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Noli Truant S, Redolfi DM, Sarratea MB, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110800. [PMID: 36422975 PMCID: PMC9692936 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a wide family of bacterial exotoxins with the capacity to activate as much as 20% of the host T cells, which is why they were called superantigens. Superantigens (SAgs) can cause multiple diseases in humans and cattle, ranging from mild to life-threatening infections. Almost all S. aureus isolates encode at least one of these toxins, though there is no complete knowledge about how their production is triggered. One of the main problems with the available evidence for these toxins is that most studies have been conducted with a few superantigens; however, the resulting characteristics are attributed to the whole group. Although these toxins share homology and a two-domain structure organization, the similarity ratio varies from 20 to 89% among different SAgs, implying wide heterogeneity. Furthermore, every attempt to structurally classify these proteins has failed to answer differential biological functionalities. Taking these concerns into account, it might not be appropriate to extrapolate all the information that is currently available to every staphylococcal SAg. Here, we aimed to gather the available information about all staphylococcal SAgs, considering their functions and pathogenicity, their ability to interact with the immune system as well as their capacity to be used as immunotherapeutic agents, resembling the two faces of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
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Hu DL, Li S, Fang R, Ono HK. Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStaphylococcal superantigen (SAg) toxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, which is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired infections in humans and various diseases in animals. Recently, SAg toxins have become a superfamily with 29 types, including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) with emetic activity, SE-like toxins (SEls) that do not induce emesis in primate models or have yet not been tested, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). SEs and SEls can be subdivided into classical types (SEA to SEE) and novel types (SEG to SElY, SE01, SE02, SEl26 and SEl27). The genes of SAg toxins are located in diverse accessory genetic elements and share certain structural and biological properties. SAg toxins are heat-stable proteins that exhibit pyrogenicity, superantigenicity and capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin in humans and animals. They have multiple pathogenicities that can interfere with normal immune function of host, increase the chances of survival and transmission of pathogenic bacteria in host, consequently contribute to the occurrence and development of various infections, persistent infections or food poisoning. This review focuses on the following aspects of SAg toxins: (1) superfamily members of classic and novelty discovered staphylococcal SAgs; (2) diversity of gene locations and molecular structural characteristics; (3) biological characteristics and activities; (4) multi-pathogenicity of SAgs in animal and human diseases, including bovine mastitis, swine sepsis, abscesses and skin edema in pig, arthritis and septicemia in poultry, and nosocomial infections and food-borne diseases in humans.
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Ramanathan R, Choudry H, Jones H, Girgis M, Gooding W, Kalinski P, Bartlett DL. Phase II Trial of Adjuvant Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Combination with Celecoxib, Interferon-α, and Rintatolimod in Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:4637-4646. [PMID: 33400000 PMCID: PMC7784622 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal metastases portend poor prognosis in the setting of standard chemotherapy. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) improves outcomes, but relapse is common. We report a phase II trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of adjuvant αDC1 vaccination with chemokine modulation (CKM) after CRS/HIPEC. METHODS Patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for appendiceal cancer, colorectal cancer, or peritoneal mesothelioma were enrolled. In addition to standard adjuvant chemotherapy, patients received intranodal and intradermal injections of autologous tumor-loaded αDC1 vaccine. After each vaccine booster, patients received CKM over 4 days, consisting of celecoxib, interferon (IFN)-α, and rintatolimod. RESULTS Forty-six patients underwent CRS/HIPEC followed by αDC1 treatment, including 24 appendiceal primaries, 20 colorectal, and 2 mesotheliomas. DC maturation was successful, with 97% expressing HLA-DR and CD86. Tumor cell recovery from peritoneal tumors was challenging, resulting in only 17% of patients receiving the target dose of αDC1. The αDC1 and CKM regimen was well tolerated. CKM successfully modulated serum inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels. Median progression-free survival (PFS) for appendiceal primaries was 50.4, 34.2, and 8.9 months for grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors, respectively, while median PFS for colorectal cancer was 20.5 and 8.9 months for moderately and poorly differentiated tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant autologous tumor antigen-loaded αDC1 vaccine and CKM is well tolerated. The mucinous nature of peritoneal metastases limits the feasibility of obtaining adequate autologous tumor cells. The improvement in median PFS did not meet our predefined thresholds, leading us to conclude that αDC1 vaccination is not appropriate for patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramanathan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Haroon Choudry
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather Jones
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark Girgis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Gooding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, AHN Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Dendritic Cells Internalize Staphylococcus aureus More Efficiently than Staphylococcus epidermidis, but Do Not Differ in Induction of Antigen-Specific T Cell Proliferation. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010019. [PMID: 31861881 PMCID: PMC7022728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are related species which can cause predominantly acute and subacute infections, respectively. Differences in human adaptive immune responses to these two species are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) have an important role in the control and regulation of anti-staphylococcal T cell responses. Therefore, we aimed to compare the ability of S. aureus and S. epidermidis to influence the essential steps in human DC activation and subsequent antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Using multiple strains of both species, we observed that S. aureus was internalized more effectively than S. epidermidis by DCs but that both species were equally potent in activating these host cells, as evidenced by similar induction of DC maturation marker expression and antigen loading onto MHC-II molecules. The DCs stimulated by S. aureus strains not harboring superantigen (SAg) genes or by any of the S. epidermidis strains, induced low, likely physiological levels of T cell proliferation. Only DCs stimulated with S. aureus strains harboring SAg genes induced high levels of T cell proliferation. Taken together, S. aureus and S. epidermidis do not differently affect DC activation and ensuing antigen-specific T cell proliferation, unless a strain has the capacity to produce SAgs.
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Wang J, Chen HJ, Hang T, Yu Y, Liu G, He G, Xiao S, Yang BR, Yang C, Liu F, Tao J, Wu MX, Xie X. Physical activation of innate immunity by spiky particles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1078-1086. [PMID: 30374159 PMCID: PMC7432992 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biochemicals have been indicated as the primary stimulators of innate immunity, the first line of the body's defence against infections. However, the influence of topological features on a microbe's surface on immune responses remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate the ability of TiO2 microparticles decorated with nanospikes (spiky particles) to activate and amplify the immune response in vitro and in vivo. The nanospikes exert mechanical stress on the cells, which results in potassium efflux and inflammasome activation in macrophages and dendritic cells during phagocytosis. The spiky particles augment antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the presence of monophosphoryl lipid A and elicit protective immunity against tumour growth and influenza viral infection. The study offers insights into how surface physical cues can tune the activation of innate immunity and provides a basis for engineering particles with increased immunogenicity and adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guishi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengduan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanmao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Salem ML, El-Naggar SA, Mahmoud HA, Elgharabawy RM, Bader AM. Cyclophosphamide eradicates murine immunogenic tumor coding for a non-self-antigen and induces antitumor immunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:2058738418796591. [PMID: 30270681 PMCID: PMC6168726 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418796591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of cancers respond to chemotherapy, most cancer types relapse, at least in part, due to the poor immunogenicity of most tumor. We have reported before that treatment of tumor bearing mice with a combination of the anti-cancer chemotherapy cyclophosphamide (CTX) and immunotherapy can result in complete tumor regression using T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells specific to antigens. This study aimed to determine whether chemotherapy can cure immunogenic tumor which expresses non-self-tumor antigen and result in antitumor immunity. Either EL4 cell line, a poorly immunogenic thymoma, or EG7, a clone of EL4 cells transfected with ovalbumin (OVA), as a non-self-antigen were inoculated subcutaneously into wild type or splenectomized C57BL/6 mice and then treated once with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 4 mg CTX/mouse. In certain experiments, the mice were rechallenged with the same tumor type 1-2 months after the primary challenge. Treatment of EL4 bearing mice with CTX induced transient antitumor effect followed by tumor progression. Interestingly, however, treatment of EG7-bearing mice with CTX resulted in regression of early and advanced tumors. EG7 tumor-free mice rejected the second and the third challenges with EG7 cells, but not with challenge EL4 cells. These antitumor effects did not require spleen, since splenectomized mice showed similar antitumor effects of CTX on EG7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that expression of non-self-antigen by poorly immunogenic tumor might be a reliable means to increase its immunogenicity and its response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Unit,
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research,
New Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Mohamed L Salem, Immunology and
Biotechnology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University,
Tanta, Egypt. ;
| | - Sabry A El-Naggar
- Immunology and Biotechnology Unit,
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research,
New Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology, College of
Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M Elgharabawy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Abeer M Bader
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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7
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In Silico Analyses of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B as a DNA Vaccine for Cancer Therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Si SY, Liu JL, Liu JL, Xu BX, Li JZ, Qin YY, Song SJ. Recombinant adenovirus of SEA and CD80 genes driven by MMRE and mouse TERT promoter induce effective antitumor immune responses against different types of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3037-3045. [PMID: 28393253 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) is a powerful immunostimulant and can stimulate T cells bearing certain T-cell receptor β-chain variable regions when bound to major histocompatibility complex II molecules. SEA is widely used in research of antitumor therapy. The low affinity T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction with SEA in the absence of MHC class II antigens is sufficient for the induction of cytotoxicity but requires additional CD28/B7 signaling to result in proliferation of resting T cells. In this study, we constructed recombinant adenovirus (named as Ad-MMRE-mTERT-BIS) carrying membrane-expressing SEA (named as SEAtm) and CD80 driven by Myc-Max response elements (MMRE) and mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) promoter to reduce toxicity and to improve safety and efficiency. We demonstrated that Ad-MMRE-mTERT-BIS could make SEAtm and CD80 to co-express highly on the surface of Hepa1-6 and B16 cells, at low level on the surface of CT26 cells, but not in NIH3T3. Hepa1-6 and B16 cells infected by the recombinant adenovirus induced proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased cytokine [interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ] production in vitro. Intratumoral injection of Ad-MMRE-mTERT-BIS in hepatoma and melanoma mouse models induced tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells in the spleen. Moreover, hepatoma and melanoma xenografts were suppressed by treatment with Ad-MMRE-mTERT-BIS and the survival time of treated mice was prolonged. These findings suggest that recombinant adenovirus of SEA and CD80 genes driven by mTERT promoter could induce effective antitumor immune responses against different kinds of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Si
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Lian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Xin Xu
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Li
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ya Qin
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Jun Song
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Tian X, Jiang S, Ren X, Liu F, Yang J, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Umbilical cord blood-derived dendritic cells infected by adenovirus for SP17 expression induce antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells against NSCLC cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Shubina IZ, Akhmatova NK, Donenko FV, Kiselevskii MV. Experimental evaluation of combined immunotherapy for tumors. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:620-2. [PMID: 25257426 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The minimal vaccination dose of tumor cells was determined on experimental models. The effectiveness of antitumor immunotherapy with activated natural killer cells or dendritic cell vaccine (monotherapy or combined treatment) was evaluated in vivo. The inhibition of tumor growth was more pronounced after combination therapy with activated natural killer cells and dendritic cell-based vaccine. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of antitumor immunotherapy increases in simultaneous modulation of both immune components (innate and adaptive immunity).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zh Shubina
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia,
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11
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Kim JJ, Hwang YH, Kang KY, Kim I, Kim JB, Park JH, Yoo YC, Yee ST. Enhanced dendritic cell maturation by the B-chain of Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-B), a novel TLR4 agonist. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 24859056 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) is composed of A and B sub-chains. The B-chain binds to cell surfaces, whereas the A-chain hinders translation because it is a RIP (ribosome inactivating protein) inducing apoptosis. Although KML has various biological and immunological activities, its potential use in cancer therapy or as an adjuvant therapy is limited by its toxicity to normal cells. This study was conducted to determine whether the B-chain of KML (KML-B) has immunoadjuvant activity and cytotoxicity activity. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of B chain KML, in vitro experiments employing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were performed. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique group of white blood cells that are able to capture and process antigens for presentation to T cells, which constitute primary immune response. In the present study, KML-B was found to be non-cytotoxic to BMDCs. Furthermore, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II) and the secretions of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) were increased in BMDCs by KML-B. In addition, other indicators (antigen-uptake and CCR7 expression) of BMDC maturation were changed by KML-B, and the ability of KML-B to enhance various functions by BMDCs was found to be dependent on TLR4 expression. Moreover, BMDCs matured by KML-B induced naïve CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward Th1 cells directly and indirectly. These experiments confirm that KML-B exhibits potent immunomodulatory properties and suggest that KML-B be considered a potential dendritic cell-based cancer therapy and immunoadjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbo Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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SEA antagonizes the imatinib-meditated inhibitory effects on T cell activation via the TCR signaling pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:682010. [PMID: 24524084 PMCID: PMC3909973 DOI: 10.1155/2014/682010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib is highly effective in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, long-term imatinib treatment induces immunosuppression, which is mainly due to T cell dysfunction. Imatinib can reduce TCR-triggered T cell activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases such as Lck, ZAP70, LAT, and PLCγ1 early in the TCR signaling pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the superantigen SEA, a potent T cell stimulator, can block the immunosuppressive effects of imatinib on T cells. Our data show that the exposure of primary human T cells and Jurkat cells to SEA for 24 h leads to the upregulation of the Lck and ZAP70 proteins in a dose-dependent manner. T cells treated with SEA prior to TCR binding had increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of Lck, ZAP70, and PLCγ1. Pretreatment with SEA prevents the inhibitory effects of imatinib on TCR signaling, which leads to T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. It is conceivable that SEA antagonizes the imatinib-mediated inhibition of T cell activation and proliferation through the TCR signaling pathway.
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13
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Kim JJ, Nam JP, Nah JW, Jang MK, Yee ST. Immunoadjuvant Efficacy of N-Carboxymethyl Chitosan for Vaccination via Dendritic Cell Activation. J Med Food 2014; 17:268-77. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Joung-Pyo Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Woon Nah
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
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14
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Ganem MB, De Marzi MC, Fernández-Lynch MJ, Jancic C, Vermeulen M, Geffner J, Mariuzza RA, Fernández MM, Malchiodi EL. Uptake and intracellular trafficking of superantigens in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66244. [PMID: 23799083 PMCID: PMC3682983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (SAgs) are exotoxins produced mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that can cause toxic shock syndrome (TSS). According to current paradigm, SAgs interact directly and simultaneously with T cell receptor (TCR) on the T cell and MHC class II (MHC-II) on the antigen-presenting cell (APC), thereby circumventing intracellular processing to trigger T cell activation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that coat nearly all body surfaces and are the most probable candidate to interact with SAgs. We demonstrate that SAgs are taken up by mouse DCs without triggering DC maturation. SAgs were found in intracellular acidic compartment of DCs as biologically active molecules. Moreover, SAgs co-localized with EEA1, RAB-7 and LAMP-2, at different times, and were then recycled to the cell membrane. DCs loaded with SAgs are capable of triggering in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and, injected into mice, stimulate T cells bearing the proper TCR in draining lymph nodes. Transportation and trafficking of SAgs in DCs might increase the local concentration of these exotoxins where they will produce the highest effect by promoting their encounter with both MHC-II and TCR in lymph nodes, and may explain how just a few SAg molecules can induce the severe pathology associated with TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Ganem
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C. De Marzi
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J. Fernández-Lynch
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Jancic
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marisa M. Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio L. Malchiodi
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Li X, Su Z, Zhang C. SEC2-induced superantigen and antitumor activity is regulated through calcineurin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9695-703. [PMID: 23435984 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Once the TCR-SAg-MHC II ternary complex is established, it triggers a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways, which provoke extreme responses in the immune system. However, the signaling events that involved in SAg-induced immune activation are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the Ca(2+)/calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway was involved in SEC2-induced immune activation, and selective blockade of CaN by its inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) can completely inhibited the SEC2-induced T-cell stimulating potency. In addition, we selected an engineered SEC2 mutant named SAM-1 based on a series of biological activity tests, and our further studies on it not only confirmed that the CaN activity and gene transcription of its key substrates were proportional to the SEC2/SAM-1-induced T-cell stimulating potency, but also suggested that intensified Ca(2+)/CaN/NFAT signaling transduction induced by SAM-1 resulted in enhanced T-cell stimulating potency, production of cytokines and cytotoxicity, which finally elicit the improved antitumor activity of SAM-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liu
- Institute of Applied of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.72 Wenhua Road Shenhe Dis, P.O. Box 417, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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16
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Teramoto K, Ohshio Y, Fujita T, Hanaoka J, Kontani K. Simultaneous activation of T helper function can augment the potency of dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:861-70. [PMID: 23411688 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simultaneous activation of T helper 1 (Th1) cell function has crucial roles in induction of potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we investigated whether dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines loaded with both tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-derived MHC class I and pan-MHC class II peptides could elicit more potent CTL responses through simultaneous activation of Th1 function and reduction in CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation. METHODS C57BL/6 mice bearing LLC1, a mouse Lewis lung cancer cell line, were subcutaneously administered DCs loaded with both LLC-derived MHC class I (MUT1&2) and LLC-unrelated pan-MHC class II (PADRE) peptides (DC-MUT1&2-PADRE). In assays using samples from advanced lung cancer patients, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with autologous DCs loaded with both MUC1 MHC class I and PADRE peptides (DC-MUC1-PADRE) in vitro. Subsequently, TAA-specific CTL responses and the population of CD4(+) Treg cells were analyzed. RESULTS The population of spleen CD4(+) PADRE-specific cells producing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) was significantly increased by DC-MUT1&2-PADRE administration. Vaccinations with DC-MUT1&2-PADRE decreased the population of CD4(+) Treg cells in spleen and augmented CTL responses, effectively leading to suppression of tumor growth. In assays with human samples, CD4(+) Treg cells were induced less frequently, and MUC1-specific cytotoxicity was enhanced by stimulation with DC-MUC1-PADRE compared with that by stimulation with DC-MUC1 alone. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous activation of Th1 function by DCs loaded with both TAA-derived MHC class I and PADRE peptides augments TAA-specific CTL responses while reducing Treg cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Teramoto
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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17
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Chowdhary VR, Tilahun AY, Clark CR, Grande JP, Rajagopalan G. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal superantigen elicits a systemic inflammatory disease mimicking lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2054-62. [PMID: 22798666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nasal and skin colonization with superantigen (SAg)-producing Staphylococcus aureus is well documented in humans. Given that trans-mucosal and trans-cutaneous absorption of SAgs can occur, we determined whether chronic exposure to small amounts of SAg per se could activate autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and precipitate any autoimmune disease without further external autoantigenic stimulation. Because HLA class II molecules present SAg more efficiently than do mouse MHC class II molecules, HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice were implanted s.c. with mini-osmotic pumps capable of continuously delivering the SAg, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (total of 10 μg/mouse), or PBS over 4 wk. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B resulted in a multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease with features similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of lungs, liver, and kidneys, accompanied by the production of anti-nuclear Abs and deposition of immune complexes in the renal glomeruli. The inflammatory infiltrates in various organs predominantly consisted of CD4(+) T cells bearing TCR Vβ8. The extent of immunopathology was markedly reduced in mice lacking CD4(+) T cells and CD28, indicating that the disease is CD4(+) T cell mediated and CD28 dependent. The absence of disease in STAT4-deficient, as well as IFN-γ-deficient, HLA-DQ8 mice suggested the pathogenic role of Th1-type cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ. In conclusion, our study suggests that chronic exposure to extremely small amounts of bacterial SAg could be an etiological factor for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi R Chowdhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Dasanu CA, Sethi N, Ahmed N. Immune alterations and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches in lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:923-37. [PMID: 22559147 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.685715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subjects with lung cancer were shown to present a variety of immune abnormalities including cellular immune dysfunction, cytokine alterations, and antigen presentation defects. As discouraging results are commonly seen with the existing therapies in lung cancer, more innovative treatment strategies are needed. AREAS COVERED The authors review comprehensively the immune abnormalities in individuals with lung cancer, describe the lung cancer immunotherapy candidates that are most advanced in their clinical development, and summarize recent data from clinical trials of these agents. EXPERT OPINION Enhancing the immune system represents an appealing avenue for lung cancer therapy. Several immunomodulating agents have activity in this regard including ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against the CTLA-4, and talactoferrin, a dendritic cell activator. In addition, a significant activity was shown with belagenpumatucel-L, a whole-cell-based vaccine that blocks the action of TGF-β2. Other promising vaccines are protein-specific vaccines against tumor antigens such as MAGE-A3, EGF, and MUC1. Although some of these immunotherapies may have lackluster performance as single agents in advanced disease, more impressive results are seen in combination with chemotherapy agents. Given their proven activity in lung cancer, these immunotherapies may soon become a powerful addition to the oncologist's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin A Dasanu
- St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Blood Disorders, Gothic Park, 43 Woodland Street, Suite G-80, Hartford, CT 06105, USA.
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Kono M, Nakamura Y, Suda T, Uchijima M, Tsujimura K, Nagata T, Giermasz AS, Kalinski P, Nakamura H, Chida K. Enhancement of protective immunity against intracellular bacteria using type-1 polarized dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:2633-9. [PMID: 22365841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccine strategies for intracellular bacteria, including tuberculosis, is one of the major frontiers of medical research. Our previous studies showed that dendritic cell (DC) vaccine is a promising approach for eliciting protective immunity against intracellular bacteria. However, it has been reported that standard fully mature DCs show reduced ability to produce IL-12p70 upon subsequent interaction with antigen (Ag)-specific T cells, limiting their in vivo performance for vaccines. Recently, we found that such "DC exhaustion" could be prevented by the presence of IL-4 and IFN-γ during the maturation of mouse DCs (type-1 polarization), resulting in improved induction of anti-tumor immunity in cancer. Here we show that such type-1 polarized DCs promote dramatic enhancement of protective immunity against an intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs were cultured and matured with LPS, IL-4 and IFN-γ (type-1 polarized DCs), and with LPS alone (non-polarized DCs). DCs were loaded with listeriolysin O (LLO) 91-99, H2-K(d)-restricted epitope of L. monocytogenes, and were injected into naïve BALB/c mice intravenously. Type-1 polarized DCs produced significantly higher levels of IL-12p70 than non-polarized DCs in vitro, and this vaccine strongly enhanced LLO 91-99-specific CD8(+) T cells exhibiting epitope-specific cytotoxic activity and IFN-γ production, leading to significant induction of protective immunity against L. monocytogenes. Type-1 polarized DCs are potential candidates for enhancing protective immunity in the design of effective vaccination strategies against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kono
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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