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Phung CD, Nguyen HT, Tran TH, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Rational combination immunotherapeutic approaches for effective cancer treatment. J Control Release 2018; 294:114-130. [PMID: 30553850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important mode of cancer treatment. Over the past decades, immunotherapy has improved the clinical outcome for cancer patients. However, in many cases, mutations in cancer cells, lack of selectivity, insufficiency of tumor-reactive T cells, and host immunosuppression limit the clinical benefit of immunotherapy. Combination approaches in immunotherapy may overcome these obstacles. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that combination immunotherapy is the future of cancer treatment. However, designing safe and rational combinations of immunotherapy with other treatment modalities is critical. This review will discuss the optimal immunotherapy-based combinations mainly with respect to the mechanisms of action of individual therapeutic agents that target multiple steps in evasion and progression of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai Phung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Grimaldi AM, Incoronato M, Salvatore M, Soricelli A. Nanoparticle-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2349-2365. [PMID: 28868980 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent successes in clinical trials are strengthening research focused on cancer immunology, the poor immunogenicity and off-target side effects of immunotherapeutics remain major challenges in translating these promising approaches to clinically feasible therapies in the treatment of a large range of tumors. Nanotechnology offers target-based approaches, which have shown significant improvements in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we first discuss the chemical and physical features of nanoparticulate systems that can be tuned to address the anticancer immune response, and then review recent, key examples of the exploited strategies, ranging from nanovaccines to NPs revising the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, up to immunotherapeutic multimodal NPs. Finally, the paper concludes by identifying the promising and outstanding challenges the field of emerging nanotechnologies is facing for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy.,Department of Motor Sciences & Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy
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3
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Luo M, Samandi LZ, Wang Z, Chen ZJ, Gao J. Synthetic nanovaccines for immunotherapy. J Control Release 2017; 263:200-210. [PMID: 28336379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although vaccination is historically one of the most successful strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases, development of vaccines for cancer and many chronic infections, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, has remained a challenge. Strong and long-lasting antigen-specific T cell responses are critical for therapy of these diseases. A major challenge in achieving a robust CD8+ T cell response is the requirement of spatio-temporal orchestration of antigen cross-presentation in antigen-presenting cells with innate stimulation. Here, we discuss the development of nanoparticle vaccine (nanovaccine) that modulates the innate immune system and enhances adaptive immunity with reduced toxicity. We address how nanovaccines can integrate multiple functions, such as lymph node targeting, antigen presentation, and stimulation of innate immunity, to achieve a robust T cell response for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Layla Z Samandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of delivery issues exist for biotech molecules including peptides, proteins and gene-based medicines that now make up over 60% of the drug pipeline. The problems comprise pharmaceutical ad biopharmaceutical issues. One of the common approaches to overcome these issues is the use of a carrier and liposomes as carriers have been investigated extensively over the last decade. AREAS COVERED The review has been discussed in terms of formulation and preclinical development studies and in vivo studies encompassing different delivery routes including parenteral, oral, buccal, pulmonary, intranasal, ocular and transdermal involving liposomes as carriers. Important research findings have been tabulated under each side heading and an expert opinion has been summarised for each delivery route. EXPERT OPINION The conclusion and expert opinion - conclusion sections discuss in detail troubleshooting aspects related to the use of liposomes as carriers for delivery of biopharmaceutical moieties and scrutinises the aspects behind the absence of a protein/peptide-containing liposome in market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Swaminathan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Panoz Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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5
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Christian DA, Hunter CA. Particle-mediated delivery of cytokines for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:425-41. [PMID: 22512636 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cytokines to direct the immune response to vaccination, infection and tumors has motivated their use in therapy to augment or shape immunity. To avoid toxic side effects associated with systemic cytokine administration, several approaches have been developed using particle-encapsulated cytokines to deliver this cargo to specific cell types and tissues. Initial work used cytokine-loaded particles to deliver proinflammatory cytokines to phagocytes to enhance antimicrobial and antitumor responses. These particles have also been used to create a cytokine depot at a local site to supplement prophylactic or antitumor vaccines or injected directly into solid tumors to activate immune cells to eliminate established tumors. Finally, recent advances have revealed that paracrine delivery of cytokines directly to T cells has the potential to enhance T-cell mediated therapies. The studies reviewed here highlight the progress in the last 30 years that has established the potential of particle-mediated cytokine immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yin Y, Kou L, Wang JJ, Xu GX. Therapeutic efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum-mediated human interleukin-2 with endostatin or TRAIL in transplanted tumors in mice. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:481-486. [PMID: 22969915 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), as an important cytokine in immune response, has been demonstrated to have therapeutic activity in several cancer models. In our previous study, we showed that the pBV22210 vector containing a chloramphenicol resistance gene and the cryptic plasmid, pMB1, from the Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) strain could stably replicate and did not significantly affect the biological characteristics of B. longum. In this study, B. longum was transfected by electroporation with pBV22210 containing IL-2 (B. longum-pBV22210-IL-2), its growth curve was determined, and its inhibitory effect on tumor xenografts in mice was examined. The results showed that B. longum-pBV22210-IL-2 reduced the tumor size and prolonged the survival time of H22 tumor-bearing mice. In addition, when cyclophosphamide (CTX), B. longum-pBV22210-endostatin, or B. longum-pBV22210-TRAIL was combined with B. longum-pBV22210-IL-2, the antitumor effect was significantly enhanced. The survival times of the mice in the combination groups of B. longum-pBV22210-endostatin or B. longum-pBV22210-TRAIL were longer than those of the mice in the B. longum-pBV22210-IL-2 alone group. However, when CTX was added, the survival times of the mice showed no statistically significant difference compared with those of the mice in the dextrose-saline solution group. These results suggest that B. longum-pBV22210-IL-2 has potent antitumor effects that could be enhanced when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs or other antitumor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences
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Huang X, Ye D, Thorpe PE. Enhancing the potency of a whole-cell breast cancer vaccine in mice with an antibody-IL-2 immunocytokine that targets exposed phosphatidylserine. Vaccine 2011; 29:4785-93. [PMID: 21557977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic phospholipid normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, is immunosuppressive when externalized on the outside of cell membranes. Exposed PS inhibits the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), and induces the production of multiple immunosuppressive mediators. In the present study, we determined whether blocking these effects of PS while simultaneously introducing interleukin-2 (IL-2) could improve the immunogenicity of a whole-cell cancer vaccine. An immunocytokine (2aG4-IL2) was made by genetically linking IL-2 with a PS targeting antibody, 2aG4, that can block the immunosuppressive effects of PS. The 2aG4-IL2/4T1 vaccine was generated by coating the PS exposed on irradiated 4T1 cells with 2aG4-IL2. Tumor growth, spontaneous metastasis, and survival of vaccinated mice challenged with live 4T1 tumor cells were assessed. Eighty percent of mice inoculated with 2aG4-IL2/4T1 vaccine survived free of tumor, as compared with 20% in the 2aG4/4T1 group, 20% in the C44-IL2/4T1 group, and none in the C44/4T1 control group (P=0.001 for 2aG4-IL2/4T1 versus all others groups). The incidence, number of spontaneous lung metastases was significantly lower in the 2aG4-IL2/4T1 vaccinated group than in the other groups. Splenocytes from 2aG4-IL2/4T1 vaccinated mice had significantly higher 4T1 specific cytotoxicity and ability to secrete interferon-gamma (IFNγ) than did splenocytes from mice in the other groups. These results demonstrate that a potent whole-cell vaccine can be created by coating irradiated tumor cells with 2aG4-IL2. Such vaccine could potentially be an effective treatment modality for patients with residual disease or at "high-risk" for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Huang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Department of Pharmacology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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Foster S, Duvall CL, Crownover EF, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Intracellular delivery of a protein antigen with an endosomal-releasing polymer enhances CD8 T-cell production and prophylactic vaccine efficacy. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2205-12. [PMID: 21043513 DOI: 10.1021/bc100204m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based vaccines have significant potential as infectious disease and anticancer therapeutics, but clinical impact has been limited in some applications by their inability to generate a coordinated cellular immune response. Here, a pH-responsive carrier incorporating poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) was evaluated to test whether improved cytosolic delivery of a protein antigen could enhance CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte generation and prophylactic tumor vaccine responses. PPAA was directly conjugated to the model ovalbumin antigen via reducible disulfide linkages and was also tested in a particulate formulation after condensation with cationic poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). Intracellular trafficking studies revealed that both PPAA-containing formulations were stably internalized and evaded exocytotic pathways, leading to increased intracellular accumulation and potential access to the cytosolic MHC-1 antigen presentation pathway. In an EG.7-OVA mouse tumor protection model, both PPAA-containing carriers robustly inhibited tumor growth and led to an approximately 3.5-fold increase in the longevity of tumor-free survival relative to controls. Mechanistically, this response was attributed to the 8-fold increase in production of ovalbumin-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes and an 11-fold increase in production of antiovalbumin IgG. Significantly, this is one of the first demonstrated examples of in vivo immunotherapeutic efficacy using soluble protein-polymer conjugates. These results suggest that carriers enhancing cytosolic delivery of protein antigens could lead to more robust CD8+ T-cell response and demonstrate the potential of pH-responsive PPAA-based carriers for therapeutic vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Foster
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Intracellular Delivery of Biologics, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195, USA
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Shaker MA, Younes HM. Interleukin-2: Evaluation of Routes of Administration and Current Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2268-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gao J, Kou G, Wang H, Chen H, Li B, Lu Y, Zhang D, Wang S, Hou S, Qian W, Dai J, Zhao J, Zhong Y, Guo Y. PE38KDEL-loaded anti-HER2 nanoparticles inhibit breast tumor progression with reduced toxicity and immunogenicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:29-41. [PMID: 18481173 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE)-based immunotoxins is limited by the toxicity and immunogenicity of PE. To overcome the limitations, we have developed PE38KDEL-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles conjugated with Fab' fragments of a humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (rhuMAbHER2). The PE38KDEL-loaded nanoparticles-anti-HER2 Fab' bioconjugates (PE-NP-HER) were constructed modularly with Fab' fragments of rhuMAbHER2 covalently linked to PLGA nanoparticles containing PE38KDEL. Compared with nontargeted nanoparticles that lack anti-HER2 Fab', PE-NP-HER specifically bound to and were sequentially internalized into HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells, which result in significant cytotoxicity in vitro. In HER2 overexpressing tumor xenograft model system, administration of PE-NP-HER showed a superior efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth compared with PE-HER referring to PE38KDEL conjugated directly to rhuMAbHER2. Moreover, PE-NP-HER was well tolerated in mice with a higher LD(50) (LD(50) of 6.86 +/- 0.47 mg/kg vs. 2.21 +/- 0.32 mg/kg for PE-NP-HER vs. PE-HER (mean +/- SD); n = 3), and had no influence on the plasma level of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of animals when injected at a dose of 1 mg/kg where PE-HER caused significant increase of serum ALT in the treated mice. Notably, PE-NP-HER was of low immunogenicity in development of anti-PE38KDEL neutralizing antibodies and was less susceptible to inactivation by anti-PE38KDEL antibodies compared with PE-HER. This novel bioconjugate, PE-NP-HER, may represent a useful strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science of College of Pharmacy, International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Johnston D, Zaidi B, Bystryn JC. TLR7 imidazoquinoline ligand 3M-019 is a potent adjuvant for pure protein prototype vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1133-41. [PMID: 17139492 PMCID: PMC11030820 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, while theoretically attractive, present difficult challenges that must be overcome to be effective. Cancer vaccines are often poorly immunogenic and may require augmentation of immunogenicity through the use of adjuvants and/or immune response modifiers. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are a relatively new class of immune response modifiers that may have great potential in inducing and augmenting both cellular and humoral immunity to vaccines. TLR7 ligands produce strong cellular responses and specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibody responses to protein immunogens. This study shows that a new TLR7 ligand, 3M-019, in combination with liposomes produces very strong immune responses to a pure protein prototype vaccine in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA, 0.1 mg/dose) weekly 4x. Some groups were immunized to OVA plus 3M-019 or to OVA plus 3M-019 encapsulated in liposomes. Both antibody and cellular immune responses against OVA were measured after either two or four immunizations. Anti-OVA IgG antibody responses were significantly increased after two immunizations and were substantially higher after four immunizations in mice immunized with OVA combined with 3M-019. Encapsulation in liposomes further augmented antibody responses. IgM responses, on the other hand, were lowered by 3M-019. OVA-specific IgG2a levels were increased 625-fold by 3M-019 in liposomes compared to OVA alone, while anti-OVA IgG2b levels were over 3,000 times higher. In both cases encapsulation of 3M-019 in liposomes was stronger than either liposomes alone or 3M-019 without liposomes. Cellular immune responses were likewise increased by 3M-019 but further enhanced when it was encapsulated in liposomes. The lack of toxicity also indicates that this combination may by safe, effective method to boost immune response to cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Johnston
- Hunter College School of Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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Song S, Wang F, He X, He Y, Li D, Sun S. Evaluation of antitumor immunity efficacy of epitope-based vaccine with B16 cell line coexpressing HLA-A2/H-2kb and CTL multiepitope in HLA transgenic mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:4853-60. [PMID: 17418455 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccination strategies designed to induce tumor-specific CD8 CTL are being widely considered for cancer immunotherapy. HLA-A2-transgenic mouse is a useful tool for measuring the CTL responses in vitro. However, tumor vaccine development is required to address the variables that are not easily evaluated by in vitro assays. With the objective of extending the usage of A2-tansgenic mouse in vaccine efficacy assay, here, we established a B16 tumor cell line coexpressing HLA-A*0201/H-2Kb chimeric gene and a polyepitope construct based on the use of a mammalian expression vector pIRES. The value as a tool for evaluating the antitumor efficacy in vitro as well as in experimental tumor challenge model in vivo has been tested. We found that priming with the polyepitope construct and boosting with the mixture of peptide in A2-transgenic mice resulted in: (1) CTL responses not only against the peptide-sensitized T2 and SW480 cell lines but also the non-sensitized reconstructed B16 cell line; (2) expression of HLA-A*0201/H-2Kb chimeric gene and polyepitopes by B16 led to its rejection by immunized A2-transgenic mice. These data established that the reconstructed B16 cell line stably expressed and efficiently presented the HCC-derived CTL epitopes, making B16 based melanoma suitable for the evaluation of the antitumor efficacy of immune responses to these epitopes. Collectively, these data indicate that the use of this method allows for directly testing of HLA-A2 restricted epitope immunogenicity in the A2-transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Boyman O, Surh CD, Sprent J. Potential use of IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody immune complexes for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 6:1323-31. [PMID: 17223740 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.12.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Initially discovered as a potent T cell proliferation factor, IL-2 was soon used for cancer immunotherapy, especially for metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma; however, the severe side effects of IL-2 therapy, plus the negative role of IL-2 in maintaining of CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), has somewhat dampened enthusiasm for using IL-2 in immunotherapy. This opinion article discusses the possibility of combining IL-2 with certain anti-IL-2 antibodies for reducing the dose of IL-2 needed and preferentially stimulating effector T cells, but not Tregs, an approach that might provide an improved strategy for anticancer immunotherapy. Alternatively, complexes of IL-2 with other anti-IL-2 antibodies can selectively stimulate Tregs and could, therefore, be useful for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Boyman
- University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Division of Immunology and Allergy, BT06 609, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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