1
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Nucleolin; A tumor associated antigen as a potential lung cancer biomarker. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Yamashita-Kashima Y, Yorozu K, Fujimura T, Kawasaki N, Kurasawa M, Yoshiura S, Harada N, Kondoh O, Yoshimura Y. Coadministration with bendamustine restores the antitumor activity of obinutuzumab in obinutuzumab-resistant tumors. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:860-872. [PMID: 35301681 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycoengineered, humanized anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab is indicated for previously untreated or relapsed/refractory CD20-positive follicular lymphoma (FL). However, the effectiveness of obinutuzumab retreatment in relapsed/refractory FL after prior obinutuzumab-containing therapy is unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the antitumor activity of obinutuzumab plus bendamustine in obinutuzumab-resistant tumors established from a human non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Obinutuzumab-resistant tumors (SU-DHL-4-OR-18-8) were established from an SU-DHL-4 xenograft model by repeated administration of obinutuzumab. Antitumor activity was evaluated based on tumor volume after treatment with obinutuzumab on Day 1, 8, and 15 and/or bendamustine on Day 1 and 2. Intratumoral natural killer (NK) cells/macrophages were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS In SU-DHL-4-OR-18-8 xenografted tumors, intratumoral NK cells/macrophages after obinutuzumab treatment were significantly decreased compared with parent tumors on Day 4. The endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor phospho-IRE1 was also decreased. In SU-DHL-4-OR-18-8 tumors, bendamustine treatment increased phospho-IRE1 on Day 4 and intratumor NK cells/macrophages on Day 10. Obinutuzumab combined with bendamustine significantly increased antitumor activity compared with each single agent on Day 29, with an increase in chemoattractant CCL6 expression on Day 10. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of bendamustine in obinutuzumab retreatment may be effective against obinutuzumab-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Yamashita-Kashima
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan.
| | - Keigo Yorozu
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takaaki Fujimura
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kawasaki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsue Kurasawa
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yoshiura
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Osamu Kondoh
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshimura
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
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Lepucki A, Orlińska K, Mielczarek-Palacz A, Kabut J, Olczyk P, Komosińska-Vassev K. The Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051250. [PMID: 35268340 PMCID: PMC8911242 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a structure composed of many molecules, including fibrillar (types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, XXVII) and non-fibrillar collagens (mainly basement membrane collagens: types IV, VIII, X), non-collagenous glycoproteins (elastin, laminin, fibronectin, thrombospondin, tenascin, osteopontin, osteonectin, entactin, periostin) embedded in a gel of negatively charged water-retaining glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as non-sulfated hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulfated GAGs which are linked to a core protein to form proteoglycans (PGs). This highly dynamic molecular network provides critical biochemical and biomechanical cues that mediate the cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, influence cell growth, migration and differentiation and serve as a reservoir of cytokines and growth factors’ action. The breakdown of normal ECM and its replacement with tumor ECM modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) composition and is an essential part of tumorigenesis and metastasis, acting as key driver for malignant progression. Abnormal ECM also deregulate behavior of stromal cells as well as facilitating tumor-associated angiogenesis and inflammation. Thus, the tumor matrix modulates each of the classically defined hallmarks of cancer promoting the growth, survival and invasion of the cancer. Moreover, various ECM-derived components modulate the immune response affecting T cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), dendritic cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). This review article considers the role that extracellular matrix play in breast cancer. Determining the detailed connections between the ECM and cellular processes has helped to identify novel disease markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Lepucki
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Kinga Orlińska
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacek Kabut
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Pawel Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.L.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
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Guo H, Zhou L, Guo J, Huang X, Gu J. Endostatin inhibits the proliferation and migration of B16 cells by inducing macrophage polarity to M1‑type. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:841. [PMID: 34633057 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a common skin tumor that easily metastasizes and has a poor prognosis. Endostatin is an endogenous vascular endothelial inhibitor that mainly suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and by reducing the formation of tumor microvessels, however the immunological function of endostatin remains unclear. Previously, we have found that an over‑expression endostatin (pEndostatin) plasmid induced RAW264.7 cells' polarity to M1‑type macrophage. To elucidate the effect of M1‑type macrophages induced by endostatin on melanoma B16 cells, the present study transfected RAW264.7 cells with pEndostatin plasmid and co‑cultured them with B16 cells. Compared with the control group, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2, MMP‑9 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in B16 cells was inhibited by M1‑type macrophages, but cleaved Caspase‑3 and cleaved Caspase‑8 were significantly upregulated and the ratio of Bax/Bcl‑2 was increased. These results indicated that M1 macrophages induced by pEndostatin plasmid inhibited the proliferation and migration of B16 cells and promoted their apoptosis. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of endostatin on melanoma is not limited to directly inhibiting tumor microvessel formation, but it may also be related to regulating changes in macrophage polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Ningbo University School of Medical, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Longyuan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Pathology, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Ningbo University School of Medical, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shangdong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Larionova I, Kazakova E, Gerashchenko T, Kzhyshkowska J. New Angiogenic Regulators Produced by TAMs: Perspective for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133253. [PMID: 34209679 PMCID: PMC8268686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro-angiogenic factors that could compensate for the deficiency of current therapy or act independently as single drugs. Our review aims to present the state-of-the art for well-known and recently described factors produced by macrophages that induce and regulate angiogenesis. A number of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment are produced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accumulating evidence has indicated that, apart from the well-known angiogenic factors, there are plenty of novel angiogenesis-regulating proteins that belong to different classes. We summarize the data regarding the direct or indirect mechanisms of the interaction of these factors with endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We highlight the recent findings that explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy approaches. Abstract Angiogenesis is crucial to the supply of a growing tumor with nutrition and oxygen. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the main treatment strategies for colorectal, lung, breast, renal, and other solid cancers. However, currently applied drugs that target VEGF or receptor tyrosine kinases have limited efficiency, which raises a question concerning the mechanism of patient resistance to the already developed drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were identified in the animal tumor models as a key inducer of the angiogenic switch. TAMs represent a potent source not only for VEGF, but also for a number of other pro-angiogenic factors. Our review provides information about the activity of secreted regulators of angiogenesis produced by TAMs. They include members of SEMA and S100A families, chitinase-like proteins, osteopontin, and SPARC. The COX-2, Tie2, and other factors that control the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs are also discussed. We highlight how these recent findings explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, we describe genetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms that control the expression of factors regulating angiogenesis. Finally, we present prospects for the complex targeting of the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Fei W, Wang F, Zheng C. Extracellular Matrix: Emerging Roles and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650453. [PMID: 33968752 PMCID: PMC8100244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulator of breast cancer (BC). The ECM comprises of highly variable and dynamic components. Compared with normal breast tissue under homeostasis, the ECM undergoes many changes in composition and organization during BC progression. Induced ECM proteins, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and matricellular proteins, have been identified as important components of BC metastatic cells in recent years. These proteins play major roles in BC progression, invasion, and metastasis. Importantly, several specific ECM molecules, receptors, and remodeling enzymes are involved in promoting resistance to therapeutic intervention. Additional analysis of these ECM proteins and their downstream signaling pathways may reveal promising therapeutic targets against BC. These potential drug targets may be combined with new nanoparticle technologies. This review summarizes recent advances in functional nanoparticles that target the ECM to treat BC. Accurate nanomaterials may offer a new approach to BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Kono Y, Gogatsubo S, Ohba T, Fujita T. Enhanced macrophage delivery to the colon using magnetic lipoplexes with a magnetic field. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:935-943. [PMID: 31530198 PMCID: PMC6758636 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1662515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically guided cell delivery systems would be valuable to achieve effective macrophage-based cell therapy for colonic inflammatory diseases. In the current study, we developed a method for the efficient and simultaneous introduction of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) into RAW264 murine macrophage-like cells using SPION-incorporated cationic liposome/pDNA complexes (magnetic lipoplexes). SPIONs and pDNA were introduced for magnetization and functionalization of the macrophages, respectively. We also evaluated the adhesive properties of magnetized RAW264 cells using magnetic lipoplexes in the murine colon under a magnetic field. Significant cellular association and gene expression without cytotoxicity were observed when magnetic cationic liposomes and pDNA were mixed at a weight ratio of 10:1, and SPION concentration and magnetic field exposure time was 0.1 mg/mL and 10 min, respectively. We also observed that cytokine production in magnetized RAW264 cells was similar to that in non-treated RAW264 cells, whereas nitric oxide production was significantly increased in magnetized RAW264 cells. Furthermore, magnetized RAW264 cells highly adhered to a Caco-2 cell monolayer and colon in mice, under a magnetic field. These results suggest that this magnetic cell delivery system can improve the colonic delivery of macrophages and its therapeutic efficacy against colonic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Serika Gogatsubo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohba
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
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8
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Tandon I, Sharma NK. Macrophage Flipping from Foe to Friend: A Matter of Interest in Breast Carcinoma Heterogeneity Driving Drug Resistance. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:189-198. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180628102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity within various cancer types including breast carcinoma is pivotal in the manifestations of tumor hallmarks. Tumor heterogeneity is seen as a common landscape where intra-tumoral components including cellular and non-cellular factors create an interface with outside environment that leads to the unique identity of a specific cancer type. Among various contributors to tumor heterogeneity, cellular heterogeneity immensely plays a role in drug resistance and relapse of cancer. Within cellular heterogeneity of tumor, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the pro-tumor type of immune cells that promote growth, metastasis and drug resistance in breast carcinoma and other cancer types. Revealing the molecular aspects of TAMs can provide a breakthrough to remove therapeutics blockade to existing drugs and this understanding in future will pave the way for a new class of cancer immunotherapeutic. This review addresses current understanding of the role of TAMs in breast carcinoma hallmarks and clarifies the current scenario of pre-clinical drugs directed to tame pro-cancer TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
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Wanderley CW, Colon DF, Luiz JPM, Oliveira FF, Viacava PR, Leite CA, Pereira JA, Silva CM, Silva CR, Silva RL, Speck-Hernandez CA, Mota JM, Alves-Filho JC, Lima-Júnior RC, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ. Paclitaxel reduces tumor growth by reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to an M1- profile in a TLR4-dependent manner. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5891-5900. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Yang M, Xu J, Wang Q, Zhang AQ, Wang K. An obligatory anaerobic Salmonella typhimurium strain redirects M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3918-3922. [PMID: 29456740 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium strain that may be applied in the medically useful therapeutic strategy of using bacterial agents to target breast cancer in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model has been previously reported. Furthermore, immune cell accumulation in breast tumor types has been observed, particularly distributed in regions surrounding the bacteria. M2 macrophages are associated with breast cancer aggressiveness, whereas M1 macrophages are prone to devouring bacteria and killing cancer cells. Therefore, this engineered tumor-targeting salmonella strain was used in an attempt to reverse the phenotype of M2 macrophages into the M1 phenotype. Subsequent to the co-culture of M2 macrophages with the bacteria for a short time, >50% of the M2 macrophages were invaded by bacteria. These M2 macrophages exhibited a decreased expression of mannose receptor (an M2 phenotypic marker) and increased expression of human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (an M1 phenotypic marker). The results of the present study indicated that differentiated M2 macrophages may be redirected into the M1 phenotype following exposure to the engineered bacteria stimulus. This effect may be a potential mechanism by which bacteria retard tumor growth. Thus, this engineered bacterium may be a useful candidate for targeting and redirecting M2 macrophages into the M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - An-Qin Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Bardi GT, Smith MA, Hood JL. Melanoma exosomes promote mixed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2018; 105:63-72. [PMID: 29459345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1β, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-α. The M2 cytokine TGF-β was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Smith
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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12
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Antitumor activities of Liver-targeting peptide modified Recombinant human Endostatin in BALB/c-nu mice with Hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14074. [PMID: 29075040 PMCID: PMC5658401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, a liver-targeting peptide CSP I-plus modified recombinant human Endostatin (rEndostatin, endostar) (rES-CSP) was constructed and showed potent antiangiogenic capability and could specifically bind to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to make a direct inhibition in vitro. In this study, the biological activities of rES-CSP in vivo were evaluated by subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft nude mice model of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. We found that rES-CSP significantly decreased tumor volume to 54.9% in the nude mice with subcutaneous xenograft compared with the control. In orthotopic xenograft model, rES-CSP not only decreased tumor volume (to 39.6% compared with the control) and tumor weight, it also increased its biodistribution in the liver tissue and hepatoma tissue. Moreover, lower microvessel density (MVD) and higher apoptotic index (AI) were also observed in the tumor tissues. It had no significant side-effects on the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice. Results indicated CSP I-plus modified Endostar may be a potential candidate for a targeting therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Xu M, Zhang S, Jia L, Wang S, Liu J, Ma X, Wang C, Fu Y, Luo Y. E-M, an Engineered Endostatin with High ATPase Activity, Inhibits the Recruitment and Alternative Activation of Macrophages in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:532. [PMID: 28848446 PMCID: PMC5552665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endostatin recently was reported by our laboratory to possess ATPase activity that is indispensable for its anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor effects. An engineered endostatin, E-M, which owns higher ATPase activity exhibits stronger inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), especially M2-polarized TAMs, contribute to tumor progression by promoting tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, thus emerging as crucial targets for therapeutic intervention. Endostatin reportedly modulated functions of TAMs, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Here, in our study, we demonstrated that E-M exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on macrophages than endostatin and other low ATPase mutants, which indicates that the ATPase activity is required for the inhibitory effects of endostatin on TAMs. Moreover, we elucidated that endostatin co-receptor, nucleolin and integrin α5β1, overexpressed on the surface of M2 macrophages, facilitated the internalization of E-M via the caveolae/lipid raft- and clathrin-dependent pathways. E-M inhibited the migration of TAMs through blockade of p38 MAP kinase and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, and prevented the alternative activation of TAMs. As a result, TAM-induced tumor cell proliferation and angiogenic activities in vitro were dramatically suppressed by E-M. In a transplanted non-small cell lung cancer model, E-M remarkably decreased the density of intratumoral macrophages and blood vessels, leading to tumor regression. This study unravels a novel mechanism of endostatin on regulating TAM recruitment and polarization, and suggests that E-M is a remarkably promising and multifunctional anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lin Jia
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xuhui Ma
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Chunying Wang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yan Fu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
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14
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Avalle L, Camporeale A, Camperi A, Poli V. STAT3 in cancer: A double edged sword. Cytokine 2017; 98:42-50. [PMID: 28579221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is activated downstream of cytokines, growth factors and oncogenes to mediate their functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, aberrant/unrestrained STAT3 activity is detected in a wide variety of tumors, driving multiple pro-oncogenic functions. For that, STAT3 is widely considered as an oncogene and is the object of intense translational studies. One of the distinctive features of this factor is however, its ability to elicit different and sometimes contrasting effects under different conditions. In particular, STAT3 activities have been shown to be either pro-oncogenic or tumor-suppressive according to the tumor aetiology/mutational landscape, suggesting that the molecular bases underlining its functions are still incompletely understood. Here we discuss some of the properties that may provide the bases to explain STAT3 heterogeneous functions, and in particular how post-translational modifications contribute shaping its sub-cellular localization and activities, the cross talk between these activities and cell metabolic conditions, and finally how its functions can control the behaviour of both tumor and tumor microenvironment cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Avalle
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Camporeale
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Camperi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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15
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Liu Y, Tu L, Wang L, Long J, Wang J, Wang Y, Luo F, Cao D. The accumulation of macrophages attenuates the effect of recombinant human endostatin on lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6581-6595. [PMID: 27822063 PMCID: PMC5087788 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although anti-angiogenic therapy is widely applied clinically, its efficacy has been less than expected. Screening for regulatory factors and sensitive indicators to define the effectiveness of these drugs is required. Through a retrospective study of clinical data, we found that patients with a higher peripheral monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) obtained less benefit from recombinant human endostatin (rhES, Endostar®), an anti-angiogenic drug, in lung cancer. Because MLR is positively correlated with macrophage count in tumors, this result suggests that macrophages may influence the effectiveness of rhES therapy in lung cancer. Methods Clinical data from 72 lung cancer patients treated with rhES were collected. Animal study, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot analysis, and transwell migration assays were carried on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages, macrophage cell line RAW264.7, and ANA-1 cells. Results Clinical data showed that compared with the baseline MLR before rhES treatment, patients with progressive disease had higher MLRs than those of patients with partial response. Experimental results showed that more macrophages were recruited in the LLC tumors after rhES treatment and the majority of them displayed an M2-like phenotype. rhES aggravated hypoxia and the inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia promoted the expression of CCL2 by endothelial and fibroblast cells, which could induce macrophages recruitment, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-6, and IL-10) skewed macrophage polarization toward the M2-like phenotype. Hypoxia or inflammation cytokine-treated macrophages enhanced the progression of LLC in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion We found rhES could aggravate hypoxia and the inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment. These changes were favorable for macrophage accumulation, and skewed their polarization toward the M2-like phenotype which could help LLC to escape from the anti-angiogenic therapy. Thus, these data indicate the accumulation of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may adversely affect the efficacy of rhES on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Li Tu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Jianlin Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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