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Salama A, Elgohary R, M Amin M, Elwahab SA. Immunomodulatory effect of protocatechuic acid on cyclophosphamide induced brain injury in rat: Modulation of inflammosomes NLRP3 and SIRT1. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 932:175217. [PMID: 36007603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the inflammasome NLRP3 and SIRT1 are new combat strategy for brain injury protection. The inflammasome activates proinflammatory cytokines releasing interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 which in turn affect the toxins release from immune cells. In addition, SIRT1 controls many biological functions, such as immune response and oxidative stress. Protocatechuic has versatile biological activities and possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. So this work aims to study immunomodulatory effect of protocatechuic acid on cyclophosphamide chemotherapy drug-induced brain injury via modulation of inflammosomes NLRP3 and SIRT1. Rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Normal control group was injected with a single i.p injection of saline. Cyclophosphamide group was injected with a single i.p injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg). Protocatechuic acid groups were orally administered (50 &100 mg/kg) once daily for 10 consecutive days after cyclophosphamide injection. Protocatechuic acid administration exhibited improvements of the cognition function and memory, a reduction in brain contents of MDA, NLRP3, IL-1 β, NF-κB, IKBKB and Galectin 3 and an elevation of GSH and SIRT1 compared to cyclophosphamide group. In addition, protocatechuic acid administration ameliorated the elevation of caspase 3 and iNOS gene expression and alleviated the neuron degeneration caused by cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, the therapeutic action of protocatechuic acid and its cellular and molecular mechanisms are new insights against various human ailments, especially, neuroprotective disease as brain injury induced by cyclophosphamide chemotherapy drug in rats through modulation of inflammosomes NLRP3 and SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Amin
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar Abd Elwahab
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rosé A, André N, Rozados VR, Mainetti LE, Menacho Márquez M, Rico MJ, Schaiquevich P, Villarroel M, Gregianin L, Graupera JM, García WG, Epelman S, Alasino C, Alonso D, Chantada G, Scharovsky OG. Highlights from the 1st Latin American meeting on metronomic chemotherapy and drug repositioning in oncology, 27-28 May, 2016, Rosario, Argentina. Ecancermedicalscience 2016; 10:672. [PMID: 27610198 PMCID: PMC5014555 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2016.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following previous metronomic meetings in Marseille (2011), Milano (2014), and Mumbai (2016), the first Latin American metronomic meeting was held in the School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina on 27 and 28 of May, 2016. For the first time, clinicians and researchers with experience in the field of metronomics, coming from different countries in Latin America, had the opportunity of presenting and discussing their work. The talks were organised in three main sessions related to experience in the pre-clinical, and clinical (paediatric and adult) areas. The different presentations demonstrated that the fields of metronomic chemotherapy and repurposing drugs in oncology, known as metronomics, constitute a branch of cancer therapy in permanent evolution, which have strong groups working in Latin America, both in the preclinical and the clinical settings including large, adequately designed randomised studies. It was shown that metronomics offers treatments, which, whether they are combined or not with the standard therapeutic approaches, are not only effective but also minimally toxic, with the consequent improvement of the patient’s quality of life, and inexpensive, a feature very important in low resource clinical settings. The potential use of metronomic chemotherapy was proposed as a cost/effective treatment in low-/middle-income countries, for adjuvant therapy in selected tumours. The fundamental role of the governmental agencies and non-governmental alliances, as the Metronomic Global Health Initiative, in supporting this research with public interest was underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rosé
- Hospital de Pediatría 'JP Garrahan', Combate de los Pozos 1800, C 1245 AAM, CABA Argentina
| | - Nicolas André
- Inserm UMR_S 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université; Service d'Hématologie & Oncologie Pédiatrique, AP‑HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Viviana R Rozados
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leandro E Mainetti
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Menacho Márquez
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María José Rico
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Unidad de Farmacocinética Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría 'JP Garrahan', Combate de los Pozos 1800, C 1245 AAM, CABA Argentina
| | - Milena Villarroel
- Av Antonio Varas 360, Santiago, Providencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Lauro Gregianin
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Petrópolis, Porto Alegre, RS 90670150, Brazil
| | - Jaume Mora Graupera
- Department of Paediatric Haemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wendy Gómez García
- Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Servicio de Hem-Oncología HIRRC, Ave Abraham Lincoln 2, Casi Esq Ave, Independencia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Sidnei Epelman
- Paediatric Oncology Department, Santa Marcelina Hospital, R Rio Negro, 48, Itaquaquecetuba, São Paulo, SP 08599-280, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alasino
- Instituto de Oncología de Rosario, Córdoba 2457, S2000KZE Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alonso
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Hospital de Pediatría 'JP Garrahan', Combate de los Pozos 1800, C 1245 AAM, CABA Argentina
| | - O Graciela Scharovsky
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Penel N, Adenis A, Bocci G. Cyclophosphamide-based metronomic chemotherapy: After 10 years of experience, where do we stand and where are we going? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Zacarías Fluck MF, Hess L, Salatino M, Croci DO, Stupirski JC, Di Masso RJ, Roggero E, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. The aggressiveness of murine lymphomas selected in vivo by growth rate correlates with galectin-1 expression and response to cyclophosphamide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:469-80. [PMID: 21947259 PMCID: PMC11029055 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although lymphomas account for almost half of blood-derived cancers that are diagnosed each year, the causes of new cases are poorly understood, as reflected by the relatively few risk factors established. Galectin-1, an immunoregulatory ß-galactoside-binding protein, has been widely associated with tumor-immune escape. The aim of the present work was to study the relationship between tumor growth rate, aggressiveness, and response to cyclophosphamide (Cy) therapy with regard to Gal-1 expression in murine T-cell lymphoma models. By means of a disruptive selection process for tumor growth rate, we generated two lymphoma variants from a parental T-cell lymphoma, which have unique characteristics in terms of tumor growth rate, spontaneous regression, metastatic capacity, Gal-1 expression and sensitivity to Cy therapy. Here, we show that Gal-1 expression strongly correlates with tumor growth rate, metastatic capacity and response to single-dose Cy therapy in T-cell lymphoma models; this association might have important consequences for evaluating prognosis and treatments of this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
- Present Address: Preclinical Research Program, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Hess
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego O. Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Stupirski
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J. Di Masso
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Roggero
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
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Rabinovich GA, Ilarregui JM. Conveying glycan information into T-cell homeostatic programs: a challenging role for galectin-1 in inflammatory and tumor microenvironments. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:144-59. [PMID: 19594634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved sophisticated mechanisms composed of several checkpoints and fail-safe processes that enable it to orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity, while at the same time limiting aberrant or unfaithful T-cell function. These multiple regulatory pathways take place during the entire life-span of T cells including T-cell development, homing, activation, and differentiation. Galectin-1, an endogenous glycan-binding protein widely expressed at sites of inflammation and tumor growth, controls a diversity of immune cell processes, acting either extracellularly through specific binding to cell surface glycan structures or intracellularly through modulation of pathways that remain largely unexplored. In this review, we highlight the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of the role of galectin-1 in distinct immune cell process, particularly those associated with T-cell homeostasis. Also, we emphasize findings emerging from the study of experimental models of autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, fetomaternal tolerance, and tumor growth, which have provided fundamental insights into the critical role of galectin-1 and its specific saccharide ligands in immunoregulation. Challenges for the future will embrace the rational manipulation of galectin-1-glycan interactions both towards attenuating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and recurrent fetal loss, while at the same overcoming immune tolerance in chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mazzucchelli GD, Gabelica V, Smargiasso N, Fléron M, Ashimwe W, Rosu F, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Riou JF, De Pauw E. Proteome alteration induced by hTERT transfection of human fibroblast cells. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:12. [PMID: 18419814 PMCID: PMC2386453 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telomerase confers cellular immortality by elongating telomeres, thereby circumventing the Hayflick limit. Extended-life-span cells have been generated by transfection with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. hTERT transfected cell lines may be of outstanding interest to monitor the effect of drugs targeting the telomerase activity. The incidence of hTERT gene transfection at the proteome level is a prerequisite to that purpose. The effect of the transfection has been studied on the proteome of human fibroblast (WI38). Cytosolic and nuclear fractions of WI38 cells, empty vector transfected WI38 (WI38-HPV) and hTERT WI38 cells were submitted to a 2D-DIGE (Two-Dimensional Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis) analysis. Only spots that had a similar abundance in WI38 and WI38-HPV, but were differentially expressed in WI38 hTERT were selected for MS identification. This method directly points to the proteins linked with the hTERT expression. Number of false positive differentially expressed proteins has been excluded by using control WI38-HPV cells. The proteome alteration induced by hTERT WI38 transfection should be taken into account in subsequent use of the cell line for anti-telomerase drugs evaluation. Results 2D-DIGE experiment shows that 57 spots out of 2246 are significantly differentially expressed in the cytosolic fraction due to hTERT transfection, and 38 were confidently identified. In the nuclear fraction, 44 spots out of 2172 were selected in the differential proteome analysis, and 14 were identified. The results show that, in addition to elongating telomeres, hTERT gene transfection has other physiological roles, among which an enhanced ER capacity and a potent cell protection against apoptosis. Conclusion We show that the methodology reduces the complexity of the proteome analysis and highlights proteins implicated in other processes than telomere elongation. hTERT induced proteome changes suggest that telomerase expression enhances natural cell repair mechanisms and stress resistance probably required for long term resistance of immortalized cells. Thus, hTERT transfected cells can not be only consider as an immortal equivalent to parental cells but also as cells which are over-resistant to stresses. These findings are the prerequisite for any larger proteomics aiming to evaluate anti-telomerase drugs proteome alteration and thus therapeutics induced cell reactions.
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Salatino M, Croci DO, Bianco GA, Ilarregui JM, Toscano MA, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1 as a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune disorders and cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 8:45-57. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Croci DO, Zacarías Fluck MF, Rico MJ, Matar P, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. Dynamic cross-talk between tumor and immune cells in orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1687-700. [PMID: 17571260 PMCID: PMC11030157 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a dynamic cross-talk between tumors and the immune system can regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Increased understanding of the biochemical nature of tumor antigens and the molecular mechanisms responsible for innate and adaptive immune cell activation has revolutionized the fields of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Both the protective effects of the immune system against tumor cells (immunosurveillance) and the evasion of tumor cells from immune attack (tumor-immune escape) have led to the concept of cancer immunoediting, a proposal which infers that a bidirectional interaction between tumor and inflammatory/regulatory cells is ultimately responsible for orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor site. In this context, a major challenge is the potentiation or redirection of tumor antigen-specific immune responses. The success in reaching this goal is highly dependent on an improved understanding of the interactions and mechanisms operating during the different phases of the cancer immunoediting process. In this review, we discuss the multiple defense and counterattack strategies that tumors have devised in order to evade immune attack and to thwart the effectiveness of several immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O. Croci
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María J. Rico
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo Matar
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, FCEyN, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Daroqui CM, Ilarregui JM, Rubinstein N, Salatino M, Toscano MA, Vazquez P, Bakin A, Puricelli L, Bal de Kier Joffé E, Rabinovich GA. Regulation of galectin-1 expression by transforming growth factor beta1 in metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cells: implications for tumor-immune escape. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:491-9. [PMID: 16900348 PMCID: PMC11030564 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumors escape from immune surveillance by producing immunosuppressive cytokines and proapototic factors, including TGF-beta and galectin-1 (Gal-1). Since immunosuppressive mechanisms might act in concert to confer tumor-immune privilege, we investigated the potential cross talk between TGF-beta and Gal-1 in highly metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma (LM3) cells. While Gal-1 treatment was not capable of regulating TGF-beta synthesis, a pronounced and dose-dependent increase in Gal-1 expression was observed when tumor cells were treated with TGF-beta(1. )This effect was also observed in the murine lung adenocarcinoma LP07 and in the human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell lines. TGF-beta1-mediated upregulation of Gal-1 expression was specifically mediated by TbetaRI and TbetaRII, since it was abrogated when LM3 cells were infected with retroviral vectors expressing the dominant negative forms of these receptors. In addition, gal-1 gene sequence analysis revealed the presence of three putative binding sites for Smad4 and Smad3 transcription factors, consistent with the ability of TGF-beta(1) to trigger a Smad-dependent signaling pathway in these cells. Thus, TGF-beta(1) may trigger a Smad-dependent pathway to control Gal-1 expression, suggesting that distinct mechanisms might cooperate in tilting the balance toward an immunosuppressive environment at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M. Daroqui
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”, University of Buenos Aires, San Martin Avenue 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Present Address: Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Juan M. Ilarregui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue Córdoba 2351. 3er Piso. (1120) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue Córdoba 2351. 3er Piso. (1120) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue Córdoba 2351. 3er Piso. (1120) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta A. Toscano
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue Córdoba 2351. 3er Piso. (1120) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Vazquez
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”, University of Buenos Aires, San Martin Avenue 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrei Bakin
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Lydia Puricelli
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”, University of Buenos Aires, San Martin Avenue 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Bal de Kier Joffé
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”, University of Buenos Aires, San Martin Avenue 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue Córdoba 2351. 3er Piso. (1120) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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