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Fernandes MC, Yildirim O, Woo S, Vargas HA, Hricak H. The role of MRI in prostate cancer: current and future directions. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 35:503-521. [PMID: 35294642 PMCID: PMC9378354 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-022-01006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the management of prostate cancer. MRI already plays an essential role in the detection and staging, with the introduction of functional MRI sequences. Recent advancements in radiomics and artificial intelligence are being tested to potentially improve detection, assessment of aggressiveness, and provide usefulness as a prognostic marker. MRI can improve pretreatment risk stratification and therefore selection of and follow-up of patients for active surveillance. MRI can also assist in guiding targeted biopsy, treatment planning and follow-up after treatment to assess local recurrence. MRI has gained importance in the evaluation of metastatic disease with emerging technology including whole-body MRI and integrated positron emission tomography/MRI, allowing for not only better detection but also quantification. The main goal of this article is to review the most recent advances on MRI in prostate cancer and provide insights into its potential clinical roles from the radiologist's perspective. In each of the sections, specific roles of MRI tailored to each clinical setting are discussed along with its strengths and weakness including already established material related to MRI and the introduction of recent advancements on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Fernandes
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Onur Yildirim
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sungmin Woo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Hebert Alberto Vargas
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hedvig Hricak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Wang Y, Ma LY, Yin XP, Gao BL. Radiomics and Radiogenomics in Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:689509. [PMID: 35070948 PMCID: PMC8776634 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one common digestive malignancy, and the most common approach of blood metastasis of colorectal cancer is through the portal vein system to the liver. Early detection and treatment of liver metastasis is the key to improving the prognosis of the patients. Radiomics and radiogenomics use non-invasive methods to evaluate the biological properties of tumors by deeply mining the texture features of images and quantifying the heterogeneity of metastatic tumors. Radiomics and radiogenomics have been applied widely in the detection, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Based on the imaging features of the liver, this paper reviews the current application of radiomics and radiogenomics in the diagnosis, treatment, monitor of disease progression, and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiao-Ping Yin
- CT-MRI Room, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Banerjee V, Wang S, Drescher M, Russell R, Siddiqui MM. Radiogenomics influence on the future of prostate cancer risk stratification. Ther Adv Urol 2022; 14:17562872221125317. [PMID: 36160762 PMCID: PMC9490455 DOI: 10.1177/17562872221125317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era of powerful computing tools, radiogenomics provides a personalized, precise approach to the detection and diagnosis in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Radiomics data are obtained through artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks that analyze imaging, usually MRI, to assess statistical, geometrical, and textural features of images to provide quantitative data of shape, heterogeneity, and intensity of tumors. Genomics involves assessing the genomic markers that are present from tumor biopsies. In this article, we separately investigate the current landscape of radiomics and genomics within the realm of PCa and discuss the integration and validity of both into radiogenomics using the data from three papers on the topic. We also conducted a clinical trials search using the NIH’s database, where we found two relevant actively recruiting studies. Although there is more research needed to be done on radiogenomics to fully adopt it as a viable diagnosis tool, its potential by providing personalized data regarding each tumor cannot be overlooked as it may be the future of PCa risk-stratification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Banerjee
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Max Drescher
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Russell
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Minhaj Siddiqui
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 S. Greene Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Prostate Cancer Radiogenomics-From Imaging to Molecular Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189971. [PMID: 34576134 PMCID: PMC8465891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiomics and genomics represent two of the most promising fields of cancer research, designed to improve the risk stratification and disease management of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Radiomics involves a conversion of imaging derivate quantitative features using manual or automated algorithms, enhancing existing data through mathematical analysis. This could increase the clinical value in PCa management. To extract features from imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the empiric nature of the analysis using machine learning and artificial intelligence could help make the best clinical decisions. Genomics information can be explained or decoded by radiomics. The development of methodologies can create more-efficient predictive models and can better characterize the molecular features of PCa. Additionally, the identification of new imaging biomarkers can overcome the known heterogeneity of PCa, by non-invasive radiological assessment of the whole specific organ. In the future, the validation of recent findings, in large, randomized cohorts of PCa patients, can establish the role of radiogenomics. Briefly, we aimed to review the current literature of highly quantitative and qualitative results from well-designed studies for the diagnoses, treatment, and follow-up of prostate cancer, based on radiomics, genomics and radiogenomics research.
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Liu L, Yi X, Lu C, Pang Y, Zu X, Chen M, Guan X. Background, applications and challenges of radiogenomics in genitourinary tumor. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1936-1945. [PMID: 34094662 PMCID: PMC8167692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genitourinary tumors are groups of tumors with high complexity and heterogeneity. For long-term monitoring, biomarkers that can be used in detection, grading and treatment response assessment are needed. With rapid development in imaging technology and cancer genomics, radiogenomics, the combination of "radiology" and "genomics", has emerged as a powerful tool in oncology practice in recent years because imaging can provide some information that genomic test cannot as gene expression and mutation status are usually evaluated on a small portion of the tumor and are usually not powerful enough to reflect tumor heterogeneity. Radiogenomics investigates the correlations between imaging features and gene expression of a disease, especially in oncologic diseases. It aims to detect the disease's mutation status and supplement genomic analysis based on imaging analysis, providing additional findings for diagnosis, treatment decisions, evaluation of treatment response and prognosis prediction of the disease. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of studies investigating the application of radiogenomics in genitourinary tumors. Many studies have shown promising results. However, there still exist limitations and challenges. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of radiogenomics in genitourinary tumors and discuss limitiations, challenges and future directions of radiogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Can Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410000, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yingxian Pang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Guan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
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A review on the role of tissue-based molecular biomarkers for active surveillance. World J Urol 2021; 40:27-34. [PMID: 33590277 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the last decade, we have seen the emergence of tissue-based genomic prognostic markers that can be used for decision-making regarding the need for treatment. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the relevant literature surrounding these markers with a discussion of the relevant strength and limitations. METHODS We performed a literature search of tissue-based genomic prognostic markers and selected those that were currently available for clinical use. We selected the following markers for further review: Decipher (Decipher Bioscience), Polaris (Myriad), Genome Prostate Score (Oncotype Dx), and Promark. We selected the initial validation study for each marker along with other validation studies in independent cohorts. Furthermore, we selected available clinical utility studies or studies combining multi parametric MRI. RESULTS In this article, we provide an in-depth review of four commercially available biomarkers and discuss the current literature surrounding these markers, including the benefits and limitations of their use. We found that each of these markers has evidence supporting their role as an independent predictor of relevant prostate cancer endpoints, which can be helpful for clinical decision-making. However, issues related to heterogeneity and a lack of prospective randomized studies supporting their utility are limitations. Evidence appears to suggest that MRI and genomic risk assessment maybe complementary. CONCLUSION Although these markers can help in improved risk stratification of patients eligible for AS, more prospective studies with head to head comparison between markers are needed to elucidate the true potential of these markers in AS.
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Saltman A, Zegar J, Haj-Hamed M, Verma S, Sidana A. Prostate cancer biomarkers and multiparametric MRI: is there a role for both in prostate cancer management? Ther Adv Urol 2021; 13:1756287221997186. [PMID: 33737957 PMCID: PMC7934039 DOI: 10.1177/1756287221997186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several advancements have been made in recent years with regards to the detection and evaluation of prostate cancer (PCa). The low specificity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) has left much to be desired in a test, but a boom in novel biomarkers has made screening and surveillance more complicated. Several attempts at identifying a niche for these tests has helped somewhat, but much is still undetermined about the benefit that each test provides. In addition to laboratory tests, advancements in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and PIRADSv.2 scoring have provided significant benefit to the evaluation of PCa. With the widespread use of prostate imaging, it is important to re-evaluate the impact of novel biomarkers in the context of furthering PCa screening and management. In this review, we aim to assess the influence mpMRI has on the role of nine different novel biomarkers in the detection and evaluation of PCa. We performed a review of current peer-reviewed literature to assess this question. Much data has been published on the role of these tests, allowing for their placement into one of three best-fit categories: tests for biopsy-naïve men (Prostate Health Index, Mi Prostate Score, 4K Score); tests for men with prior negative biopsies (ConfirmMDx, Progensa PCA3); and men on active surveillance (OncotypeDx, Prolaris, Decipher). Data on the role of these tests with the use of mpMRI have not been comprehensive and excludes several of the markers. More research is needed to determine the combined impact mpMRI and the novel biomarkers on the evaluation and management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Saltman
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Zegar
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monzer Haj-Hamed
- Division of Urology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sadhna Verma
- Division of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Abhinav Sidana
- Division of Urology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Norris JM, Simpson BS, Parry MA, Allen C, Ball R, Freeman A, Kelly D, Kim HL, Kirkham A, You S, Kasivisvanathan V, Whitaker HC, Emberton M. Genetic Landscape of Prostate Cancer Conspicuity on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Bioinformatic Analysis. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020; 20:37-47. [PMID: 33000006 PMCID: PMC7497895 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) detects most, but not all, clinically significant prostate cancer. The genetic basis of prostate cancer visibility and invisibility on mpMRI remains uncertain. Objective To systematically review the literature on differential gene expression between mpMRI-visible and mpMRI-invisible prostate cancer, and to use bioinformatic analysis to identify enriched processes or cellular components in genes validated in more than one study. Evidence acquisition We performed a systematic literature search of the Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases up to January 2020 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The primary endpoint was differential genetic features between mpMRI-visible and mpMRI-invisible tumours. Secondary endpoints were explanatory links between gene function and mpMRI conspicuity, and the prognostic value of differential gene enrichment. Evidence synthesis We retrieved 445 articles, of which 32 met the criteria for inclusion. Thematic synthesis from the included studies showed that mpMRI-visible cancer tended towards enrichment of molecular features associated with increased disease aggressivity, including phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) loss and higher genomic classifier scores, such as Oncotype and Decipher. Three of the included studies had accompanying publicly available data suitable for further bioinformatic analysis. An over-representation analysis of these datasets revealed increased expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix components in mpMRI-visible tumours. Conclusions Prostate cancer that is visible on mpMRI is generally enriched with molecular features of tumour development and aggressivity, including activation of proliferative signalling, DNA damage, and inflammatory processes. Additionally, there appears to be concordant cellular components and biological processes associated with mpMRI conspicuity, as highlighted by bioinformatic analysis of large genetic datasets. Patient summary Prostate cancer that is detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tends to have genetic features that are associated with more aggressive disease. This suggests that MRI can be used to assess the likelihood of aggressive prostate cancer, based on tumour visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Norris
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,London Deanery of Urology, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin S Simpson
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marina A Parry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rhys Ball
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Kelly
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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