1
|
Bravo AI, Aris M, Panouillot M, Porto M, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Teillaud JL, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. HEV-associated dendritic cells are observed in metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes of cutaneous melanoma patients with longer distant metastasis-free survival after adjuvant immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231734. [PMID: 37691949 PMCID: PMC10485604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tissue biomarkers that aid in identifying cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients who will benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy are of crucial interest. Metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes (mTDLN) are the first encounter site between the metastatic CM cells and an organized immune structure. Therefore, their study may reveal mechanisms that could influence patients´ outcomes. Methods Twenty-nine stage-III CM patients enrolled in clinical trials to study the vaccine VACCIMEL were included in this retrospective study. After radical mTDLN dissection, patients were treated with VACCIMEL (n=22) or IFNα-2b (n=6), unless rapid progression (n=1). Distant Metastasis-Free Survival (DMFS) was selected as an end-point. Two cohorts of patients were selected: one with a good outcome (GO) (n=17; median DMFS 130.0 months), and another with a bad outcome (BO) (n=12; median DMFS 8.5 months). We analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence the expression of relevant biomarkers to tumor-cell biology and immune cells and structures in mTDLN, both in the tumor and peritumoral areas. Results In BO patients, highly replicating Ki-67+ tumor cells, low tumor HLA-I expression and abundant FoxP3+ lymphocytes were found (p=0.037; p=0.056 and p=0.021). In GO patients, the most favorable biomarkers for prolonged DMFS were the abundance of peri- and intra-tumoral CD11c+ cells (p=0.0002 and p=0.001), peri-tumoral DC-LAMP+ dendritic cells (DCs) (p=0.001), and PNAd+ High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) (p=0.004). Most strikingly, we describe in GO patients a peculiar, heterogeneous structure that we named FAPS (Favoring Antigen-Presenting Structure), a triad composed of DC, HEV and CD62L+ naïve lymphocytes, whose postulated role would be to favor tumor antigen (Ag) priming of incoming naïve lymphocytes. We also found in GO patients a preferential tumor infiltration of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes (p=0.004 and p=0.027), as well as peritumoral CD20+ aggregates, with no CD21+ follicular dendritic cells detected (p=0.023). Heterogeneous infiltration with CD64+CD68-CD163-, CD64+CD68+CD163- and CD64+CD68+CD163+ macrophages were observed in both cohorts. Discussion The analysis of mTDLN in GO and BO patients revealed marked differences. This work highlights the importance of analyzing resected mTDLN from CM patients and suggests a correlation between tumor and immune characteristics that may be associated with a spontaneous or vaccine-induced long DMFS. These results should be confirmed in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Inés Bravo
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital HIGA Eva Perón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Martina Porto
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Podaza E, Carri I, Aris M, von Euw E, Bravo AI, Blanco P, Ortiz Wilczyñski JM, Koile D, Yankilevich P, Nielsen M, Mordoh J, Barrio MM. Evaluation of T-Cell Responses Against Shared Melanoma Associated Antigens and Predicted Neoantigens in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients Treated With the CSF-470 Allogeneic Cell Vaccine Plus BCG and GM-CSF. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1147. [PMID: 32582212 PMCID: PMC7290006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The CSF-470 vaccine consists of lethally-irradiated allogeneic cells derived from four cutaneous melanoma cell lines administered plus BCG and GM-CSF as adjuvants. In an adjuvant phase II study vs. IFN-α2b, the vaccine significantly prolonged the distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of stages IIB-IIC-III melanoma patients with evidence of the induction of immune responses against vaccine cells. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the antigens against which the immune response was induced, as well as the T-helper profile and lytic ability of immune cells after CSF-470 treatment. Methods: HLA-restricted peptides from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) were selected from TANTIGEN database for 13 evaluable vaccinated patients. In addition, for patient #006 (pt#006), tumor somatic variants were identified by NGS and candidate neoAgs were selected by predicted HLA binding affinity and similarity between wild type (wt) and mutant peptides. The patient's PBMC reactivity against selected peptides was detected by IFNγ-ELISPOT. T-helper transcriptional profile was determined by quantifying GATA-3, T-bet, and FOXP3 mRNA by RT-PCR, and intracellular cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry. Autologous tumor cell lysis by PBMC was assessed in an in vitro calcein release assay. Results: Vaccinated patient's PBMC reactivity against selected TAAs derived peptides showed a progressive increase in the number of IFNγ-producing cells throughout the 2-yr vaccination protocol. ELISPOT response correlated with delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to CSF-470 vaccine cells. Early upregulation of GATA-3 and Foxp3 mRNA, as well as an increase in CD4+IL4+cells, was associated with a low DMFS. Also, IFNγ response against 9/73 predicted neoAgs was evidenced in the case of pt#006; 7/9 emerged after vaccination. We verified in pt# 006 that post-vaccination PBMC boosted in vitro with the vaccine lysate were able to lyse autologous tumor cells. Conclusions: A progressive increase in the immune response against TAAs expressed in the vaccine and in the patient's tumor was induced by CSF-470 vaccination. In pt#006, we demonstrated immune recognition of patient's specific neoAgs, which emerged after vaccination. These results suggest that an initial response against shared TAAs could further stimulate an immune response against autologous tumor neoAgs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Podaza
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ibel Carri
- IIBIO, UNSAM, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika von Euw
- UCLA JCCC-Translational Oncology Research Labs, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- T-Cure Bioscience Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alicia Inés Bravo
- Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Translacional, Hospital El Cruce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Koile
- Plataforma Bioinformática, INBioBA-MPSP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Morten Nielsen
- IIBIO, UNSAM, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Health Technology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imai J, Ohashi S, Sakai T. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation-Dependent Processing in Cross-Presentation and Its Potential for Dendritic Cell Vaccinations: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020153. [PMID: 32070016 PMCID: PMC7076524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While the success of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination largely depends on cross-presentation (CP) efficiency, the precise molecular mechanism of CP is not yet characterized. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as part of the protein quality control system in the ER, plays a pivotal role in the processing of extracellular proteins in CP. The discovery of ERAD-dependent processing strongly suggests that the properties of extracellular antigens are one of the keys to effective DC vaccination, in addition to DC subsets and the maturation of these cells. In this review, we address recent advances in CP, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the ERAD-dependent processing of extracellular proteins. As ERAD itself and the ERAD-dependent processing in CP share cellular machinery, enhancing the recognition of extracellular proteins, such as the ERAD substrate, by ex vivo methods may serve to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schineis P, Runge P, Halin C. Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:31-41. [PMID: 30092362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been known to serve as a highway for migrating leukocytes from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and back to circulation, thereby contributing to the induction of adaptive immunity and immunesurveillance. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) present in peripheral tissues upstream of a first dLN are generally referred to as afferent LVs. In contrast to migration through blood vessels (BVs), the detailed molecular and cellular requirements of cellular traffic through afferent LVs have only recently started to be unraveled. Progress in our ability to track the migration of lymph-borne cell populations, in combination with cutting-edge imaging technologies, nowadays allows the investigation and visualization of lymphatic migration of endogenous leukocytes, both at the population and at the single-cell level. These studies have revealed that leukocyte trafficking through afferent LVs generally follows a step-wise migration pattern, relying on the active interplay of numerous molecules. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of cellular traffic through afferent LVs. We will first outline how the structure of the afferent LV network supports leukocyte migration and highlight important molecules involved in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and neutrophils, i.e. the most prominent cell types trafficking through afferent LVs. Additionally, we will describe how tumor cells hijack the lymphatic system for their dissemination to draining LNs. Finally, we will summarize and discuss our current understanding of the functional significance as well as the therapeutic implications of cell traffic through afferent LVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Runge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Yu X, Su C, Shi Y, Zhao L. Chitosan nanoparticles triggered the induction of ROS-mediated cytoprotective autophagy in cancer cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:293-301. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1423494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Xiwei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Yijie Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pampena MB, Barrio MM, Juliá EP, Blanco PA, von Euw EM, Mordoh J, Levy EM. Early Events of the Reaction Elicited by CSF-470 Melanoma Vaccine Plus Adjuvants: An In Vitro Analysis of Immune Recruitment and Cytokine Release. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1342. [PMID: 29109725 PMCID: PMC5660290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous work, we showed that CSF-470 vaccine plus bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as adjuvants resulted in a significant benefit in the distant metastasis-free survival when comparing vaccinated vs. IFN-α2b-treated high-risk cutaneous melanoma patients in a Phase II study. Immune monitoring demonstrated an increase in anti-tumor innate and adaptive immunities of vaccinated patients, with a striking increase in IFN-γ secreting lymphocytes specific for melanoma antigens (Ags). In an effort to dissect the first steps of the immune response elicited by CSF-470 vaccine plus adjuvants, we evaluated, in an in vitro model, leukocyte migration, cytokine production, and monocyte phagocytosis of vaccine cells. Our results demonstrate that leukocytes recruitment, mostly from the innate immune system, is an early event after CSF-470 vaccine plus BCG plus GM-CSF interaction with immune cells, possibly explained by the high expression of CCL2/MCP-1 and other chemokines by vaccine cells. Early release of TNF-α and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines and efficient tumor Ags phagocytosis by monocytes take place and would probably create a favorable context for Ag processing and presentation. Although the presence of the vaccine cells hampered cytokines production stimulated by BCG in a mechanism partially mediated by TGF-β and IL-10, still significant levels of TNF-α and IL-1β could be detected. Thus, BCG was required to induce local inflammation in the presence of CSF-470 vaccine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María B Pampena
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía P Juliá
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika M von Euw
- UCLA JCCC-Translational Oncology Research Labs, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Médico Especializado Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mordoh J, Pampena MB, Aris M, Blanco PA, Lombardo M, von Euw EM, Mac Keon S, Yépez Crow M, Bravo AI, O'Connor JM, Orlando AG, Ramello F, Levy EM, Barrio MM. Phase II Study of Adjuvant Immunotherapy with the CSF-470 Vaccine Plus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Plus Recombinant Human Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor vs Medium-Dose Interferon Alpha 2B in Stages IIB, IIC, and III Cutaneous Melanoma Patients: A Single Institution, Randomized Study. Front Immunol 2017; 8:625. [PMID: 28620382 PMCID: PMC5449770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The irradiated, allogeneic, cellular CSF-470 vaccine plus Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) is being tested against medium-dose IFN-α2b in stages IIB–III cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients (pts) after surgery in an open, randomized, Phase II/III study. We present the results of the Phase II part of the ongoing CASVAC-0401 study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01729663). Thirty-one pts were randomized to the CSF-470 vaccine (n = 20) or to the IFN-α2b arm (n = 11). During the 2-year treatment, immunized pts should receive 13 vaccinations. On day 1 of each visit, 1.6 × 107 irradiated CSF-470 cells plus 106 colony-forming units BCG plus 100 µg rhGM-CSF were administered intradermally, followed on days 2–4 by 100 µg rhGM-CSF. IFN-α2b pts should receive 10 million units (MU)/day/5 days a week for 4 weeks; then 5 MU thrice weekly for 23 months. Toxicity and quality of life (QOL) were evaluated at each visit. With a mean and a maximum follow-up of 39.4 and 83 months, respectively, a significant benefit in the distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) for CSF-470 was observed (p = 0.022). Immune monitoring showed an increase in antitumoral cellular and humoral response in vaccinated pts. CSF-470 was well tolerated; 20/20 pts presented grades 1–2 dermic reactions at the vaccination site; 3/20 pts presented grade 3 allergic reactions. Other adverse events (AEs) were grade 1. Pts in the IFN-α2b arm presented grades 2–3 hematological (7/11), hepatic (2/11), and cardiac (1/11) toxicity; AEs in 9/11 pts forced treatment interruptions. QOL was significantly superior in the vaccine arm (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that CSF-470 vaccine plus BCG plus GM-CSF can significantly prolong, with lower toxicity, the DMFS of high-risk CM pts with respect to medium-dose IFN-α2b. The continuation of a Phase III part of the CASVAC-0401 study is encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Mordoh
- Instituto Médico Especializado Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Erika María von Euw
- UCLA JCCC-Translational Oncology Research Labs, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Soledad Mac Keon
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle Yépez Crow
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Bravo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Gabriela Orlando
- Hospital Central Olga Rizzi, Reconquista, Argentina.,Instituto Oncológico Mater Dei, Reconquista, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dillman RO, Nistor GI, Cornforth AN. Dendritic cell vaccines for melanoma: past, present and future. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:273-289. [PMID: 30190899 PMCID: PMC6094661 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administering dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor-associated antigens (TAA) ex vivo is a promising strategy for therapeutic vaccines in advanced melanoma. To date the induction of immune responses to specific TAA has been more impressive than clinical benefit because of TAA limitations, suboptimal DC and possibly immune-checkpoint inhibition. Various products, antigen-loading techniques, treatment schedules, routes of administration and adjunctive agents continue to be explored. Biologic heterogeneity suggests autologous tumor as the optimal TAA source to induce immune responses to the entire repertoire of unique patient-specific neoantigens. Many questions remain regarding the optimal preparation of DC and strategies for antigen loading. Effective DC vaccines should result in additive or synergistic effects when combined with checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- AiVita Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 130, Clinical, Research, and Manufacturing Departments, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Gabriel I Nistor
- AiVita Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 130, Clinical, Research, and Manufacturing Departments, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Andrew N Cornforth
- AiVita Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 130, Clinical, Research, and Manufacturing Departments, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| |
Collapse
|