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Komohara Y, Harada M. Potential mechanisms of spontaneous regression in patients with B-cell lymphoma; the significance of co-stimulatory molecules in lymphoma cells. J Clin Exp Hematop 2019; 59:207-210. [PMID: 31708516 PMCID: PMC6954166 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.19026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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2
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Hofmann S, Mead A, Malinovskis A, Hardwick NR, Guinn BA. Analogue peptides for the immunotherapy of human acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1357-67. [PMID: 26438084 PMCID: PMC11029593 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptide vaccines, enhanced by adjuvants, has shown some efficacy in clinical trials. However, responses are often short-lived and rarely induce notable memory responses. The reason is that self-antigens have already been presented to the immune system as the tumor develops, leading to tolerance or some degree of host tumor cell destruction. To try to break tolerance against self-antigens, one of the methods employed has been to modify peptides at the anchor residues to enhance their ability to bind major histocompatibility complex molecules, extending their exposure to the T-cell receptor. These modified or analogue peptides have been investigated as stimulators of the immune system in patients with different cancers with variable but sometimes notable success. In this review we describe the background and recent developments in the use of analogue peptides for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia describing knowledge useful for the application of analogue peptide treatments for other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hofmann
- Third Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Aleksandrs Malinovskis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Nicola R Hardwick
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK.
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK.
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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3
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Sanchez-Correa B, Bergua JM, Campos C, Gayoso I, Arcos MJ, Bañas H, Morgado S, Casado JG, Solana R, Tarazona R. Cytokine profiles in acute myeloid leukemia patients at diagnosis: Survival is inversely correlated with IL-6 and directly correlated with IL-10 levels. Cytokine 2013; 61:885-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Wilkie KP. A review of mathematical models of cancer-immune interactions in the context of tumor dormancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:201-34. [PMID: 23143981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in tumor dormancy is now well established. In an immune-induced dormant state, potentially lethal cancer cells persist in a state where growth is restricted, to little or no increase, by the host's immune response. To describe this state in the context of cancer progression and immune response, basic temporal (spatially homogeneous) quantitative predator-prey constructs are discussed, along with some current and proposed augmentations that incorporate potentially significant biological phenomena such as the cancer cell transition to a quiescent state or the time delay in T-cell activation. Advances in cancer-immune modeling that describe complex interactions underlying the ability of the immune system to both promote and inhibit tumor growth are emphasized. Finally, the review concludes by discussing future mathematical challenges and their biological significance.
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5
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Smits ELJ, Lee C, Hardwick N, Brooks S, Van Tendeloo VFI, Orchard K, Guinn BA. Clinical evaluation of cellular immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:757-69. [PMID: 21519825 PMCID: PMC11029703 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently under active investigation as an adjuvant therapy to improve the overall survival of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by eliminating residual leukaemic cells following standard therapy. The graft-versus-leukaemia effect observed following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has already demonstrated the significant role of immune cells in controlling AML, paving the way to further exploitation of this effect in optimized immunotherapy protocols. In this review, we discuss the current state of cellular immunotherapy as adjuvant therapy for AML, with a particular focus on new strategies and recently published results of preclinical and clinical studies. Therapeutic vaccines that are being tested in AML include whole tumour cells as an autologous source of multiple leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA) and autologous dendritic cells loaded with LAA as effective antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells is under active investigation. Results from phase I and II trials are promising and support further investigation into the potential of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent or fight relapse in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium.
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6
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McCormack E, Skavland J, Mujic M, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Lentinan: hematopoietic, immunological, and efficacy studies in a syngeneic model of acute myeloid leukemia. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:574-83. [PMID: 20574918 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lentinan, a beta-glucan nutritional supplement isolated from the shitake mushroom (Lentula edodes), is a biological response modifier with immunostimulatory properties. Concomitantly, the role of beta-glucans as chemoimmunotherapeutic in a number of solid cancers has been widely documented. We investigated the effects of nutritional grade lentinan upon BN rats and in a preclinical syngeneic model of acute myeloid leukemia. BN rats supplemented daily with lentinan exhibited weight gains, increased white blood cells, monocytes, and circulating cytotoxic T-cells; and had a reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and additionally IL-6. Lentinan treatment of BN rats with BNML leukemia resulted in improved cage-side health and reduced cachexia in the terminal stage of this aggressive disease. Combination of lentinan with standards of care in acute myeloid leukemia, idarubicin, and cytarabine increased average survival compared with monotherapy and reduced cachexia. These results indicate that nutritional supplementation of cancer patients with lentinan should be further investigated.
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7
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Targeting Toll-like receptor 7/8 enhances uptake of apoptotic leukemic cells by monocyte-derived dendritic cells but interferes with subsequent cytokine-induced maturation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 60:37-47. [PMID: 20859626 PMCID: PMC3029806 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DC) is an emerging investigational therapy for eradication of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Various strategies are being explored in manufacturing DC vaccines ex vivo, e.g., monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) loaded with leukemia-associated antigens (LAA). However, the optimal source of LAA and the choice of DC-activating stimuli are still not well defined. Here, loading with leukemic cell preparations (harboring both unknown and known LAA) was explored in combination with a DC maturation-inducing cytokine cocktail (CC; IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2) and Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-L) to optimize uptake. Since heat shock induced apoptotic blasts were more efficiently taken up than lysates, we focused on uptake of apoptotic leukemic cells. Uptake of apoptotic blast was further enhanced by the TLR7/8-L R848 (20–30%); in contrast, CC-induced maturation inhibited uptake. CC, and to a lesser extent R848, enhanced the ability of MoDC to migrate and stimulate T cells. Furthermore, class II-associated invariant chain peptide expression was down-modulated after R848- or CC-induced maturation, indicating enhanced processing and presentation of antigenic peptides. To improve both uptake and maturation, leukemic cells and MoDC were co-incubated with R848 for 24 h followed by addition of CC. However, this approach interfered with CC-mediated MoDC maturation as indicated by diminished migratory and T cell stimulatory capacity, and the absence of IL-12 production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that even though R848 improved uptake of apoptotic leukemic cells, the sequential use of R848 and CC is counter-indicated due to its adverse effects on MoDC maturation.
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8
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Hardwick N, Chan L, Ingram W, Mufti G, Farzaneh F. Lytic activity against primary AML cells is stimulated in vitro by an autologous whole cell vaccine expressing IL-2 and CD80. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:379-88. [PMID: 19711075 PMCID: PMC11030635 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being of the myeloid lineage, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts are of low immunogenicity, probably because they lack the costimulatory molecule CD80 and secrete immunosuppressive factors. We have previously shown that in vitro stimulation of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with primary AML cells modified to express CD80 and IL-2 promotes proliferation, secretion of Th1 cytokines and expansion of activated CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we show that allogeneic effector cells (from a healthy donor or AML patients) when stimulated with IL-2/CD80 modified AML blasts were able to induce the lysis of unmodified AML blasts. Effector cells stimulated with IL-2/CD80AML blasts had higher lytic activity than cells stimulated with AML cells expressing CD80 or IL-2 alone. Similarly, AML patient PBMCs primed with autologous IL-2/CD80 AML cells had a higher frequency of IFN-gamma secreting cells and show cytotoxicity against autologous, unmodified blasts. Crucially, the response appears to be leukaemia specific, since stimulated patient PBMCs show higher frequencies of IFN-gamma secreting effector cells in response to AML blasts than to remission bone marrow cells from the same patients. Although studied in a small number of heterogeneous patient samples, the data are encouraging and support the continuing development of vaccination for poor prognosis AML patients with autologous cells genetically modified to express IL-2/CD80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hardwick
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Lucas Chan
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Ghulam Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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9
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van Luijn MM, Chamuleau MED, Thompson JA, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Westers TM, Souwer Y, Ossenkoppele GJ, van Ham SM, van de Loosdrecht AA. Class II-associated invariant chain peptide down-modulation enhances the immunogenicity of myeloid leukemic blasts resulting in increased CD4+ T-cell responses. Haematologica 2009; 95:485-93. [PMID: 19903675 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease recurrence in patients with acute myeloid leukemia may be partially explained by the escape of leukemic blasts from CD4(+) T-cell recognition. The current study investigates the role of aberrant HLA class II antigen presentation on leukemic blasts by determining both the clinical and functional impact of the class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). DESIGN AND METHODS The levels of expression of CLIP and HLA-DR on blood and bone marrow samples from 207 patients with acute myeloid leukemia were correlated with clinical outcome. Irradiated CLIP(-) and CLIP(+) leukemic blasts were compared for their ability to induce CD4(+) T cells during mixed leukocyte reactions. To discriminate between these blasts, we down-modulated CLIP expression on myeloid leukemic cell lines by RNA interference of the invariant chain, a chaperone protein critically involved in HLA-DR processing, and performed flow cytometric sorting for their isolation from primary acute myeloid leukemia samples. RESULTS We found that patients with leukemic blasts characterized by a high amount of HLA-DR occupied by CLIP (relative amount of CLIP) had a significantly shortened disease-free survival. The clear reductions in amount of HLA-DR occupied by CLIP on blasts of the THP-1 and Kasumi-1 myeloid leukemic cell lines after treatment with invariant chain short interfering RNA resulted in enhanced rates of allogeneic CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. Similar findings were obtained in an autologous setting, in which there were strong increases in proliferation of remission CD4(+) T cells stimulated with CLIP(-)-sorted leukemic blasts from HLA-DR(+) acute myeloid leukemia patients, in contrast to CLIP(+)-sorted leukemic blasts from the same patients. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the relevance of CLIP expression on leukemic blasts and the potential of CLIP as a target for immunomodulatory strategies to enhance HLA class II antigen presentation and CD4(+) T-cell reactivity in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Hematology, VU Institute for Cancer and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Cheuk ATC, Wells JW, Chan L, Westwood NB, Berger SA, Yagita H, Okumura K, Farzaneh F, Mufti GJ, Guinn BA. Anti-tumor immunity in a model of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:447-54. [PMID: 19197726 DOI: 10.1080/10428190802653776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell vaccines allow the induction of anti-tumor immune responses without the need to define tumor antigens. We wished to directly compare, for the first time, the capacity of B7-1, B7-2 and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) costimulatory molecules to convert murine and human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells into whole vaccines. 32Dc-kit is a murine myeloid cell line, which develops an AML-like disease over a protracted period, emulating human AML disease development. 32Dc-kit cells were modified to express elevated levels of B7-1, B7-2 or 4-1BBL, and each led to tumor rejection, although only mice injected with 32Dc-kit/B7-2 cells were able to reject subsequent parental tumor cell challenge. T-cell deficient nude mice were able to reject the 32Dc-kit variants, but they could not reject parental cell challenge; however, we found no evidence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte or natural killer (NK) activity ex vivo suggesting that tumor cell killing was mediated by an immune response that could not be recapitulated using purified NK or T cells as lone effectors. In human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), we found no single costimulatory molecule was more effective, suggesting that the induction of a universal anti-tumor response will require a combination of costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T C Cheuk
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Allergy & Respiratory Science, MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Smits ELJM, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia: current approaches. Oncologist 2009; 14:240-52. [PMID: 19289488 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following standard therapy that consists of chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation, both relapsed and refractory disease shorten the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Therefore, additional treatment options are urgently needed, especially to fight residual AML cells. The identification of leukemia-associated antigens and the observation that administration of allogeneic T cells can mediate a graft-versus-leukemia effect paved the way to the development of active and passive immunotherapy strategies, respectively. The aim of these strategies is the eradication of AML cells by the immune system. In this review, an overview is provided of both active and passive immunotherapy strategies that are under investigation or in use for the treatment of AML. For each strategy, a critical view on the state of the art is given and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J M Smits
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VIDI), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Boesteanu AC, Katsikis PD. Memory T cells need CD28 costimulation to remember. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:69-77. [PMID: 19268606 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation and expansion of naïve T cells require costimulatory signals provided by CD28 and TNF family members. In contrast, for many years it was believed that memory T cells do not require CD28 costimulation for expansion during secondary responses. This was based on in vitro experiments that suggested the re-activation of memory T cells is somewhat independent of costimulation. Recent in vivo evidence, however, has challenged this and shown that both CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells require CD28 costimulation for maximal expansion and pathogen clearance. This requirement has important implications for host immunity, vaccine development and immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina C Boesteanu
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
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13
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Abstract
The applications of chemotherapy for the treatment of AML have been unchanged over the past three decades, with only 30% of patients demonstrating disease-free survival (DFS) [118]. Despite achieving CR following induction chemotherapy, the majority of patients relapse and succumb to their disease [6]. In view of the limitations encountered by cytarabine/anthracycline based regimes, attention has shifted to immunotherapy as a means to treat AML and provide significant long-term DFS. This chapter will discuss the role of the immune system and recent advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of AML, focusing on cellular and non-cellular approaches.
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14
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Abstract
There is a need for novel treatment for acute leukaemia as relapse rates remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the patient's immune responses to recognize and destroy leukaemia cells whilst activating immune memory. The qualities of the most potent professional antigen-presenting cell, the dendritic cell (DC), can be used to stimulate leukaemia-specific cytotoxic T cells. DCs can be loaded with leukaemia antigens, or leukaemia blasts can be modified to express DC-like properties for use in vaccine therapy. This chapter will review the rationale for DC vaccine therapy, the preclinical and clinical trials to date, the barriers to successful DC vaccine therapies and the role of immune adjuncts to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duncan
- Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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15
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Seliger B, Marincola FM, Ferrone S, Abken H. The complex role of B7 molecules in tumor immunology. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:550-9. [PMID: 18986838 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation requires the interaction of the T-cell receptor with a cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex. Initiated by antigen engagement, the adaptive immune response is orchestrated by a complex balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals that are predominantly controlled by members of the B7 family. Here, we review the current knowledge on B7 family members concerning their constitutive and regulated expression, modulation of the immune response and their role in the evasion of host immune surveillance. We also discuss recent therapeutic strategies that aim to improve immune-cell recognition of tumors and induce tolerance to autoreactive immune responses in normal tissues by manipulating B7 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Martin Luther University, Institute of Medical Immunology, 06112 Halle, Germany.
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17
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Acute myeloid leukemic cell lines loaded with synthetic dsRNA trigger IFN-gamma secretion by human NK cells. Leuk Res 2008; 33:539-46. [PMID: 18845337 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key players of innate immunity. Besides their major cytotoxic function, NK cells can also produce inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-gamma. In this way, NK cells can shape adaptive immune responses through activation of dendritic cells (DC), thereby promoting the bidirectional cross-talk between NK cells and DC. Including this helper function of NK cells in cancer vaccination might be important for the induction of effective T cell responses. Here, we explored the capacity of purified human NK cells to produce IFN-gamma upon two-signal stimulation using different types of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and type I IFN. Based on our previous findings that AML cells produce IFN-alpha upon electroporation with the synthetic double-stranded (ds)RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), we hypothesized that dsRNA-loaded tumor cells provide both signals to elicit an NK cell-driven IFN-gamma production. Our results show that in vitro, NK cells become strong IFN-gamma-secreting cells upon stimulation with specific AML cells and IFN-alpha, with a variable responsiveness against different AML cell lines. Importantly, loading of AML cells with poly(I:C) is an elegant method to provide NK cells with both signals, a feature that could have important clinical implications because it obviates the side effects of systemic cytokine administration. Moreover, in addition to our previous findings that DC become activated upon phagocytosis of poly(I:C)-electroporated AML cells, these data strongly encourage future research on the potential of dsRNA-transfected AML cells and their effect to favor NK-DC cross-talk for the design of leukemia vaccines.
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18
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Guinn B, Casey G, Collins S, O'Brien T, Alexander MY, Tangney M. Tripartite Meeting in Gene and Cell Therapy, 2008: Irish Society for Gene and Cell Therapy, British Society for Gene Therapy, and International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:967-78. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Garrett Casey
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sara Collins
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tim O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M. Yvonne Alexander
- Cardiovascular Group, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tangney
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Abstract
The activation and development of an adaptive immune response is initiated by the engagement of a T-cell antigen receptor by an antigenic peptide-MHC complex. The outcome of this engagement is determined by both positive and negative signals, costimulation and coinhibition, generated mainly by the interaction between the B7 family and their receptor CD28 family. The importance of costimulation and coinhibition of T cells in controlling immune responses is exploited by tumors as immune evasion pathways. Absence of the expression of costimulatory B7 molecules renders tumors invisible to the immune system, whereas enhanced expression of inhibitory B7 molecules protects them from effective T cell destruction. Therefore, the manipulation of these pathways is crucial for developing effective tumor immunotherapy. Translation of our basic knowledge of costimulation and coinhibition into early clinical trials has shown considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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20
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Guinn BA, Mohamedali A, Thomas NSB, Mills KI. Immunotherapy of myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:943-57. [PMID: 17180671 PMCID: PMC11031097 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of myeloid leukaemia has progressed in recent years with the advent of donor leukocyte infusions (DLI), haemopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs) and targeted therapies. However, relapse has a high associated morbidity rate and a method for removing diseased cells in first remission, when a minimal residual disease state is achieved and tumour load is low, has the potential to extend remission times and prevent relapse especially when used in combination with conventional treatments. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are heterogeneous diseases which lack one common molecular target while chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients have experienced prolonged remissions through the use of targeted therapies which remove BCR-ABL(+) cells effectively in early chronic phase. However, escape mutants have arisen and this therapy has little effectivity in the late chronic phase. Here we review the immune therapies which are close to or in clinical trials for the myeloid leukaemias and describe their potential advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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21
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Guinn BA, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Norris JS, Deisseroth AB. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1065-71. [PMID: 17375068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in animal studies, where the cure of the majority of mice with pre-established (albeit early-stage) tumors has become almost standard, human clinical trials have been much less successful. Here we describe some of the most recent advances in the specialist field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy, highlighting salient work to identify key problem areas and potential solutions. We make particular note of recent developments in adoptive therapy; whole-cell, DNA, and peptide vaccines; and antibody therapy. We also describe the revival of interest in regulatory T cells and conclude by detailing the need for clinical trial read-out autonomy and methods to predict which patients will respond to a particular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne, Institute, London, UK.
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Smits ELJM, Ponsaerts P, Van de Velde ALR, Van Driessche A, Cools N, Lenjou M, Nijs G, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Proinflammatory response of human leukemic cells to dsRNA transfection linked to activation of dendritic cells. Leukemia 2007; 21:1691-9. [PMID: 17525722 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leukemic cells exert immunosuppressive effects that interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function and hamper effective antileukemic immune responses. Here, we sought to enhance the immunogenicity of leukemic cells by loading them with the double-stranded (ds) RNA Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), mimicking viral infection of the tumor cells. Given the responsiveness of DC to TLR ligands, we hypothesized that the uptake of poly(I:C)-loaded leukemic cells by immature DC (iDC) would lead to DC activation. Primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and AML cell lines markedly responded to poly(I:C) electroporation by apoptosis, upregulation of TLR3 expression, enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules and by production of type I interferons (IFN). Upon phagocytosis of poly(I:C)-electroporated AML cells, DC maturation and activation were induced as judged by an increased expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules, production of proinflammatory cytokines and an increase of T helper 1 (T(H)1)-polarizing capacity. These immune effects were suboptimal when AML cells were passively pulsed with poly(I:C), indicating the superiority of poly(I:C) transfection over pulsing. Our results demonstrate that poly(I:C) electroporation is a promising strategy to increase the immunogenicity of AML cells and to convert iDC into activated mature DC following the phagocytosis of AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L J M Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Guinn BA, Norris JS, Huang L, Farzaneh F, Kasahara N, Deisseroth AB. International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer (ISCGT) annual meeting: conference overview and introduction to the symposium papers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1406-11. [PMID: 16783577 PMCID: PMC11030078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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24
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Guinn BA, Norris JS, Farzaneh F, Deisseroth AB. International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer: 2005 meeting in Shenzhen, China. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:128-38. [PMID: 17041563 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2005 International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer (ISCGT) Congress was held in Shenzhen, China (www.iscgtchina2005.com) from December 9th-11th 2005. Here, we describe a representation of the most seminal presentations providing an overview of the progress in the field of cancer gene therapy including the successful introduction of the first approved gene therapy drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Guinn
- King's College London School of Medicine, Department of Haematological Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK.
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25
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van de Loosdrecht AA, Beelen RHJ. Emerging immunobiological concepts in macrophage and dendritic cell research and clinical implications. Immunobiology 2006; 211:403-6. [PMID: 16920479 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology, VU-Institute of Cancer and Immunology (V-ICI), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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26
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Durrant LG. Conference report and introduction to the symposium papers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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