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Hsieh CH, Hsiung SC, Yeh CT, Yen CF, Chou YHW, Lei WY, Pang ST, Chuang CK, Liao SK. Differential expression of CD44 and CD24 markers discriminates the epitheliod from the fibroblastoid subset in a sarcomatoid renal carcinoma cell line: evidence suggesting the existence of cancer stem cells in both subsets as studied with sorted cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15593-15609. [PMID: 28121626 PMCID: PMC5362508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid and fibroblastoid subsets coexist in the human sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (sRCC) cell line, RCC52, according to previous clonal studies. Herein, using monoclonal antibodies to CD44 and CD24 markers, we identified and isolated these two populations, and showed that CD44bright/CD24dim and CD44bright/CD24bright phenotypes correspond to epithelioid and fibroblastoid subsets, respectively. Both sorted subsets displayed different levels of tumorigenicity in xenotransplantation, indicating that each harbored its own cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CD44bright/CD24bright subset, associated with higher expression of MMP-7, -8 and TIMP-1 transcripts, showed greater migratory/invasive potential than the CD44bright/CD24dim subset, which was associated with higher expression of MMP-2, -9 and TIMP-2 transcripts. Both subsets differentially expressed stemness gene products c-Myc, Oct4A, Notch1, Notch2 and Notch3, and the RCC stem cell marker, CD105 in 4-5% of RCC52 cells. These results suggest the presence of CSCs in both sRCC subsets for the first time and should therefore be considered potential therapeutic targets for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsuan Hsieh
- Division of Uro-oncology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hsiung
- Division of Uro-oncology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yah-Huei Wu Chou
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lei
- Department of Medical Science and College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, and Department of Internal Medicine, Tzu-Chji General Hospital, Hua-lien, Taiwan
| | - See-Tong Pang
- Division of Uro-oncology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Keng Chuang
- Division of Uro-oncology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Kuei Liao
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Vectorite Biomedica Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Yuan J, Liu S, Yu Q, Lin Y, Bi Y, Wang Y, An R. Down-regulation of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:470-4. [PMID: 23245688 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins that have been reported to be down-regulated in multiple types of human malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). However, only one study has investigated its prognostic value in CCRCC. In the present study, HLA-I protein expression was analyzed in 120 archived, paraffin-embedded CCRCC samples and 10 adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between HLA-I expression and clinicopathological factors was evaluated by the χ(2) test. Patients' overall survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. HLA-I down-regulation was observed in 38.3% (46/120) of renal tumor samples, but only in 10% (1/10) of adjacent normal tissues. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of HLA-I expression with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and Fuhrman grade. Patients with tumors displaying down-regulation of HLA-I showed significantly shorter overall survival (P=0.021, log-rank test). More importantly, multivariate analysis indicated that down-regulation of HLA-I was an independent prognostic factor for CCRCC patients (P=0.033). Overall, our data suggest that HLA-I down-regulation is associated with tumor progression and a poor prognosis in CCRCC patients, and emphasize the importance of HLA-I in natural and therapeutic immune surveillance of patients with CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Yuan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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3
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Tanaka T, Shimada T, Akiyoshi H, Shimizu J, Zheng C, Yijyun L, Mie K, Hayashi A, Kuwamura M, Hoshi F, Ohashi F. Relationship between major histocompatibility complex class I expression and prognosis in canine mammary gland tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1393-8. [PMID: 23728200 PMCID: PMC3942927 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate MHC class I expression and prognosis using tumor
tissues surgically removed from 9 dogs with mammary gland carcinomas and from 13 dogs with
complex carcinomas. We assessed MHC class I expression and its correlation with tumor
size, B2M expression, infiltration of lymphocytes, histological grade and prognosis.
Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were histologically graded using the Elston and
Ellis grading method. MHC class I expression on tumor cells was evaluated using the
avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. Loss of MHC class I expression from canine
mammary gland carcinomas was significantly correlated with poor prognosis
(P<0.05). Loss of MHC class I expression showed no association with
poor prognosis in canine mammary gland complex carcinomas, because the data were not
balanced. Only 1 of 13 (7.6%) canine mammary gland complex carcinomas showed loss of MHC
class I expression. All 13 of these dogs showed good prognosis. Thus, the low frequency of
MHC class I expression loss from canine mammary gland complex carcinomas may be associated
with good prognosis. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of MHC class I
expression may be associated with poor prognosis in canine mammary gland carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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4
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Ikegame K, Kaida K, Lakoma L, Ishii S, Inoue T, Kato R, Soma T, Okada M, Ogawa H. Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for lymphoma with monosomy of chromosome 6 (loss of heterozygosity in the HLA region) — Who should be a donor? Transpl Immunol 2012; 27:162-5. [PMID: 23000337 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Bernal M, Ruiz-Cabello F, Concha A, Paschen A, Garrido F. Implication of the β2-microglobulin gene in the generation of tumor escape phenotypes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1359-71. [PMID: 22833104 PMCID: PMC11029609 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Classical MHC molecules present processed peptides from endogenous protein antigens on the cell surface, which allows CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to recognize and respond to the abnormal antigen repertoire of hazardous cells, including tumor cells. The light chain, β2-microglobulin (β2m), is an essential constant component of all trimeric MHC class I molecules. There is convincing evidence that β2m deficiency generates immune escape phenotypes in different tumor entities, with an exceptionally high frequency in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and melanoma. Damage of a single β2m gene by LOH on chromosome 15 may be sufficient to generate a tumor cell precommitted to escape. In addition, this genetic lesion is followed in some tumors by a mutation of the second gene (point mutation or insertion/deletion), which produces a tumor cell unable to express any HLA class I molecule. The pattern of mutations found in microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinoma (MSI-H CRC) and melanoma showed a striking similarity, namely the predominance of frameshift mutations in repetitive CT elements. This review emphasizes common but also distinct molecular mechanisms of β2m loss in both tumor types. It also summarizes recent studies that point to an acquired β2m deficiency in response to cancer immunotherapy, a barrier to successful vaccination or adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Concha
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatologie, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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del Campo AB, Carretero J, Aptsiauri N, Garrido F. Targeting HLA class I expression to increase tumor immunogenicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:147-54. [PMID: 22309256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between the host immune system and growing cancer has been of central interest to the field of tumor immunology over the past years. Recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by self-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class I-restricted CD8+ T cells is a main feature in the detection and destruction of malignant cells. The discovery and molecular characterization of TAA has changed the field of cancer treatment and introduced a new era of cancer immunotherapy aimed at increasing tumor immunogenicity and T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Unfortunately, while these new protocols of cancer immunotherapy are mediating induction of tumor-specific T lymphocytes in patients with certain malignancies, they have not yet delivered substantial clinical benefits, such as induction of tumor regression or increased disease-free survival. It has become apparent that lack of tumor rejection is the result of immune selection and escape by tumor cells that develop low immunogenic phenotypes. Substantial experimental data support the existence of a variety of different mechanisms involved in the tumor escape phase, including loss or downregulation of HLA class I antigens. These alterations could be caused by regulatory ('soft') or by structural/irreversible ('hard') defects. On the basis of the evidence obtained from experimental mouse cancer models and metastatic human tumors, the structural defects underlying HLA class I loss may have profound implications on T-cell-mediated tumor rejection and ultimately on the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Strategies to overcome this obstacle, including gene therapy to recover normal expression of HLA class I genes, require consideration. In this review, we outline the importance of monitoring and correction of HLA class I alterations during cancer development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B del Campo
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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7
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Schlom J. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: current status and moving forward. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:599-613. [PMID: 22395641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, a wide spectrum of other cancer vaccine platforms that target a diverse range of tumor-associated antigens is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II and phase III trials. The profound influence of the tumor microenvironment and other immunosuppressive entities, however, can limit the effectiveness of these vaccines. Numerous strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically to counteract these immunosuppressive entities, including the combined use of vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, certain chemotherapeutics, small-molecule targeted therapies, and radiation. The potential influence of the appropriate patient population and clinical trial endpoint in vaccine therapy studies is discussed, as well as the potential importance of biomarkers in future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Shrestha D, Szöllosi J, Jenei A. Bare lymphocyte syndrome: an opportunity to discover our immune system. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:147-57. [PMID: 22027563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder manifested by the partial or complete disappearance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins from the surface of the cells. Based on this specific feature, it is categorized into three different types depending on which type of MHC protein is affected. These proteins are mainly involved in generating the effective immune responses by differentiating 'self' from 'non-self' antigens through a process referred to as antigen presentation. Investigations on BLS have immensely contributed to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of these molecules and have led to the discovery of several important proteins of the antigen presentation pathway. Reviews on this subject consistently project type II BLS, MHC II deficiency as BLS syndrome, although literatures' document cases of other types of BLS too. Therefore, in this article, we have assembled information on the BLS syndrome to produce a systematic narration while emphasizing the importance of BLS system in studying various aspects of immune biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Shrestha
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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Induction of metastatic cancer stem cells from the NK/LAK-resistant floating, but not adherent, subset of the UP-LN1 carcinoma cell line by IFN-γ. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1502-13. [PMID: 21691263 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As an advanced status of cancer stem cells (CSCs), metastatic CSCs (mCSCs) have been proposed to be the essential seeds that initiate tumor metastasis. However, the biology of mCSCs is poorly understood. In this study, we used a lymph node (LN) metastatic CEA-producing carcinoma cell line, UP-LN1, characterized by the persistent appearance of adherent (A) and floating (F) cells in culture, to determine the distribution of CSCs and mechanisms for the induction of mCSCs. F and A cells displayed distinct phenotypes, CD44(high)/CD24(low) and CD44(low)/CD24(high), respectively. The CSC-rich nature of F cells was typified by stronger expression of multiple drug resistance genes and a 7.8-fold higher frequency of tumor-initiating cells in NOD/SCID mice when compared with A cells. F cells showed a greater depression in HLA class I expression and an extreme resistance to NK/LAK-mediated cytolysis. Moreover, the NK/LAK-resistant F cells were highly susceptible to IFN-γ-mediated induction of surface CXCR4, with concomitant downregulation of cytoplasmic CXCL12 expression, whereas these two parameters remained essentially unchanged in NK/LAK-sensitive A cells. Following the induction of surface CXCR4, enhanced migratory/invasive potential of F cells was demonstrated by in vitro assays. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed the two distinct phenotypes of F and A cells could be correspondingly identified in monodispersed and compact tumor cell areas within the patient's LN tumor lesion. In response to IFN-γ or activated NK/LAK cells, the CXCR4(+) mCSCs could be only induced from the CSCs, which were harbored in the highly tumorigenic CD44(high)/CD24(low) F subset. Our results revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC of this cell line/tumor and the differential immunomodulatory roles of F and A cells. A better understanding of the interactions among different classes of CSCs and their niches may assist us in eradicating the CSCs/mCSCs through targeted immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or both.
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Garrido F, Cabrera T, Aptsiauri N. "Hard" and "soft" lesions underlying the HLA class I alterations in cancer cells: implications for immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:249-56. [PMID: 20178101 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to escape from the natural or immunotherapy-induced antitumor immune response is often associated with alterations in the tumor cell surface expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I antigens. Considerable knowledge has been gained on the prevalence of various patterns of MHC Class I defects and the underlying molecular mechanisms in different types of cancer. In contrast, few data are available on the changes in MHC Class I expression happening during the course of cancer immunotherapy. We have recently proposed that the progression or regression of a tumor lesion in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy could be predetermined by the molecular mechanism responsible for the MHC Class I alteration and not by the type of immunotherapy used, i.e., interleukin-2 (IL-2), Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG), interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), peptides alone, dendritic cells loaded with peptides, protein-bound polysaccharide etc. If the molecular alteration responsible for the changes in MHC Class I expression is reversible by cytokines ("soft" lesion), the MHC Class I expression will be upregulated, the specific T cell-mediated response will increase and the lesion will regress. However, if the molecular defect is structural ("hard" lesion), the MHC Class I expression will remain low, the escape mechanism will prevail and the primary tumor or the metastatic lesion will progress. According to this idea, the nature of the preexisting MHC Class I lesion in the cancer cell has a crucial impact determining the final outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In this article, we discuss the importance of these two types of molecular mechanisms of MHC Class I-altered expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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