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Fanelli MCA, Guilhen JCS, Duarte AAB, de Souza FKM, Cypriano MDS, Caran EMM, Lederman HM, de Seixas Alves MT, Abib SDCV. Management of Pediatric Tumors With Vascular Extension. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:753232. [PMID: 35059362 PMCID: PMC8764352 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.753232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pediatric tumors can present with vascular extension to the inferior vena cava and right atrium, which impacts the surgical strategy and can be challenging during surgical treatment. Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common retroperitoneal tumor that can present with vascular extension, but also adrenal tumors, clear cell tumors from the kidney, and hepatoblastomas can present with this situation. Surgical aims include obtaining complete tumor resection without risk for patients, to avoid severe bleeding, cardiac arrest, and embolization, and to avoid cardiac bypass if possible. Objective: To describe and discuss the surgical strategies to deal with pediatric tumors with vascular extension and propose a protocol. Method: Retrospectivly review the experience of treating patients with vascular extension in a single institution, describing different scenarios and a decision making fluxogram based on the preoperative evaluation regarding the surgical techniques and the need for cardiac bypass that are adequate for each situation. Image studies are important to guide the surgical strategy. Depending on the quality of image available, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be enough to give the information needed for surgical decisions. Ultrasonography (US) with Doppler is helpful to confirm diagnosis and describes factors to guide the adequate surgical strategy, like the upper level extension and presence or absence of blood flow around the thrombus. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is indicated in most cases, in order to reduce the upper level of extension (and avoid the need for cardiac bypass) and to lower the risk of embolization. The approach is based on the upper level of the thrombus and can include cavotomy or cavectomy, sometimes with cardiac bypass and cardiac arrest with hypothermia, when the thrombus reaches the diaphragmatic level or above. Pathology analysis of the thrombus can guide staging and the need for radiotherapy postoperatively. Results: A decision making fluxogram protocol is presented focusing on the surgical treatment of such condition. Conclusion: Surgery strategy is highly impacted by the presence of vascular extension in pediatric tumors. Surgeons should be aware of potential complications and how to prevent them. Such cases should be treated in reference centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Caroline Amorim Fanelli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Alberto Barros Duarte
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Dos Santos Cypriano
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Maria Monteiro Caran
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Manoel Lederman
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa de Seixas Alves
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatric Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone de Campos Vieira Abib
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ahmed AA, Thomas AJ, Ganeshan DM, Blair KJ, Lall C, Lee JT, Morshid AI, Habra MA, Elsayes KM. Adrenal cortical carcinoma: pathology, genomics, prognosis, imaging features, and mimics with impact on management. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:945-963. [PMID: 31894378 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. Most tumors are either metastatic or locally invasive at the time of diagnosis. Differentiation between ACC and other adrenal masses depends on clinical, biochemical, and imaging factors. This review will discuss the genetics, pathological, and imaging feature of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayahallah A Ahmed
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron J Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dhakshina Moorthy Ganeshan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katherine J Blair
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chandana Lall
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - James T Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ali I Morshid
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mouhammed A Habra
- Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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