc-C2A was injected intravenously at 2 h of reperfusion. Anterior planar images were acquired with one million counts on a gamma camera 3 h after injection. 99mTc-C2A uptake was calculated as the total counts in the left ventricle region minus blood pool signal. The in-vivo signal detected was correlated with wall motion score index at 1 and 3 weeks follow-ups measured by echocardiography. RESULTS 99mTc-C2A uptake was higher with increased ischemic time (2244+/-852, 4054+/-1223, and 6178+/-1451 for 10, 20, and 30 min ischemia, analysis of variance P<0.001). A significant correlation was found between 99mTc-C2A uptake and wall motion score index at 1 week (R=0.800, P=0.0006) and 3 weeks (R=0.810, P=0.0008). CONCLUSION In this ischemia/reperfusion model, 99mTc-C2A uptake in the acute phase was associated with functional abnormality at 1 and 3 weeks. This demonstrates the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of 99mTc-C2A as a novel imaging agent.
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Zhao M, Li Z, Bugenhagen S. 99mTc-labeled duramycin as a novel phosphatidylethanolamine-binding molecular probe. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1345-52. [PMID: 18632826 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.048603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED With only 19 amino acids, duramycin is the smallest known polypeptide that has a defined 3-dimensional binding structure. Duramycin binds phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdE) at a 1:1 ratio with high affinity and exclusive specificity. As an abundant binding target, PtdE is a major phospholipid and accounts for about 20% of the phospholipid content in mammalian cellular membranes. PtdE is externalized to the surface of apoptotic cells and also becomes accessible in necrotic cells because of compromised plasma membrane integrity. Given the unique physicochemical properties of duramycin and the availability of PtdE in acute cell death, the goal of this study was to develop and evaluate 99mTc-duramycin as a novel molecular probe for imaging PtdE. METHODS Duramycin is covalently modified with succinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (HYNIC) and labeled with 99mTc using a coordination chemistry involving tricine-phosphine coligands. The retention of PtdE-binding activities was confirmed using competition assays with PtdE-containing liposomes. The blood clearance, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of 99mTc-duramycin were measured in rats. Finally, 99mTc-duramycin binding to acute cell death in vivo was demonstrated using a rat model of acute myocardial infarction induced by ischemia and reperfusion and confirmed using autoradiography and histology. RESULTS HYNIC-derivatized duramycin with 1:1 stoicheometry was synthesized and confirmed by mass spectrometry. The radiolabeling efficiency was 80%-85%, radiochemical purity was 78%-89%, and specific activity was 54 GBq. The radiotracer was purified with high-performance liquid chromatography radiodetection before use. The specific uptake of 99mTc-duramycin in apoptotic cells, compared with that in viable control cells, was enhanced by more than 30-fold. This binding was competitively diminished in the presence of PtdE-containing liposomes but not by liposomes consisting of other phospholipid species. Intravenously injected 99mTc-duramycin has favorable pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles: it quickly clears from the circulation via the renal system, with a blood half-life of less than 4 min in rats. The hepatic and gastrointestinal uptake were very low. 99mTc-duramycin is completely unmetabolized in vivo, and the intact agent is recovered from the urine. Combined with a fast clearance and low hepatic background, the avid binding of 99mTc-duramycin to the infarcted myocardium quickly becomes conspicuous shortly after injection. The uptake of radioactivity in infarcted tissues was confirmed by autoradiography and histology. CONCLUSION 99mTc-duramycin is a stable, low-molecular-weight PtdE-binding radiopharmaceutical, with favorable in vivo imaging profiles. It is a strong candidate as a molecular probe for PtdE imaging and warrants further development and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Luo QY, Wang F, Zhang ZY, Zhang Y, Lu HK, Sun SH, Zhu RS. Preparation and bioevaluation of 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin B1 as a novel radioligand for apoptosis imaging. Apoptosis 2008; 13:600-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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99mTc-HYNIC-rh-annexin-V scintigraphy: visual and quantitative evaluation of early treatment-induced apoptosis to predict treatment outcome. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:39-44. [PMID: 18049096 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3282f1bc22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the reliability of visual analysis of 99mTc-HYNIC-rh-annexin-V tumour uptake (ATU) compared to quantitative tracer uptake evaluation. METHODS Thirty-eight patients (22 male, 16 female, mean age 57) with histologically proved lymphoma (n=31), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n=4) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (H&NSCC) (n=3) were examined. 99mTc-HYNIC-rh-annexin-V scintigraphy (TAS) was acquired before and within 2 days after the start of anti-cancer treatment. Maximal counts per pixel in the tumour volume (Cmax) were calculated for every target lesion. To match the quantitative and visual ATU, both were expressed as a four-grade score. Cmax as percentages of baseline values: grade 1, decrease >25%; grade 0, 1-25% decrease; grade 1, 1-25% increase; grade 2, >25% increase. Visual analysis: 0=absent, 1=weak, 2=moderate, 3=intense. Intra-observer and inter-observer variability and methodological agreement between visual and quantitative evaluation of ATU was expressed by computing Cohen's kappa statistics. RESULTS A statistically highly significant correlation was found between the changes in ATU and therapy outcome: r=0.97 (P<0.0001) and r=0.99 (P<0.0001) for visual and quantitative analysis, respectively. Good intra-observer reproducibility, with a high kappa of 0.82 for observer 1 and a kappa of 0.90 for observer 2, was determined. Inter-observer variability was 0.82. CONCLUSION Visual evaluation of ATU after image co-registration appears to be a reliable and reproducible method for preliminary assessment of early treatment-induced apoptosis.
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Kurihara H, Yang DJ, Cristofanilli M, Erwin WD, Yu DF, Kohanim S, Mendez R, Kim EE. Imaging and dosimetry of 99mTc EC annexin V: preliminary clinical study targeting apoptosis in breast tumors. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:1175-82. [PMID: 18308577 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of cellular events is important to predict the outcome of the patients. This study was aimed to use (99m)Tc EC-annexin V to image tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. METHODS In 10 patients with breast cancer, scintigraphic images and dosimetric estimates were obtained after administering (99m)Tc EC-annexin V. RESULTS Nine of the 10 cases showed detectable (99m)Tc EC-annexin V uptake in tumor. Higher values of T/N ratios are associated with patient after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis can be quantified using (99m)Tc EC-annexin V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy. Clin Nucl Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-28026-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sarda-Mantel L, Hervatin F, Michel JB, Louedec L, Martet G, Rouzet F, Lebtahi R, Merlet P, Khaw BA, Le Guludec D. Myocardial uptake of 99mTc-annexin-V and 111In-antimyosin-antibodies after ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:158-65. [PMID: 17805532 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phosphatidylserin exposure on cell surfaces occurs early during apoptosis and is detected in vivo by using (99m)Tc-annexin-V (ANX). Cardiomyocyte membrane disruption is detected in vivo by using (111)In-antimyosin-antibodies (AM). We aimed to determine if ANX and AM allow evaluation of the time-course of these two distinct cell death events after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Coronary tying (20 min) followed by reperfusion (IR) was performed in 31 rats. Twelve of the rats were injected with ANX, 11 with AM, and eight with both tracers. Myocardial uptake of tracers was studied 1-2 h, 4 h, or 24 h after IR by scintigraphy (ANX, n = 14) and autoradiography (all cases), and compared to histology and Apostain staining. RESULTS Scintigraphy was positive in all rats 2 h after IR and in three of five rats at 24 h. On autoradiography, ANX activity was intense in myocardial lesions as early as 1 h post-IR, whereas AM activity was mild at 2 h then increased at 4 h post-IR. ANX and AM uptakes evolved from mid-myocardium to endocardial and epicardial regions from 2 h to 24 h post-IR. Apostain staining was significant in myocardial lesions (p < 10(6) compared to six sham-operated rats). On histology, myocardial lesion was characterized by interstitial oedema, myocytes necrosis, and dramatic thinning at 24 h. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ANX and AM allow temporal and regional evaluations of PS exposure and membrane disruption, respectively, during myocytes death after 20-min myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. Also, (i) apoptosis starts very early in injured myocardium, (ii) myocyte necrosis occurs later (3-4 h post-reperfusion), and (iii) most dead cells are removed from mid-myocardium between 6 h and 24 h after reperfusion.
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Zavitsanou K, Nguyen V, Greguric I, Chapman J, Ballantyne P, Katsifis A. Detection of apoptotic cell death in the thymus of dexamethasone treated rats using [123I]annexin V and in situ oligonucleotide ligation. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:313-9. [PMID: 17605081 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we aimed to establish an animal model of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in the thymus of rats. The degree of apoptosis was determined in the same animals at 6 and 11 h after a single administration of DEX (5 mg/kg, ip) by (a) in vivo biodistribution of the uptake of [(123)I]Annexin V, a biomarker of the early stages of apoptosis; (b) in vitro evaluation of the apoptotic index (percentage of number of apoptotic cells versus total number of cells) in the form of DNA fragmentation, on tissue sections using in situ oligo ligation (ISOL). ISOL demonstrated a 62- and 90-fold increase of apoptotic index at 6 and 11 h after DEX administration respectively, in the outer part of the thymic lobule (cortex) and a 25- and 54-fold increases in the inner part of the thymic lobule (medulla) in the corresponding treatment groups. In the biodistribution study, [(123)I]Annexin V uptake was significantly increased in the thymus of rats 11 h after DEX administration (by 1.3- to 1.4-fold) and significantly decreased at the 6-h time point. We conclude that the specificity of the apoptotic signal provided by isotopic methods in vivo would always require confirmation by complementary in vitro techniques that verify the assessment of ongoing apoptosis accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zavitsanou
- Radiopharmaceutical Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, PMB 1, Menai, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia.
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Mari Aparici C. [Introduction to the molecular imaging]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE MEDICINA NUCLEAR 2006; 25:394-409. [PMID: 17173791 DOI: 10.1157/13095176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mari Aparici
- Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Abstract
Improvement of scintigraphic tumor imaging is extensively determined by the development of more tumor specific radiopharmaceuticals. Thus, to improve the differential diagnosis, prognosis, planning and monitoring of cancer treatment, several functional pharmaceuticals have been developed. Application of molecular targets for cancer imaging, therapy and prevention using generator-produced isotopes is the major focus of ongoing research projects. Radionuclide imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, PET; single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT) are diagnostic cross-sectional imaging techniques that map the location and concentration of radionuclide-labeled radiotracers. 99mTc- and 68Ga-labeled agents using ethylenedicysteine (EC) as a chelator were synthesized and their potential uses to assess tumor targets were evaluated. 99mTc (t1/2 = 6 hr, 140 keV) is used for SPECT and 68Ga (t1/2 = 68 min, 511 keV) for PET. Molecular targets labeled with Tc-99m and Ga-68 can be utilized for prediction of therapeutic response, monitoring tumor response to treatment and differential diagnosis. Molecular targets for oncological research in (1) cell apoptosis, (2) gene and nucleic acid-based approach, (3) angiogenesis (4) tumor hypoxia, and (5) metabolic imaging are discussed. Numerous imaging ligands in these categories have been developed and evaluated in animals and humans. Molecular targets were imaged and their potential to redirect optimal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Yang
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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Sarda-Mantel L, Michel JB, Rouzet F, Martet G, Louedec L, Vanderheyden JL, Hervatin F, Raguin O, Vrigneaud JM, Khaw BA, Le Guludec D. (99m)Tc-annexin V and (111)In-antimyosin antibody uptake in experimental myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 33:239-45. [PMID: 16283183 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (99m)Tc-annexin V (ANX) allows scintigraphic detection of apoptotic cells via specific binding to exposed phosphatidylserine. In myocardial infarction, apoptosis of myocytes is variable and depends especially on the presence or absence of coronary reperfusion. In this study, ANX uptake in non-reperfused experimental myocardial infarcts was compared with uptake of a marker of myocyte necrosis ((111)In-antimyosin antibodies, AM) and an immunohistochemical marker of apoptosis (Apostain). METHODS The left anterior coronary artery was ligated in 47 Wistar rats, which were then injected with ANX (n=20), AM (n=21) or both (n=6). Myocardial uptake of ANX and AM was determined at 2 h (n=14), 4 h (n=14) and 24 h (n=19) after coronary ligation (CL), by quantitative autoradiography with (n=23) or without (n=24) gamma imaging. Heart-to-lung ratios (HLRs) and infarct-to-remote myocardium activity ratios (INRs) were calculated on the scintigrams and autoradiograms respectively. Cardiac sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Apostain. The above studies were repeated in 12 normal rats. RESULTS All rats with CL showed increased ANX and AM uptake in cardiac areas on scintigrams 24 h after CL, with HLRs higher than in controls: 3.1+/-0.6 versus 1.5+/-0.3 (p=0.001) for ANX and 1.99+/-0.44 versus 1.01+/-0.05 (p<0.0005) for AM. Autoradiography showed intense ANX and AM uptake in infarcts, with comparable topography and INRs at 2 h, 4 h and 24 h after CL (4.6+/-0.9 versus 5.0+/-1.8 at 24 h), while Apostain staining was very low (0.06+/-0.06% of cells). CONCLUSION In this model of persistent CL, we observed increased ANX uptake in injured myocardium, comparable in intensity, topography and kinetics to that of AM. There was only minimal Apostain staining in the same areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Sarda-Mantel
- EA 3512, Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Reddy GK. Noninvasive Visualization of Apoptosis Using Radiolabeled Annexin V Could Predict Response to Chemotherapy. Clin Lung Cancer 2005; 7:166-7. [PMID: 16356297 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-7304(11)70405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Luo QY, Zhang ZY, Wang F, Lu HK, Guo YZ, Zhu RS. Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 99mTc-Annexin B1: A novel radioligand for apoptosis imaging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:1102-6. [PMID: 16105648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To develop a radiopharmaceutical for apoptosis imaging, Annexin B1, a new Ca2+-dependent phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding protein, was directly radiolabeled with (99m)Tc. This procedure yields up to 96% of radiochemical purity and higher radiolabeling efficiency. The preparation has been found to be sufficiently stable in vitro. Binding assay with human activated platelets indicated that (99m)Tc-Annexin B1 retained its PS binding activity. Biodistribution in mice revealed that (99m)Tc-Annexin B1 rapidly cleared from the blood and predominantly accumulated in the kidney. The increase in hepatic uptake in anti-Fas antibody treated mice correlated to histologic evidence of fulminant hepatic apoptosis. These data suggest that (99m)Tc-Annexin B1 can be used as a novel radiotracer to detect apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Yang DJ, Ozaki K, Oh CS, Azhdarinia A, Yang T, Ito M, Greenwell A, Bryant J, Kohanim S, Wong VK, Kim EE. (99m)Tc-EC-guanine: synthesis, biodistribution, and tumor imaging in animals. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1471-9. [PMID: 16132359 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA markers are useful in assessing cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to synthesize (99m)Tc-ethylenedicysteine-guanine (EC-Guan) for evaluation of cell proliferation. METHODS Tumor cells were incubated with (99m)Tc-EC-Guan for cell cycle analysis. Prostate tumor cells that were overexpressing the HSV thymidine kinase gene, or various tumor cells were incubated with (99m)Tc-EC-Guan at 0.5-2 h. Thymidine incorporation assays were performed in lung cancer cells incubated with EC-Guan at 0.1-1 mg/well. Tissue distribution, autoradiography, and planar scintigraphy of (99m)Tc-EC-Guan and (99m)Tc-EC (control) were determined in tumor-bearing rodents at 0.5-4 h. RESULTS Cell culture assays indicated that EC-Guan was incorporated in DNA, and there was no significant uptake difference between HSVTK overexpressed and normal groups. Biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging studies of (99m)Tc-EC-Guan showed increased tumor/tissue count density ratios as a function of time. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that (99m)Tc-EC-Guan may be useful as a tumor proliferation imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Yang
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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