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Kuen DS, Hong J, Lee S, Koh CH, Kwak M, Kim BS, Jung M, Kim YJ, Cho BS, Kim BS, Chung Y. A Personalized Cancer Vaccine that Induces Synergistic Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303080. [PMID: 37249019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate potent efficacy, a cancer vaccine needs to activate both innate and adaptive immune cells. Personalized cancer vaccine strategies often require the identification of patient-specific neoantigens; however, the clonal and mutational heterogeneity of cancer cells presents inherent challenges. Here, extracellular nanovesicles derived from alpha-galactosylceramide-conjugated autologous acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells (ECNV-αGC) are presented as a personalized therapeutic vaccine that activates both innate and adaptive immune responses, bypassing the need to identify patient-specific neoantigens. ECNV-αGC vaccination directly engages with and activates both invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and leukemia-specific CD8+ T cells in mice with AML, thereby promoting long-term anti-leukemic immune memory. ECNV-αGC sufficiently serves as an antigen-presenting platform that can directly activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells even in the absence of dendritic cells, thereby demonstrating a multifaceted cellular mechanism of immune activation. Moreover, ECNV-αGC vaccination results in a significantly lower AML burden and higher percentage of leukemia-free survivors among cytarabine-treated hosts with AML. Human AML-derived ECNV-αGCs activate iNKT cells in both healthy individuals and patients with AML regardless of responsiveness to conventional therapies. Together, autologous AML-derived ECNV-αGCs may be a promising personalized therapeutic vaccine that efficiently establishes AML-specific long-term immunity without requiring the identification of neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Sol Kuen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hong
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwak
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 22012, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mungyo Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sik Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 22012, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, BioMAX, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chen M, Fu M, Gong M, Gao Y, Wang A, Zhao W, Wu X, Wang H. Twenty-four-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for minimal residual disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230745. [PMID: 37533738 PMCID: PMC10390751 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Full spectrum flow cytometry brings a breakthrough for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We aimed to explore the role of a new panel in MRD detection. We established a 24-color full-spectrum flow cytometry panel. A tube of 24-color antibodies included CD45, CD117, CD34, HLA-DR, CD15, CD64, CD14, CD11c, CD11b, CD13, CD33, CD371, CD7, CD56, CD19, CD4, CD2, CD123, CD200, CD38, CD96, CD71, CD36, and CD9. We discovered that when a tube meets 26 parameters (24 colors), these markers were not only limited to the observation of MRD in AML, but also could be used for fine clustering of bone marrow cells. Mast cells, basophils, myeloid dendritic cells, and plasmacoid dendritic cells were more clearly observed. In addition, immune checkpoint CD96 had the higher expression in CD117+ myeloid naive cells and CD56dimNK cells, while had the lower expression in CD56briNK cells in AML-MRD samples than in normal bone marrow samples. CD200 expression was remarkably enhanced in CD117+ myeloid naive cells, CD4+ T cells, T cells, activated T cells, CD56dimNK cells, and CD56briNK cells in AML-MRD samples. Our results can be used as important basis for auxiliary diagnosis, prognosis judgment, treatment guidance, and immune regulation in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Sanhe, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Minjing Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ludaopei Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meiwei Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Sanhe, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Yajing Gao
- Cytek (Shanghai) BioSciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Aixian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Sanhe, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing Ludaopei Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Sanhe, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Sanhe, Langfang, Hebei, China
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3
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Antigenic Targets for the Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020134. [PMID: 30678059 PMCID: PMC6406328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising approaches to preventing relapse is the stimulation of the body’s own immune system to kill residual cancer cells after conventional therapy has destroyed the bulk of the tumour. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), the high frequency with which patients achieve first remission, and the diffuse nature of the disease throughout the periphery, makes immunotherapy particularly appealing following induction and consolidation therapy, using chemotherapy, and where possible stem cell transplantation. Immunotherapy could be used to remove residual disease, including leukaemic stem cells from the farthest recesses of the body, reducing, if not eliminating, the prospect of relapse. The identification of novel antigens that exist at disease presentation and can act as targets for immunotherapy have also proved useful in helping us to gain a better understand of the biology that belies AML. It appears that there is an additional function of leukaemia associated antigens as biomarkers of disease state and survival. Here, we discuss these findings.
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Kommalapati A, Tella SH, Ganti AK, Armitage JO. Natural Killer/T-cell Neoplasms: Analysis of Incidence, Patient Characteristics, and Survival Outcomes in the United States. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:475-479. [PMID: 29752210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available regarding the incidence, survival patterns, and long-term outcomes of natural killer (NK)/T-cell neoplasms in the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with NK/T-cell neoplasms diagnosed from 2001 to 2014 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival difference among the subgroups. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the factors affecting survival. RESULTS For the 797 patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, the median age at diagnosis was 53 years, and males tended to be younger at diagnosis (P < .0001). The incidence of the disease increased from 0.4 in 2001 to 0.8 in 2014 per 1,000,000 individuals. The incidence was significantly greater in Hispanic patients compared with that in non-Hispanic patients (rate ratio, 3.03; P = .0001). The median overall survival was 20 months (range, 2-73 months) and varied significantly according to the primary site (P < .0001) and the disease stage at diagnosis (P < .0001). NK/T-cell lymphoma patients had an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (standardized incidence ratio, 18.77; 95% confidence interval, 2.27-67.81). For the 105 NK/T-cell leukemia patients, the median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range, 4-95 years). The overall incidence of the disease was 0.09 per 1,000,000 individuals and was significantly greater in males (rate ratio, 0.41; P < .0001). Unlike NK/T-cell lymphoma, no racial disparities were found in the incidence. The median overall survival was 17 months (range, 0-36 months). CONCLUSION The incidence of NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in the United States has at least doubled in the past decade, with the greatest predilection among Hispanics. Patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma might have an increased risk of the subsequent development of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuhya Kommalapati
- Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC.
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Apar Kishore Ganti
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE; Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - James O Armitage
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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5
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Galati D, Zanotta S. Hematologic neoplasms: Dendritic cells vaccines in motion. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:181-190. [PMID: 28870867 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone-marrow-derived immune cells accounted for a key role in cancer vaccination as potent antigen-presenting cells within the immune system. Cancer microenvironment can modulate DCs maturation resulting in their accumulation into functional states associated with a reduced antitumor immune response. In this regard, a successful cancer vaccine needs to mount a potent antitumor immune response able to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. As a consequence, DCs-based approaches are a safe and promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy in hematological malignancies, particularly in combinations with additional treatments. This review summarizes the most significant evidence about the immunotherapeutic strategies performed to target hematologic neoplasms including the tumoral associated antigens (TAA) pulsed on DCs, whole tumor cell vaccines or leukemia-derived DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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6
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Generating Peripheral Blood Derived Lymphocytes Reacting Against Autologous Primary AML Blasts. J Immunother 2016; 39:71-80. [PMID: 26849076 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Expanding on our prior studies with cord blood T cells, we hypothesized that primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-reactive autologous T cells could be generated ex vivo under immunomodulatory conditions. We purified AML and T cells from 8 newly diagnosed high-risk patients. After 2 weeks expansion, T cells were stimulated with interferon-γ-treated autologous AML weekly × 3, interleukin-15, and agonistic anti-CD28 antibody. Cytotoxic T cells and ELISpot assays tested functionality; reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction tested AML and T-cell gene expression profiles. On the basis of combined positive ELIspot and cytotoxic T cells assays, T cells reactive against AML were generated in 5 of 8 patients. Treg proportion declined after cocultures in reactive T-cell samples. AML-reactive T cells displayed an activated gene expression profile. "Resistant" AML blasts displayed genes associated with immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We discuss our approach to creating primary AML-reactive autologous T cell and limitations that require further work. Our study provides a platform for future research targeting on generating autologous leukemia-reactive T cells.
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7
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Willemen Y, Van den Bergh JMJ, Lion E, Anguille S, Roelandts VAE, Van Acker HH, Heynderickx SDI, Stein BMH, Peeters M, Figdor CG, Van Tendeloo VFI, de Vries IJ, Adema GJ, Berneman ZN, Smits ELJ. Engineering monocyte-derived dendritic cells to secrete interferon-α enhances their ability to promote adaptive and innate anti-tumor immune effector functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:831-42. [PMID: 25863943 PMCID: PMC11028489 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has demonstrated potential in clinical trials as a new effective cancer treatment, but objective and durable clinical responses are confined to a minority of patients. Interferon (IFN)-α, a type-I IFN, can bolster anti-tumor immunity by restoring or increasing the function of DCs, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, type-I IFN signaling on DCs was found to be essential in mice for tumor rejection by the innate and adaptive immune system. Targeted delivery of IFN-α by DCs to immune cells could boost the generation of anti-tumor immunity, while avoiding the side effects frequently associated with systemic administration. Naturally circulating plasmacytoid DCs, major producers of type-I IFN, were already shown capable of inducing tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in cancer patients without severe toxicity, but their limited number complicates their use in cancer vaccination. In the present work, we hypothesized that engineering easily generated human monocyte-derived mature DCs to secrete IFN-α using mRNA electroporation enhances their ability to promote adaptive and innate anti-tumor immunity. Our results show that IFN-α mRNA electroporation of DCs significantly increases the stimulation of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell as well as anti-tumor NK cell effector functions in vitro through high levels of IFN-α secretion. Altogether, our findings mark IFN-α mRNA-electroporated DCs as potent inducers of both adaptive and innate anti-tumor immunity and pave the way for clinical trial evaluation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium,
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8
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Abstract
Despite longstanding efforts in basic research and clinical studies, the prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor. About half of the patients are not medically fit for intensive induction therapy to induce a complete remission and are treated with palliative treatment concepts. The patients medically fit for intensive induction therapy have a high complete remission rate but the majority suffers from relapse due to chemo-refractory leukemic cells. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation as post-remission therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of relapse, but it is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Novel therapeutic concepts are therefore urgently sought after. During recent years, the focus has shifted towards the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Some of the most promising are drug-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, T-cell engaging antibody constructs, adoptive transfer with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and dendritic cell vaccination. Here, we review recent progress in these four fields and speculate about the optimal time points during the course of AML treatment for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Lichtenegger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Immunotherapy at the Helmholtz Institute Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Immunotherapy at the Helmholtz Institute Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Köhnke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Immunotherapy at the Helmholtz Institute Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Immunotherapy at the Helmholtz Institute Munich, Munich, Germany.
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9
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An autologous leukemia cell vaccine prevents murine acute leukemia relapse after cytarabine treatment. Blood 2014; 124:2953-63. [PMID: 25237205 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-568956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemias with adverse prognostic features carry a high relapse rate without allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Allo-SCT has a high morbidity and is precluded for many patients because of advanced age or comorbidities. Postremission therapies with reduced toxicities are urgently needed. The murine acute leukemia model C1498 was used to study the efficacy of an intravenously administered vaccine consisting of irradiated leukemia cells loaded with the natural killer T (NKT)-cell agonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Prophylactically, the vaccine was highly effective at preventing leukemia development through the downstream activities of activated NKT cells, which were dependent on splenic langerin(+)CD8α(+) dendritic cells and which led to stimulation of antileukemia CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. However, hosts with established leukemia received no protective benefit from the vaccine, despite inducing NKT-cell activation. Established leukemia was associated with increases in regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the leukemic cells themselves were highly suppressive in vitro. Although this suppressive environment impaired both effector arms of the immune response, CD4(+) T-cell responses were more severely affected. When cytarabine chemotherapy was administered prior to vaccination, all animals in remission posttherapy were protected against rechallenge with viable leukemia cells.
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10
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Skaik Y, Vahlsing S, Goudeva L, Eiz-Vesper B, Battermann A, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Secreted β3-integrin enhances natural killer cell activity against acute myeloid leukemia cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98936. [PMID: 24919191 PMCID: PMC4053493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric proteins that are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Integrin diversity and function is regulated by alternative splicing. Membrane-bound and truncated β3-integrins were shown to be key players in cancer metastasis. However, the immunomodulatory functions of the soluble (s) β3-integrin have not been investigated yet. In this study, we described a novel form of sβ3-integrin in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. Furthermore, we assessed the role of the sβ3-integrin in the modulation of natural killer (NK)-cell activity. Levels of sβ3-integrin were analysed in plasma samples of 23 AML patients and 26 healthy donors by ELISA. The capacity of sβ3-integrin to regulate NK cell activity was investigated using proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity assays. Circulating sβ3-integrin was detected in the plasma of 8 AML patients. NK cells showed significantly higher proliferation rates after stimulation with sβ3-integrin and IL-2, IL-15 (73%). Significant increases in the NK cells’ secreted levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ were measured in presence of sβ3-integrin. In addition, sβ3-integrin caused the upregulation of Granzyme B transcripts levels as well as FasL expression levels in NK cells. Most importantly, significantly higher K562 or AML blast target cell lysis rates were observed when NK cells were exposed to sβ3-integrin. This study reports the identification of a novel sβ3-integrin in AML patients and provides novel insights into its role in the immunomodulation of NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Skaik
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Vahlsing
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilia Goudeva
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Battermann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constança Figueiredo
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lion E, de Winde CM, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJM. Loading of acute myeloid leukemia cells with poly(I:C) by electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:233-241. [PMID: 24619684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the technique of electroporation as an efficient method to load primary leukemic cells with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and detail on the delicate freezing and thawing procedure of primary leukemic cells.Electroporation is a non-viral gene transfer method by which short-term pores in the membrane of cells are generated by an electrical pulse, allowing molecules to enter the cell. RNA electroporation, a technique developed in our laboratory, is a widely used and versatile transfection method for efficient introduction of both coding RNA (messenger RNA) and non-coding RNA, e.g., dsRNA and small interfering (siRNA), into mammalian cells. Accurate cell processing and storage of patient material is essential for optimal recovery and quality of the cell product for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Lichtenegger FS, Schnorfeil FM, Hiddemann W, Subklewe M. Current strategies in immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:63-78. [PMID: 23256799 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia, particularly when associated with adverse chromosomal or molecular aberrations, is poor due to a high relapse rate after induction chemotherapy. Postremission therapy for elimination of minimal residual disease remains a major challenge. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has proven to provide a potent antileukemic effect. Novel strategies are needed for patients ineligible for this treatment. Here current immunotherapeutic concepts in acute myeloid leukemia in a nonallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting are reviewed. Data gathered with different monoclonal antibodies are discussed. Adoptive transfer of NK and T cells is reviewed, including evolving data on T-cell engineering. Results of systemic cytokine administration and of therapeutic vaccinations with peptides, modified leukemic cells and dendritic cells are presented. One particular focus of this review is the integration of currently running clinical trials. Recent immunotherapeutic studies have been encouraging and further interesting results are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Lichtenegger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Hall K, Scott KJ, Rose A, Desborough M, Harrington K, Pandha H, Parrish C, Vile R, Coffey M, Bowen D, Errington-Mais F, Melcher AA. Reovirus-mediated cytotoxicity and enhancement of innate immune responses against acute myeloid leukemia. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:3-15. [PMID: 23515241 PMCID: PMC3559227 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a naturally occurring oncolytic virus that has shown preclinical efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of tumor types and has now reached phase III testing in clinical trials. The anti-cancer activity of reovirus has been attributed to both its direct oncolytic activity and the enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we have investigated the direct effect of reovirus on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and its potential to enhance innate immune responses against AML, including the testing of primary samples from patients. Reovirus was found to replicate in and kill AML cell lines, and to reduce cell viability in primary AML samples. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon alpha (IFNα) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (known as RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted]) were also secreted from AML cells in response to virus treatment. In addition, reovirus-mediated activation of natural killer (NK) cells, within the context of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated their anti-leukemia response, with increased NK degranulation and IFNγ production and enhanced killing of AML targets. These data suggest that reovirus has the potential as both a direct cytotoxic and an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hall
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds, United Kingdom
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14
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Innate immune cells in liver inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:949157. [PMID: 22933833 PMCID: PMC3425885 DOI: 10.1155/2012/949157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system is the first line of defence against invading pathogens that is critical for the overall survival of the host. Human liver is characterised by a dual blood supply, with 80% of blood entering through the portal vein carrying nutrients and bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract. The liver is thus constantly exposed to antigenic loads. Therefore, pathogenic microorganism must be efficiently eliminated whilst harmless antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract need to be tolerized in the liver. In order to achieve this, the liver innate immune system is equipped with multiple cellular components; monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells which coordinate to exert tolerogenic environment at the same time detect, respond, and eliminate invading pathogens, infected or transformed self to mount immunity. This paper will discuss the innate immune cells that take part in human liver inflammation, and their roles in both resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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15
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Nourizadeh M, Masoumi F, Memarian A, Alimoghaddam K, Moazzeni SM, Hadjati J. Synergistic effect of Toll-like receptor 4 and 7/8 agonists is necessary to generate potent blast-derived dendritic cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:1193-9. [PMID: 22579107 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemic cells from AML patients can be differentiated to dendritic cells (DCs). Such DCs have potential for immunotherapy of patients. Blasts from 15 AML patients were differentiated into DCs and matured by different TLR agonists. We could generate AML-DCs from 73% of patients mostly with M4 or M5 subtypes. The DC recoveries ranged from 28% to 50%. The results showed that concomitant use of TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists induced proficient DCs. Therefore, a combination of TLR4 and 7/8 agonists can be considered as an appropriate maturation cocktail for AML-DC production in order to use in the immunotherapy of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nourizadeh
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lion E, Willemen Y, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJ. Natural killer cell immune escape in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2019-26. [PMID: 22446501 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As central players of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells can exert direct and indirect anti-tumor effects via their cytotoxic and immune regulatory capacities, pivotal in the induction of an effective adaptive anti-tumor immune response. Hence, NK cells are considered to be important in the immune surveillance of cancer. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, however, significantly impaired NK cell functions can facilitate escape from immune surveillance and affect patient outcome. Here, we review various NK cell defects and AML evasion mechanisms to escape from NK cell-mediated immune surveillance and we discuss NK cell-related parameters as prediction factors of AML patient outcome. On the basis of these observations, novel immunotherapeutic strategies capitalizing on the potentiation of NK cell functions have emerged in AML immunotherapy, as discussed in this review. Increased knowledge on AML escape routes from NK cell immune surveillance will further aid in the design of novel NK cell-based immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
Despite recent progress in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the prognosis of this rather heterogeneous disease remains poor and novel chemotherapeutics that specifically target leukemic cells must be developed. To address this need at the preclinical level, we implemented a high content imaging-based screen for the identification of small agents that induce AML cell death in vitro. Among a panel of 1040 Food and Drug Administration-approved agents, we identified pyrithione zinc (PZ) and ouabain (OUA) as potential antileukemic compounds. Both PZ and OUA efficiently induced cell death associated with apoptotic chromatin condensation and inhibition of nuclear factor-κB survival signaling, leading to reduced expression of antiapoptotic proteins, in several AML cell lines. PZ- and OUA-induced cell death was associated with the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and led to the release of cytochrome c followed by caspase activation. Both PZ and OUA exerted significant anticancer effects in vivo, on human AML cells xenografts as well as ex vivo, on CD34(+) (but not CD34(-)) malignant myeloblasts from AML patients. Altogether, our results suggest that PZ and OUA may exhibit antileukemic effects by inducing the apoptotic demise of AML cells.
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Buss EC, Ho AD. Leukemia stem cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2328-36. [PMID: 21796620 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) might originate from malignant transformation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), or alternatively, of progenitors in which the acquired mutations have re-installed a dysregulated self-renewal program. LSCs are on top of a hierarchy and generate leukemia cells with more differentiated characteristics. While most leukemia cells are initially sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy, LSCs are resistant and are considered to be the basis for disease relapse after initial response. Albeit important knowledge on LSC biology has been gained from xenogeneic transplantation models introducing human leukemia cells into immune deficient mouse models, the prospective identification and isolation of human LSC candidates has remained elusive and their prognostic and therapeutic significance controversial. This review focuses on the identification, enrichment and characterization of human LSC derived from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Experimental data demonstrating the clinical significance of estimating LSC burden and strategies to eliminate LSC will be summarized. For long-term cure of AML, it is of importance to define LSC candidates and to understand their tumor biology compared to normal HSCs. Such comparative studies might provide novel markers for the identification of LSC and for the development of treatment strategies that might be able to eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike C Buss
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dreyssig J, Kremser A, Liepert A, Grabrucker C, Freudenreich M, Schmid C, Kroell T, Scholl N, Tischer J, Kufner S, Salih H, Kolb HJ, Schmetzer HM. Various ‘dendritic cell antigens’ are already expressed on uncultured blasts in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1113-24. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and methods: Leukemia-derived dendritic cells (DCleu) potentially present the whole leukemic antigen repertoire. We studied antigen-expression profiles of blasts/dendritic cells (DCs) generated from 137 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/49 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients with six different DC-generating media by flow-cytometry combining expression of blast/maturation and DC antigens (DCA:CD1a,b,c, CD25, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD137-L and CD206). Results: First, DCA are regularly and variably expressed on uncultured blasts/mononuclear cells (MNCs). Individual patients’ DCA profiles must be evaluated before DC-culture to find suitable DCA to estimate quality/quantity of DC after culture. Second, after culture in every patient, at least one marker fulfilled these criteria. Third, different DC-generating methods showed varying efficiency to generate DC: not every method was always successful. Fourth, individual FACS-DCA profiles showed a successful DC/DCleu generation with at least one of three previously tested methods in every given AML/MDS case. Fifth, pooling results of all selected best methods in every given case, 28/30% DC were generated from AML/MDS samples: >60% viable DC, on average 49/56% mature DC and on average 36% of blasts were convertible to DCleu resulting in on average 49% DCleu of AML-DC. Conclusions: Individual DCA-expression profiles should be evaluated before culture to evaluate DC counts/subtypes (mature/viableDC, DCleu) in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dreyssig
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kremser
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Liepert
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Grabrucker
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Freudenreich
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Kroell
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Scholl
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tischer
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephany Kufner
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Salih
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochem Kolb
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health/Clinical Cooperative Group Haematopoetic Cell Transplantation (CCG-HCT), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Schmetzer HM. Antileukemic T-cell-mediated immune reactions: limitations and perspectives for future therapies. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:809-11. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Maria Schmetzer
- Medical Department III, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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