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Fozza C, Longinotti M. T-cell receptor repertoire usage in hematologic malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:201-11. [PMID: 23219015 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years several studies have addressed the possible influence of different immune mechanisms on the evolution of hematologic malignancies. More specifically, a fundamental role of reactive T-cells has now been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders as well as in the typical immunological milieu observed after stem cell transplantation in patients affected by these malignancies. In this context the study of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire performed by different techniques, such as for instance flow cytometry and spectratyping, has undoubtedly provided a fundamental contribution. More recently, these seminal observations have even opened new potential therapeutic avenues based on the employment of adoptive T-cells somehow engineered toward potential neoplastic targets. This review will run through the most relevant studies which have tried to dissect the TCR repertoire usage in patients with different hematologic malignancies, especially focusing on the possible pathogenetic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fozza
- Hematology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 12, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Galleu A, Fozza C, Simula MP, Contini S, Virdis P, Corda G, Pardini S, Cottoni F, Pruneddu S, Angeloni A, Ceccarelli S, Longinotti M. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell skewness in classic Kaposi sarcoma. Neoplasia 2012; 14:487-94. [PMID: 22787430 PMCID: PMC3394191 DOI: 10.1596/neo.11646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that a deranged immune system plays a key role in the onset and evolution of classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS). Nevertheless, the usage of the T-cell receptor (TCR) β-variable (BV) chain repertoire expressed by peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with CKS is still unknown. With the aim of providing some further insights into the complex role of the immune system in CKS pathogenesis, we performed an extensive analysis of the TCR BV repertoire in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in 30 human herpesvirus 8-positive Sardinian patients with CKS and an equal number of age-matched healthy controls. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies covering approximately 70% of human BV subfamilies and third complementarity determining region (CDR3) spectratyping. Patients with CKS showed an increased frequency of BV expansions in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes, with no prevalent clones. On spectratyping analysis, most of the 720 BV CDR3 profiles obtained from both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in patients with CKS were skewed. In particular, the surprising increase of BV skewing observed in CD4(+) lymphocytes mimics the pattern of progressive TCR BV narrowing described in responses to persistent viral antigen stimulations. Our findings support the hypothesis that CKS evolution is associated with inadequate activation rather than impairment of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Galleu
- Haematology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Abstract
The introduction of cladribine and pentostatin for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has dramatically altered the natural history of the disease, and a single course of cladribine given as a subcutaneous injection for 7 days induces complete remission in the majority of patients. A systematic evaluation of the immediate and long-term side effects induced by purine analogs reveals that most of the available information relates to fludarabine, and mostly refers to the use of this agent in the treatment of indolent lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) and and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Surprisingly, although purine analogs have been used for more than 30 years in the treatment of HCL, there are still not many reports on the toxicity of pentostatin and cladribine other than the early therapy-induced toxicity encountered in the initial management of patients. Only a few studies have evaluated the long-term adverse effects of purine analogs on the immune system or stem cell toxicity, and most of these are not very recent. In addition, the issue of the prevalence of secondary malignancy linked with the therapy of HCL still remains controversial. In this review the available data on cladribine and pentostatin toxicity in the treatment of HCL are summarized, emphasizing immune suppression, stem cell toxicity, and possible correlation with the development of second malignancy. Other rare toxicities are also described, and the special conditions that need to be taken into account when starting treatment for patients with HCL are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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Forconi F. Hairy cell leukaemia: biological and clinical overview from immunogenetic insights. Hematol Oncol 2010; 29:55-66. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Simultaneous detection of clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes and breast cancer in blood. Leuk Res 2010; 34:e304-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dasanu CA, Ichim TE, Alexandrescu DT. Inherent and iatrogenic immune defects in hairy cell leukemia: revisited. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 9:55-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330903427951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zielinski R, Lyakhov I, Jacobs A, Chertov O, Kramer-Marek G, Francella N, Stephen A, Fisher R, Blumenthal R, Capala J. Affitoxin--a novel recombinant, HER2-specific, anticancer agent for targeted therapy of HER2-positive tumors. J Immunother 2009; 32:817-25. [PMID: 19752752 PMCID: PMC3402039 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181ad4d5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is amplified in 25% to 30% of breast cancers and has been associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Here we report the construction, purification, and characterization of Affitoxin-a novel class of HER2-specific cytotoxic molecules combining HER2-specific Affibody molecule as a targeting moiety and PE38KDEL, which is a truncated version of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, as a cell killing agent. It is highly soluble and does not require additional refolding, oxidation, or reduction steps during its purification. Using surface plasmon resonance technology and competitive binding assays, we have shown that Affitoxin binds specifically to HER2 with nanomolar affinity. We have also observed a high correlation between HER2 expression and retention of Affitoxin bound to the cell surface. Affitoxin binding and internalization is followed by Pseudomonas exotoxin A activity domain-mediated ADP-ribosylation of translation elongation factor 2 and, consequently, inhibition of protein synthesis as shown by protein expression analysis of HER2-positive cells treated with Affitoxin. Measured IC50 value for HER2-negative cells MDA-MB468 (65+/-2.63 pM) was more than 20 times higher than the value for low HER2 level-expressing MCF7 cells (2.56+/-0.1 pM), and almost 3 orders of magnitude higher for its HER2-overexpressing derivative MCF7/HER2 (62.7+/-5.9 fM). These studies suggest that Affitoxin is an attractive PE38-based candidate for treatment of HER2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zielinski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ilya Lyakhov
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Amy Jacobs
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Oleg Chertov
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Gabriela Kramer-Marek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicholas Francella
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jacek Capala
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Exceptional advances in molecular biology and genetic research have expedited cancer drug development tremendously. The declared paradigm is the development of 'personalized and tailored drugs' that precisely target the specific molecular defects of a cancer patient. It is therefore appropriate to revisit the intellectual foundations of the development of such agents, as many have shown great clinical success. One hundred years ago, Paul Ehrlich, the founder of chemotherapy, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. His postulate of creating 'magic bullets' for use in the fight against human diseases inspired generations of scientists to devise powerful molecular cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebhardt
- Klaus Strebhardt is at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodour-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Baatar D, Olkhanud P, Newton D, Sumitomo K, Biragyn A. CCR4-expressing T cell tumors can be specifically controlled via delivery of toxins to chemokine receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:1996-2004. [PMID: 17641067 PMCID: PMC2262935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of chemokine receptors by tumors, specifically CCR4 on cutaneous T cell lymphomas, is often associated with a poor disease outcome. To test the hypothesis that chemokine receptor-expressing tumors can be successfully controlled by delivering toxins through their chemokine receptors, we have generated fusion proteins designated chemotoxins: chemokines fused with toxic moieties that are nontoxic unless delivered into the cell cytosol. We demonstrate that chemokines fused with human RNase eosinophil-derived neurotoxin or with a truncated fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin 38 are able to specifically kill tumors in vitro upon internalization through their respective chemokine receptors. Moreover, treatment with the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17)-expressing chemotoxin efficiently eradicated CCR4-expressing cutaneous T cell lymphoma/leukemia established in NOD-SCID mice. Taken together, this work represents a novel concept that may allow control of growth and dissemination of tumors that use chemokine receptors to metastasize and circumvent immunosurveillance.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics
- ADP Ribose Transferases/toxicity
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/toxicity
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL17
- Chemokines, CC/administration & dosage
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/toxicity
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin/genetics
- Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin/toxicity
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/genetics
- Immunotoxins/toxicity
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/toxicity
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/toxicity
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolgor Baatar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Purevdorj Olkhanud
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Dianne Newton
- Department of Microbiology, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kenya Sumitomo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Vallejo AN. Immune remodeling: lessons from repertoire alterations during chronological aging and in immune-mediated disease. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:94-102. [PMID: 17267287 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunological studies of aging and of patients with chronic immune-mediated diseases document overlap of immune phenotypes. Here, the term "immune remodeling" refers to these phenotypes that are indicative of biological processes of deterioration and repair. This concept is explored through lessons from studies about the changes in the T-cell repertoire and the functional diversity of otherwise oligoclonal, senescent T cells. Immune remodeling suggests a gradual process that occurs throughout life. However, similar but more drastic remodeling occurs disproportionately among young patients with chronic disease. In this article, I propose that immune remodeling is a beneficial adaptation of aging to promote healthy survival beyond reproductive performance, but acute remodeling poses risk of premature exhaustion of the immune repertoire and, thus, is detrimental in young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe N Vallejo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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