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Mendoza‐Valderrey A, Choe J, Kessler DM, Jimenez G, Li X, Kolker S, Allen W, Linehan JA, Twardowski PW, Ascierto ML. Impact of intra-tumoral immunity on predicting response and survival after neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e70088. [PMID: 39119802 PMCID: PMC11310761 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by cystectomy is the standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Pathologic complete response (pCR) is associated with favorable outcomes, but only 30%-40% of patients achieve that response. The aim of this study is to investigate the role played by the Tumor and Immune Microenvironment (TIME) in association with the clinical outcome of patients with MIBC undergoing NAC. METHODS Nineteen patients received NAC and were classified as pCR (n = 10) or non-pCR (n = 9). Bulk RNA-seq and immune protein evaluations using Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor biopsies collected before NAC (baseline). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation focused on CD3 and CD20 expression was performed on baseline and end-of-treatment (EOT) FFPEs. Baseline peripheral blood was assessed for lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox PH regression models were used for survival analyses (OS). RESULTS In the periphery, pCR patients showed lower neutrophil counts, and neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio (NLR) when compared to non-pCR patients. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), gene expression analysis and protein evaluations highlighted an abundance of B cells and CD3+ T cells in pCR versus non-pCR patients. On the contrary, increased protein expression of ARG1+ cells, and cells expressing immune checkpoints such as LAG3, ICOS, and STING were observed in the TME of patients with non-pCR. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, we demonstrated that lower NLR levels and increased CD3+ T cells and B cell infiltration are associated with improved response and long-term outcomes in patients with MIBC receiving NAC. These findings suggest that the impact of immune environment should be considered in determining the clinical outcome of MIBC patients treated with NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mendoza‐Valderrey
- Translational Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy DepartmentSaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
- Rosalie and Harold Rae Brown Cancer Immunotherapy Research ProgramSaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jane Choe
- Department of Urologic OncologySaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daria M. Kessler
- Bioinformatic DepartmentSaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gianna Jimenez
- Department of Urologic OncologySaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xinmin Li
- Technology Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Steven Kolker
- Pathology DepartmentProvidence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Warren Allen
- Pathology DepartmentProvidence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer A. Linehan
- Department of Urologic OncologySaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Przemyslaw W. Twardowski
- Department of Urologic OncologySaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria Libera Ascierto
- Translational Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy DepartmentSaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
- Rosalie and Harold Rae Brown Cancer Immunotherapy Research ProgramSaint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
- Translational Cancer ImmunologyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Song L, Chen M, Xiao G, Ma X, Shi H. Prediction of immunotherapy response of bladder cancer with a pyroptosis-related signature indicating tumor immune microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1387647. [PMID: 38983908 PMCID: PMC11231188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1387647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although prognostic models based on pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) have been constructed in bladder cancer (BLCA), the comprehensive impact of these genes on tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunotherapeutic response has yet to be investigated. Methods Based on expression profiles of 52 PRGs, we utilized the unsupervised clustering algorithm to identify PRGs subtypes and ssGSEA to quantify immune cells and hallmark pathways. Moreover, we screened feature genes of distinct PRGs subtypes and validated the associations with immune infiltrations in tissue using the multiplex immunofluorescence. Univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to construct the scoring scheme. Results Four PRGs clusters were identified, samples in cluster C1 were infiltrated with more immune cells than those in others, implying a favorable response to immunotherapy. While the cluster C2, which shows an extremely low level of most immune cells, do not respond to immunotherapy. CXCL9/CXCL10 and SPINK1/DHSR2 were identified as feature genes of cluster C1 and C2, and the specimen with high CXCL9/CXCL10 was characterized by more CD8 + T cells, macrophages and less Tregs. Based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among PRGs subtypes, a predictive model (termed as PRGs score) including five genes (CACNA1D, PTK2B, APOL6, CDK6, ANXA2) was built. Survival probability of patients with low-PRGs score was significantly higher than those with high-PRGs score. Moreover, patients with low-PRGs score were more likely to benefit from anti-PD1/PD-L1 regimens. Conclusion PRGs are closely associated with TME and oncogenic pathways. PRGs score is a promising indicator for predicting clinical outcome and immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Xu
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meixu Chen
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guixiu Xiao
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wei L, Meng J, Xiang D, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Xu L, Chen J, Han Y. The Pan-Cancer Analysis Uncovers the Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Significance of CD19 as an Immune Marker in Tumor. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2593-2612. [PMID: 38855424 PMCID: PMC11162214 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s459914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The specific cytotoxic effects of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have led to impressive outcomes in individuals previously treated for B-cell malignancies. However, the specific biological role of CD19(+) target cells, which exert antitumor immunity against some solid tumors, remains to be elucidated. Methods We collected information regarding the level of CD19 mRNA and protein expression from various databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for both tumor and normal samples. To evaluate the patient's prognosis according to CD19 expression, a Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and univariate Cox regression were performed. Furthermore, using the Estimation of Stromal and Immune Cells in Malignant Tumor Tissues Using the Expression Data (ESTIMATE) algorithm, we estimated the ratio of immune cells infiltrating malignant tumor tissues. Afterward, the GSCALite repository was employed to evaluate the vulnerability of tumors expressing CD19 to drugs used in chemotherapy. To validate the results in clinical samples of certain cancer types, immunohistochemistry was then performed. Results Most tumor types exhibited CD19 expression differently, apart from colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). The early diagnostic value of CD19 has been demonstrated in 9 different tumor types, and the overexpression of CD19 has the potential to extend the survival duration of patients. Multiple tumors showed a positive correlation between CD19 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and ESTIMATE score. Furthermore, a direct association was discovered between the expression of CD19 and the infiltration of immune cells, particularly in cases of breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA). Moreover, CD19 is highly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion The study reveals the potential of CD19 as both a predictive biomarker and a target for different cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
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Wu Y, Xu Z, Fu G, Chen X, Tian J, Cai H, Jiang P, Jin B. Identification of a cisplatin resistant-based prognostic immune related gene signature in MIBC. Transl Oncol 2024; 44:101942. [PMID: 38555741 PMCID: PMC10990904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance plays a significant role in the dismal prognosis and progression of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, the strategies to predict prognosis and cisplatin resistance are inefficient, and it remains unclear whether cisplatin resistance is associated with tumor immunity. In this study, we integrated the transcriptional data from cisplatin-resistant cell lines and a TCGA-MIBC cohort to establish cisplatin-resistance-related cluster classification and a cisplatin-resistance-related gene risk score (CRRGRS). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that compared with those in low CRRGRS group, MIBC patients belonging to high CRRGRS group had worse prognosis in TCGA-MIBC cohort and external GEO cohorts. Meanwhile, CRRGRS was able to help forecast chemotherapy and immunotherapy response of MIBC patients in the TGCA cohort and IMvigor210 cohort. Moreover, compared with the low CRRGRS group, the high CRRGS group possessed a relatively immunosuppressive "cold tumor" phenotype with a higher tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score, ESTIMATE score, stromal score and immune score and a lower immunophenoscore (IPS) score. The upregulated expression levels of immune checkpoint genes, including PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4, in the high CRRGRS group also further indicated that a relative immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may exist in MIBC patients belonging to high CRRGRS group. In addition, we integrated CRRGRS and clinical characteristics with prognostic value to develop a nomogram, which could help forecast overall survival of MIBC patients. Furthermore, DIAPH3 was identified as a regulator of proliferation and cisplatin resistance in MIBC. The expression of DIAPH3 was increased in cisplatin-resistant cell lines and chemotherapy-unsensitive people. Further mechanism exploration revealed that DIAPH3 facilitated tumor proliferation and cisplatin resistance by regulating the NF-kB and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. In conclusion, the comprehensive investigations of CRRGRS increased the understanding of cisplatin resistance and provided promising insights to restrain tumor growth and overcome chemoresistance by targeting DIAPH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Guanghou Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Junjie Tian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Hairong Cai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Baiye Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Innovation Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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5
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Yuan H, Mao X, Yan Y, Huang R, Zhang Q, Zeng Y, Bao M, Dai Y, Fang B, Mi J, Xie Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Mo Z, Yang R. Single-cell sequencing reveals the heterogeneity of B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38216927 PMCID: PMC10787393 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. B cells are crucial factors in tumor suppression, and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) facilitate immune cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the function and mechanisms of tumor-infiltrating B cells and TLSs in MIBC need to be explored further. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 11,612 B cells and 55,392 T cells from 12 bladder cancer patients and found naïve B cells, proliferating B cells, plasma cells, interferon-stimulated B cells and germinal center-associated B cells, and described the phenotype, gene enrichment, cell-cell communication, biological processes. We utilized immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) to describe TLSs morphology in MIBC. RESULTS The interferon-stimulated B-cell subtype (B-ISG15) and germinal center-associated B-cell subtypes (B-LMO2, B-STMN1) were significantly enriched in MIBC. TLSs in MIBC exhibited a distinct follicular structure characterized by a central region of B cells resembling a germinal center surrounded by T cells. CellChat analysis showed that CXCL13 + T cells play a pivotal role in recruiting CXCR5 + B cells. Cell migration experiments demonstrated the chemoattraction of CXCL13 toward CXCR5 + B cells. Importantly, the infiltration of the interferon-stimulated B-cell subtype and the presence of TLSs correlated with a more favorable prognosis in MIBC. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the heterogeneity of B-cell subtypes in MIBC and suggests a pivotal role of TLSs in MIBC outcomes. Our study provides novel insights that contribute to the precision treatment of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingning Mao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed By the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunkun Yan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyu Zeng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengying Bao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Junhao Mi
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuli Xie
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed By the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Rirong Yang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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The prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes in patients with solid malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 181:103893. [PMID: 36481308 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviewed the prognostic effect of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBLs) on solid malignancies, to determine the potential role of TIBLs in predicting cancer patient's prognosis and their response to immunotherapy. A total of 45 original papers involving 11,099 individual patients were included in this meta-analysis covering 7 kinds of cancer. The pooled results suggested that high levels of TIBLs were correlated with favorable OS in lung, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and breast cancer; improved RFS in lung cancer; and improved DFS in gastrointestinal neoplasms. Additionally, TIBLs were significantly correlated with negative lymphatic invasion in gastric cancer, small tumor size in hepatocellular carcinoma, and negative distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. Additionally, TIBLs were reported as a discriminative feature of patients treated with immunotherapy with improved survival. We concluded that TIBLs play a favorable prognostic role among the common solid malignancie, providing theoretical evidence for further prognosis prediction for solid tumors.
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Jiang K, Wu L, Yin X, Tang Q, Yin J, Zhou Z, Yu H, Yan S. Prognostic implications of necroptosis-related long noncoding RNA signatures in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:1036098. [PMID: 36531246 PMCID: PMC9755502 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1036098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the sixth most common cancer in men, with an increasing incidence of morbidity and mortality. Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death and plays a critical role in the biological processes of bladder cancer (BLCA). However, current studies focusing on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and necroptosis in cancer are limited, and there is no research about necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs) in BLCA. Methods: We obtained the RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information of BLCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The seven determined prognostic NLRs were analyzed by several methods and verified by RT-qPCR. Then, a risk signature was established based on the aforementioned prognostic NLRs. To identify it, we evaluated its prognostic value by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Moreover, the relationships between risk signature and clinical features, functional enrichment, immune landscape, and drug resistance were explored as well. Results: We constructed a signature based on seven defined NLRs (HMGA2-AS1, LINC02489, ETV7-AS1, EMSLR, AC005954.1, STAG3L5P-PVRIG2P-PILRB, and LINC02178). Patients in the low-risk cohort had longer survival times than those in the high-risk cohort, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of risk signature was higher than other clinical variables. Functional analyses, the infiltrating level of immune cells and functions, ESTIMATE score, and immune checkpoint analysis all indicated that the high-risk group was in a relatively immune-activated state. In terms of treatments, patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to immunotherapy, especially anti-PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and conventional chemotherapy. Conclusion: The novel NLR signature acts as an invaluable tool for predicting prognosis, immune microenvironment, and drug resistance in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuying Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senxiang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang J, Xie Y, Qin D, Zhong S, Hu X. CXCL12, a potential modulator of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of bladder cancer: From a comprehensive analysis of TCGA database. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1031706. [PMID: 36419891 PMCID: PMC9676933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1031706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). However, there are only a few researches regarding the association between immune-related genes and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in TIME of BLCA. METHODS We calculated the proportion of immune/stromal component and TICs of 414 BLCA samples and 19 normal samples downloaded from TCGA database with the help of ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the comparison between Stromal and Immune Score and further analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, as well as PPI network and COX regression analysis. CXCL12 was overlapping among the above analyses. Single gene analysis of CXCL12 was carried out through difference analysis, paired analysis and GSEA. The association between CXCL12 and TICs was assessed by difference analysis and correlation analysis. RESULTS Immune and stromal component in TIME of BLCA were associated with patients' clinicopathological characteristics. 284 DEGs were primarily enriched in immune-associated activities, among which CXCL12 was the most significant gene sharing the leading nodes in PPI network and being closely related with patients' survival. Single gene analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that CXCL12 was down-regulated in BLCA samples and significantly related with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients. Further analysis suggested that CXCL12 was involved in the immune-associated activities probably through its close cross-talk with TICs. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12 down-regulation could be a potential biomarker to predict the unbalanced immune status of TIME of BLCA, which might provide an extra insight for the immunotherapy of BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhao Xie
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Qin
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanliang Zhong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Hou J, Wen X, Lu Z, Wu G, Yang G, Tang C, Qu G, Xu Y. A novel T-cell proliferation-associated regulator signature pre-operatively predicted the prognostic of bladder cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970949. [PMID: 36211359 PMCID: PMC9539738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BCa) is a remarkably malignant and heterogeneous neoplastic disease, and its prognosis prediction is still challenging. Even with the mounting researches on the mechanisms of tumor immunotherapy, the prognostic value of T-cell proliferation regulators in bladder cancer remains elusive. Methods Herein, we collected mRNA expression profiles and relevant clinical information of bladder cancer sufferers from a publicly available data base. Then, the LASSO Cox regression model was utilized to establish a multi-gene signature for the TCGA cohort to predict the prognosis and staging of bladder cancer. Eventually, the predictive power of the model was validated by randomized grouping. Results The outcomes revealed that most genes related to T-cell proliferation in the TCGA cohort exhibited different expressions between BCa cells and neighboring healthy tissues. Univariable Cox regressive analyses showed that four DEGs were related to OS in bladder cancer patients (p<0.05). We constructed a histogram containing four clinical characteristics and separated sufferers into high- and low-risk groups. High-risk sufferers had remarkably lower OS compared with low-risk sufferers (P<0.001). Eventually, the predictive power of the signature was verified by ROC curve analyses, and similar results were obtained in the validation cohort. Functional analyses were also completed, which showed the enrichment of immune-related pathways and different immune status in the two groups. Moreover, by single-cell sequencing, our team verified that CXCL12, a T-lymphocyte proliferation regulator, influenced bladder oncogenesis and progression by depleting T-lymphocyte proliferation in the tumor microenvironment, thus promoting tumor immune evasion. Conclusion This study establishes a novel T cell proliferation-associated regulator signature which can be used for the prognostic prediction of bladder cancer. The outcomes herein facilitate the studies on T-cell proliferation and its immune micro-environment to ameliorate prognoses and immunotherapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hou
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hosipital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyang Wen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hosipital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenquan Lu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hosipital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hosipital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Genyi Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Genyi Qu,
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
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10
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Viveiros N, Flores BC, Lobo J, Martins-Lima C, Cantante M, Lopes P, Deantonio C, Palu C, Sainson RC, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Detailed bladder cancer immunoprofiling reveals new clues for immunotherapeutic strategies. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1402. [PMID: 36092481 PMCID: PMC9440624 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bladder cancer (BlCa) is the tenth most frequent malignancy worldwide and the costliest to treat and monitor. Muscle-invasive BlCa (MIBC) has a dismal prognosis, entailing the need for alternative therapies for the standard radical cystectomy. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has been approved for high-grade non-muscle-invasive BlCa (HG NMIBC) and metastatic disease, but its effectiveness in localised MIBC remains under scrutiny. Herein, we sought to characterise and compare the immune infiltrate of HG NMIBC and MIBC samples, including ICOS expression, a targetable immune checkpoint associated with regulatory T cell(Tregs)-mediated immunosuppression. Methods Immunohistochemistry for CD83, CD20, CD68, CD163, CD3, CD8, CD4, FoxP3/ICOS and PD-L1 was performed in HG NMIBC and MIBC samples (n = 206), and positive staining was quantified in the peritumoral and/or intratumoral tissue compartments with QuPath imaging software. Results CD20+ B cells, CD68+ and CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages were significantly increased in MIBCs and associated with poor prognosis. In turn, higher infiltration of T cells was associated with prolonged survival, with exception of the CD4+ helper subset. Intratumoral expression of CD3 and CD8 was independent prognostic factors for increased disease-free survival (DFS) in multivariable analysis. Remarkably, Tregs (FoxP3+/FoxP3+ICOS+) were found differentially distributed between tissue compartments. PD-L1 immunoexpression independently predicted a shorter DFS and associated with higher infiltration of FoxP3+ICOS+ Tregs. Conclusions Immune infiltrates of HG NMIBC and MIBC display significant differences that may help selecting patients for immunotherapies. Considering ICOS immunoexpression results, it might constitute a relevant therapeutic target, eventually in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, for certain BlCa patient subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Viveiros
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal
| | - Bianca Ct Flores
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal
| | - João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences- University of Porto (ICBAS-UP) Porto Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins-Lima
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Precision Medicine University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples Italy
| | - Mariana Cantante
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) Porto Portugal
| | - Paula Lopes
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) Porto Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences- University of Porto (ICBAS-UP) Porto Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Porto Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences- University of Porto (ICBAS-UP) Porto Portugal
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11
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Liu JP, Fang YT, Jiang YF, Lin H. HYAL3 as a potential novel marker of BLCA patient prognosis. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:63. [PMID: 35945500 PMCID: PMC9361633 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been previously demonstrated that hyaluronan (HA) potentially regulates the initiation and propagation of bladder cancer (BLCA). HYAL3 encodes hyaluronidase and is a potential therapeutic target for BLCA. We aimed to explore the role that HYAL3 plays in BLCA pathogenesis. METHODS HYAL3 expression in BLCA specimens was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort as well as confirmed in cell lines and The Human Protein Atlas. Then, associations between HYAL3 expression and clinicopathological data were analyzed using survival curves and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The functions of HYAL3 were further dissected using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and the protein-protein interaction network. Finally, we harnessed the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis to obtain correlations between HYAL3 expression, infiltrating immunocytes, and the corresponding immune marker sets. RESULTS HYAL3 expression varied greatly between many types of cancers. In addition, a higher HYAL3 expression level predicted a poor overall survival (OS) in both TCGA-BLCA and GEO gene chips (P < 0.05). HYAL3 also exhibited an acceptable diagnostic ability for the pathological stage of BLCA (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.769). Furthermore, HYAL3 acted as an independent prognostic factor in BLCA patients and correlated with the infiltration of various types of immunocytes, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic cells, T follicular helper cells, and T helper (Th) 2 cells. CONCLUSION HYAL3 might serve as a potential biomarker for predicting poor OS in BLCA patients and correlated with immunocyte infiltration in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Peng Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Tong Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Qin Y, Lu F, Lyu K, Chang AE, Li Q. Emerging concepts regarding pro- and anti tumor properties of B cells in tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881427. [PMID: 35967441 PMCID: PMC9366002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial views regarding the roles of B cells in tumor immunity have existed for several decades. However, more recent studies have focused on its positive properties in antitumor immunity. Many studies have demonstrated a close association of the higher density of intratumoral B cells with favorable outcomes in cancer patients. B cells can interact with T cells as well as follicular dendritic cells within tertiary lymphoid structures, where they undergo a series of biological events, including clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, class switching, and tumor-specific antibody production, which may trigger antitumor humoral responses. After activation, B cells can function as effector cells via direct tumor-killing, antigen-presenting activity, and production of tumor-specific antibodies. At the other extreme, B cells can obtain inhibitory functions by relevant stimuli, converting to regulatory B cells, which serve as an immunosuppressive arm to tumor immunity. Here we summarize our current understanding of the bipolar properties of B cells within the tumor immune microenvironment and propose potential B cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies, which may help promote cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Furong Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kexing Lyu
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alfred E. Chang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiao Li, ; Alfred E. Chang,
| | - Qiao Li
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiao Li, ; Alfred E. Chang,
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13
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Dyugay IA, Lukyanov DK, Turchaninova MA, Serebrovskaya EO, Bryushkova EA, Zaretsky AR, Khalmurzaev O, Matveev VB, Shugay M, Shelyakin PV, Chudakov DM. Accounting for B-cell Behavior and Sampling Bias Predicts Anti-PD-L1 Response in Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:343-353. [PMID: 35013004 PMCID: PMC9381118 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is predominantly based on T cell-centric approaches. At the same time, the adaptive immune response in the tumor environment also includes clonally produced immunoglobulins and clonal effector/memory B cells that participate in antigen-specific decisions through their interactions with T cells. Here, we investigated the role of infiltrating B cells in bladder cancer via patient dataset analysis of intratumoral immunoglobulin repertoires. We showed that the IgG1/IgA ratio is a prognostic indicator for several subtypes of bladder cancer and for the whole IMVigor210 anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy study cohort. A high IgG1/IgA ratio associated with the prominence of a cytotoxic gene signature, T-cell receptor signaling, and IL21-mediated signaling. Immunoglobulin repertoire analysis indicated that effector B-cell function, rather than clonally produced antibodies, was involved in antitumor responses. From the T-cell side, we normalized a cytotoxic signature against the extent of immune cell infiltration to neutralize the artificial sampling-based variability in immune gene expression. Resulting metrics reflected proportion of cytotoxic cells among tumor-infiltrating immune cells and improved prediction of anti-PD-L1 responses. At the same time, the IgG1/IgA ratio remained an independent prognostic factor. Integration of the B-cell, natural killer cell, and T-cell signatures allowed for the most accurate prediction of anti-PD-L1 therapy responses. On the basis of these findings, we developed a predictor called PRedIctive MolecUlar Signature (PRIMUS), which outperformed PD-L1 expression scores and known gene signatures. Overall, PRIMUS allows for reliable identification of responders among patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, including the subcohort with the low-infiltrated "desert" tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Dyugay
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil K. Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Turchaninova
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O. Serebrovskaya
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Bryushkova
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Molecular Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew R. Zaretsky
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oybek Khalmurzaev
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod B. Matveev
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Shelyakin
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Corresponding Author: Dmitriy M. Chudakov, Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, IBCH RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. Phone: 7 (495) 335-01-00; E-mail:
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14
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Li W, Nie A, Jin L, Cui Y, Xie N, Liang G. Long non-coding RNA terminal differentiation-induced non-coding RNA regulates cisplatin resistance of choroidal melanoma by positively modulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 via sponging microRNA-19b-3p. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3422-3433. [PMID: 35067169 PMCID: PMC8973966 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2014618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA terminal differentiation-induced non-coding RNA (TINCR) in cisplatin (DDP) resistance of choroidal melanoma (CM) and the potential molecular mechanisms. CM and non-CM tissues were collected from 60 CM patients. DDP-resistant CM cells were obtained by selection with linearly increased DDP treatment. The expression levels of TINCR, microR-19b-3p (miR-19b-3p), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK-2) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) assay was utilized to detect chemosensitivity and cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect apoptotic cells. The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase-3, ERK-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 were measured by Western blot. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the relationship among TINCR, miR-19b-3p, and ERK-2. The results showed that the levels of TINCR and ERK-2 were markedly increased in DDP-resistant CM tissues and cells, while miR-19b-3p level was significantly reduced. TINCR knockdown reduced DDP resistance and cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis, while TINCR overexpression exhibited opposite effects. TINCR and ERK-2 were direct targets of miR-19b-3p. Further experiments revealed that TINCR enhanced DDP resistance in CM cells by regulating the miR-19b-3p/ERK-2/NF-kb axis. Taken together, our study revealed a critical role of TINCR in regulating DDP resistance in CM and suggested that TINCR is a potential cisplatin-resistant CM therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518000 P. R. China
| | - Aiqin Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518000 P. R. China
| | - Longyu Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518000 P. R. China
| | - Yubo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518000 P. R. China
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518000 P. R. China
| | - Gaohua Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationlities, Guangxi, Baise, 533000, China
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15
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Upregulation of IFNɣ-mediated chemokines dominate the immune transcriptome of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:716. [PMID: 35027623 PMCID: PMC8758674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor inflammation is prognostically significant in high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To identify inflammation-associated immune gene expression patterns, we performed transcriptomic profiling of 40 MIBC archival tumors using the NanoString nCounter Human v.1.1 PanCancer Panel. Findings were validated using the TCGA MIBC dataset. Unsupervised and supervised clustering identified a distinctive immune-related gene expression profile for inflammation, characterized by significant upregulation of 149 genes, particularly chemokines, a subset of which also had potential prognostic utility. Some of the most enriched biological processes were lymphocyte activation and proliferation, leukocyte adhesion and migration, antigen processing and presentation and cellular response to IFN-γ. Upregulation of numerous IFN-γ-inducible chemokines, class II MHC molecules and immune checkpoint genes was detected as part of the complex immune response to MIBC. Further, B-cell markers linked to tertiary lymphoid structures were upregulated, which in turn is predictive of tumor response to immunotherapy and favorable outcome. Our findings of both an overall activated immune profıle and immunosuppressive microenvironment provide novel insights into the complex immune milieu of MIBC with inflammation and supports its clinical significance for predicting prognosis and immunotherapeutic responsiveness, which warrants further investigation. This may open novel opportunities to identify mechanisms for developing new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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16
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Development and validation of Pyroptosis‑related lncRNAs prediction model for bladder cancer. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230650. [PMID: 35024796 PMCID: PMC8799921 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the highly heterogeneous disorders accompanied by a poor prognosis. The present study aimed to construct a model based on pyroptosis-related long-stranded non-coding RNA (lncRNA) to evaluate the potential prognostic application in bladder cancer. The mRNA expression profiles of bladder cancer patients and corresponding clinical data were downloaded from the public database from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Pyroptosis-related lncRNAs were identified by utilizing a co-expression network of pyroptosis-related genes and lncRNAs. The lncRNA was further screened by univariate Cox regression analysis. Finally, eight pyroptosis-related lncRNA markers were established using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Patients were separated into high- and low-risk groups based on the performance value of the median risk score. Patients in the high-risk group had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) than those in the low-risk group (P<0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, the risk score was an independent predictive factor of OS (HR > 1, P<0.01). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the 3- and 5-year OS in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 0.742 and 0.739, respectively. In conclusion, these eight pyroptosis-related lncRNA and their markers may be potential molecular markers and therapeutic targets for bladder cancer patients.
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17
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Zheng X, Liao X, Nie L, Lin T, Xu H, Yang L, Shen B, Qiu S, Ai J, Wei Q. LCK and CD3E Orchestrate the Tumor Microenvironment and Promote Immunotherapy Response and Survival of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:748280. [PMID: 35004669 PMCID: PMC8740181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have demonstrated the significance of multiple biomarkers for bladder cancer. Here, we attempt to present biomarkers potentially predictive of the prognosis and immunotherapy response of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Method: Immune and stromal scores were calculated for MIBC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Core differential expression genes (DEGs) with prognostic value were identified and validated using an independent dataset GSE31684. The clinical implications of prognostic genes and the inter-gene correlation were presented. The distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs), the correlation with tumor mutation burden (TMB), and the expression of eight immune checkpoint-relevant genes and CD39 were accordingly compared. Two bladder cancer cohorts (GSE176307 and IMvigor210) receiving immunotherapy were recruited to validate the prognostic value of LCK and CD3E for immunotherapy. Results: 361 MIBC samples from TCGA revealed a worse overall survival for higher stromal infiltration (p = 0.009) but a better overall survival for higher immune infiltration (p = 0.042). CD3E and LCK were independently validated by TCGA and GSE31684 to be prognostic for MIBC. CD3E was the most correlative gene of LCK, with a coefficient of r = 0.86 (p < 0.001). CD8+ T cells and macrophage M1 are more abundant in favor of a higher expression of CD3E and LCK in MIBC and across pan-cancers. Immune checkpoints like CTLA4, CD274 (PD-1), and PDCD1 (PD-L1) were highly expressed in high-CD3E and high-LCK groups for MIBC and also for pan-cancers, except for thymoma. LCK and CD3E had a moderate positive correlation with CD39 expression. Importantly, high-LCK and high-CD3E groups had a higher percentage of responders than the low-expression groups both in GSE176307 (LCK: 22.73vs. 13.64%, CD3E: 22.00 vs. 13.16%) and IMvigor210 cohorts (LCK: 28.19 vs. 17.45%, CD3E: 25.50 vs. 20.13%). Conclusion: CD3E and LCK were potential biomarkers of MIBC. CD3E and LCK were positively correlated with several regular immunotherapy biomarkers, which is supported by real-world outcomes from two immunotherapy cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zheng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhai Lin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institute of Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Liu Z, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zeng H, Huang Q, Chen Y, Jiang W, Lin Z, Qu Y, Xiong Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu L, Dai B, Guo J, Wang J, Chang Y, Zhang W. Intratumoral TIGIT + CD8 + T-cell infiltration determines poor prognosis and immune evasion in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000978. [PMID: 32817209 PMCID: PMC7430558 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is identified as a novel checkpoint receptor that can facilitate immune escape via mediating T-cell exhaustion in tumors. However, the clinical significance and immune contexture correlation of intratumoral TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cells remain to be further explored in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Methods 259 patients with MIBC from two clinical centers (Zhongshan Hospital, n=141; Shanghai Cancer Center, n=118) were analyzed to evaluate the prognostic value and immune contexture association of TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cells through immunohistochemistry. Fresh tumor tissue samples from 26 patients with MIBC were examined to discover the phenotype of this CD8 subpopulation by flow cytometry. Results High infiltration of intratumoral TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cells predicted poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in MIBC. For patients with stage II MIBC with low infiltration of TIGIT+ CD8+ cells, adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) could significantly prolong their OS and RFS. Intratumoral TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cell abundance was correlated with impaired CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity and exhibited production of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Further analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cell landscape revealed TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cells were associated with suppressive immune contexture, including Th2 cells, regulatory T-cells, mast cells and neutrophils. Conclusion Intratumoral TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cell abundance could serve as an independent prognosticator for clinical outcome and a predictive biomarker for inferior ACT responsiveness. Intratumoral TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cell abundance correlated with dampened CD8+ T-cell antitumor immunity and immunosuppressive contexture abundance, highlighting a tumor-promoting role of TIGIT+ CD8+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopei Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuren Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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19
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Nelson BE, Hong A, Jana B. Elucidation of Novel Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Strategies in Urothelial Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705294. [PMID: 34422659 PMCID: PMC8374860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma therapy is a rapidly evolving and expanding field. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens have not produced optimal long-term outcomes, and many urothelial cancer patients have comorbidities that disqualify them as chemotherapy candidates. In recent years, a plethora of novel therapeutic agents that target diverse molecular pathways has emerged as alternative treatment modalities for not only metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but also for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in adjuvant and definitive settings. This review paper aims to discuss the various categories of therapeutic agents for these different types of urothelial cancer, discussing immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, kinase inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, peptide vaccination, and other drugs targeting pathways such as angiogenesis, DNA synthesis, mTOR/PI3K/AKT, and EGFR/HER-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessie Elizabeth Nelson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Angelina Hong
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bagi Jana
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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20
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Zeng H, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Huang Q, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Dai B, Guo J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu J. Stromal LAG-3 + cells infiltration defines poor prognosis subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer with immunoevasive contexture. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000651. [PMID: 32540859 PMCID: PMC7295439 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a promising immune checkpoint therapeutic target being evaluated in clinical trials. We assessed the LAG-3+ cells distribution, its association with clinical outcomes and immune contexture and its role in the landscape of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treatment. METHODS 141 patients with MIBC from Zhongshan Hospital were included for survival and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) benefit analyses. 32 fresh resected samples of MIBC were collected to detect CD8+ T cells functional state. The molecular classification analyses were based on 391 patients with MIBC from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to characterize various immune cells infiltration. RESULTS In Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression models, stromal LAG-3+ cells enrichment was consistently associated with inferior overall survival and disease-free survival, and indicated suboptimal responsiveness to ACT. Patents with high stromal LAG-3+ cells possessed increased protumor cells, immunosuppressive cytokines and immune checkpoint expression. The phenotypic analyses of CD8+ T cells correlated its dysfunctional state with LAG-3+ cells. Besides, LAG-3 mRNA level was linked to luminal and basal subtypes of MIBC. LAG-3-high tumors exhibited limited FGFR3 mutation and signaling signature, and displayed activated immunotherapeutic and EGFR-associated pathway. CONCLUSIONS Stromal LAG-3+ cells abundance indicated an immunoevasive contexture with dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, and represented an independent predictor for adverse survival outcome and ACT resistance in MIBC. LAG-3 expression could potentially be a novel biomarker for FGFR3-targeted and EGFR-targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The crucial role of LAG-3+ cells in the therapeutic landscape of MIBC needs further validation retrospectively and prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuren Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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N J, J T, Sl N, Gt B. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes in cancer prognosis and response to immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1900508. [PMID: 33854820 PMCID: PMC8018489 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic cellular aggregates that resemble secondary lymphoid organs in their composition and structural organization. In contrast to secondary lymphoid organs, TLS are not imprinted during embryogenesis but are formed in non-lymphoid tissues in response to local inflammation. TLS structures exhibiting a variable degree of maturation are found in solid tumors. They are composed of various immune cell types including dendritic cells and antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes, that together, actively drive the immune response against tumor development and progression. This review highlights the successive steps leading to tumor TLS formation and its association with clinical outcomes. We discuss the role played by tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes and plasma cells, their prognostic value in solid tumors and immunotherapeutic responses and their potential for future targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelot N
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tellier J
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nutt Sl
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Belz Gt
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Wu J, Abraham SN. The Roles of T cells in Bladder Pathologies. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:248-260. [PMID: 33536141 PMCID: PMC7914211 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play important roles in the skin and mucosal surfaces such as the gut and lung. Until recently the contributions of T cells to mammalian bladder immunity were largely unknown. With newer techniques, including single-cell RNA sequencing and reporter mice, an understanding is emerging of T cell roles in bladder diseases (bacterial infections, bladder cancer, chronic inflammation). In these pathologies, many bladder T cell responses can be harmful to the host through suboptimal clearance of bacteria or cancer cells, or by modulating autoinflammation. Recent findings suggest that T cell behavior might be influenced by resident T cell interactions with the bladder microbiota and other immunostimulants. Thus, regulating bladder T cell functions could emerge as a putative immunotherapy to treat some bladder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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23
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Construction of an Immune-Associated Gene-Based Signature in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8866730. [PMID: 33456631 PMCID: PMC7785346 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8866730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background In recent years, immune-associated genes (IAGs) have been documented as having critical roles in the occurrence and progression of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Novel immune-related biomarkers and a robust prognostic signature for MIBC patients are still limited. The study is aimed at developing an IAG-based signature to predict the prognosis of MIBC patients. Methods In the present study, we identified differentially expressed IAGs in MIBC by using transcriptomics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and proteomics data from our samples. We further constructed an IAG-based signature and evaluated its prognostic and predictive value by survival analysis and nomogram. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was applied to explore the correlation between the IAG-based signature and immune cell infiltration in the microenvironment of MIBC. Results A total of 22 differentially expressed IAGs were identified, and 2 IAGs (NR2F6 and AHNAK) were used to establish a prognostic signature. Subsequently, survival analysis showed that high-risk scores were significantly correlated with poor overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) of MIBC patients. A prognostic nomogram was constructed by integrating clinical factors with the IAG-based signature risk score. In addition, the IAG-based signature risk score was positively associated with the infiltration of macrophages and dendritic cells in MIBC. Conclusions We constructed and verified a novel IAG-based signature, which could predict the prognosis of MIBC and might reflect the status of the immune microenvironment of MIBC. Further studies in more independent clinical cohorts and further experimental exploration of the prognostic IAG-based signature are still needed.
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24
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Taniai T, Haruki K, Hamura R, Fujiwara Y, Furukawa K, Gocho T, Shiba H, Yanaga K. The Prognostic Significance of C-reactive Protein-To-Lymphocyte Ratio in Colorectal Liver Metastases. J Surg Res 2020; 258:414-421. [PMID: 33109402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preoperative systemic inflammation has been reported to predict tumor recurrence and survival in various cancers, including colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, more sensitive biomarker is required to improve perioperative management of CRLM. Therefore, we developed a novel indicator; C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio (CLR). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of CLR in patients with CRLM after hepatic resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 197 patients who had undergone hepatic resection for CRLM between January 2000 and December 2018. We retrospectively investigated the relation between CLR and disease-free survival and overall survival after hepatic resection and compared their prognostic significance with that of the C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. RESULTS Optimal cutoff level of the CLR by receiver operating characteristics analysis was 62.8 × 10-6. By multivariate analysis, CLR was an independent predictor of disease-free survival [hazard ratio (HR): 1.463, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003-2.135, P = 0.048), whereas lymph node metastases>4 (HR: 1.804, 95% CI: 1.100-2.958, P = 0.019) and CLR (HR: 1.656, 95% CI: 1.007-2.724, P = 0.047) were independent predictors of overall survival, while the C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were not. CONCLUSIONS CLR may be an independent and significant indicator of poor long-term outcomes in patients with CRLM after hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Taniai
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryoga Hamura
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Gocho
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shiba
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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A Methylation-Based Reclassification of Bladder Cancer Based on Immune Cell Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103054. [PMID: 33092083 PMCID: PMC7593922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer (BC) development is highly related to immune cell infiltration. In this study, we aimed to construct a new classification of bladder cancer molecular subtypes based on immune-cell-associated CpG(Methylation) sites. The classification was accurate and stable. BC patients were successfully divided into three subtypes based on the immune-cell-associated CpG sites. The clinicopathologic features, distribution of immune cells, level of expression of checkpoints, stromal score, immune score, ESTIMATEScore, tumor purity, APC co_inhibition, APC co_stimulation, HLA, MHC class_I, Type I IFN_respons, Type II IFN response, and DNA stemness score (DNAss) presented significant differences among the three subgroups. The specific genomic alteration was also different across subgroups. High-level immune infiltration showed a correlation with high-level methylation. A lower RNA stemness score (RNAss) was associated with higher immune infiltration. Cluster 2 demonstrated a better response to chemotherapy. The anti-cancer targeted drug therapy results are different among the three subgroups. Abstract Background: Bladder cancer is highly related to immune cell infiltration. This study aimed to develop a new classification of BC molecular subtypes based on immune-cell-associated CpG sites. Methods: The genes of 28 types of immune cells were obtained from previous studies. Then, methylation sites corresponding to immune-cell-associated genes were acquired. Differentially methylated sites (DMSs) were identified between normal samples and bladder cancer samples. Unsupervised clustering analysis of differentially methylated sites was performed to divide the sites into several subtypes. Then, the potential mechanism of different subtypes was explored. Results: Bladder cancer patients were divided into three groups. The cluster 3 subtype had the best prognosis. Cluster 1 had the poorest prognosis. The distribution of immune cells, level of expression of checkpoints, stromal score, immune score, ESTIMATEScore, tumor purity, APC co_inhibition, APC co_stimulation, HLA, MHC class_I, Type I IFN Response, Type II IFN Response, and DNAss presented significant differences among the three subgroups. The distribution of genomic alterations was also different. Conclusions: The proposed classification was accurate and stable. BC patients could be divided into three subtypes based on the immune-cell-associated CpG sites. Specific biological signaling pathways, immune mechanisms, and genomic alterations were varied among the three subgroups. High-level immune infiltration was correlated with high-level methylation. The lower RNAss was associated with higher immune infiltration. The study of the intratumoral immune microenvironment may provide a new perspective for BC therapy.
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26
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Ikarashi D, Kitano S, Ishida K, Nakatsura T, Shimodate H, Tsuyukubo T, Tamura D, Kato R, Sugai T, Obara W. Complete Pathological Response to Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab in a Patient With Chemoresistant Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Case Report. Front Oncol 2020; 10:564714. [PMID: 33072593 PMCID: PMC7541700 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.564714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options as second-line therapy for advanced ureteral carcinoma are limited, and patients experiencing recurrence after first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. Recently, the programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab provided a better survival benefit with a complete response rate (9.2%) for chemoresistatant urothelial carcinoma. However, the dynamic changes of the cancer microenvironment about the cases of complete response are still unknown. We herein report a case of a 57-year-old man who had been diagnosed with localized, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pT1N0M0, high grade), for which he underwent transurethral resection of the bladder cancer twice. Given that gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line neoadjuvant chemotherapy was unable to control left vesico-ureteral junction recurrence with muscle invasion (T3N0M0, high grade), the patient received the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab as second-line neoadjuvant therapy in an attempt to stop tumor growth, which promoted dramatic tumor shrinkage without serious adverse effects and allowed subsequent nephroureterectomy and lymphadenectomy. To the best of our knowledge, this has been the first study to report that pembrolizumab administration before surgery for chemotherapy-resistant ureteral carcinoma promoted a pathological complete response, providing a better understanding of the cancer microenvironment after immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Ikarashi
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Development, Advanced Medical Development Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Ariake, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Development, Advanced Medical Development Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Ariake, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimodate
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuyukubo
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Daichi Tamura
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Renpei Kato
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
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27
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Huang Q, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zeng H, Chen Y, Qu Y, Xiong Y, Wang J, Chang Y, Xia Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu L, Dai B, Guo J, Wang Z, Bai Q, Zhang W. Identification and validation of an excellent prognosis subtype of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with intratumoral CXCR5 + CD8 + T cell abundance. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1810489. [PMID: 32939328 PMCID: PMC7470185 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1810489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most frequent-diagnosed disease worldwide, bearing high morbidity and mortality rates. Studies have shown that a particular population of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells was associated with superior prognosis in various tumor types, and yet its role in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remains unclear. In this study, 662 MIBC patients from 3 cohorts (Zhongshan Hospital, n = 141; Shanghai Cancer Center, n = 108; The Cancer Genome Atlas, n = 403) were analyzed retrospectively. 11 fresh resected samples of MIBC were examined to characterize the phenotype of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells and 402 MIBC patients from TCGA were applied for bioinformatics analysis. It was explored that the abundance of intratumoral CXCR5+CD8+ T cells indicated superior overall survival and disease-free survival. Patients with a higher infiltration of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells in tumor tissue benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). Intratumoral CXCR5+CD8+ T cells displayed cytolytic and self-renewal features. Remarkably, CXCR5+CD8+ T cells were mainly presented in the basal and stromal-rich subtypes of MIBC and tumors with enriched CXCR5+CD8+ T cells showed limited FGFR3 signaling signature and activated immunotherapeutic and EGFR associated pathway. In conclusion, we identified an excellent prognosis and ACT sensitive subtype of MIBC with intratumoral CXCR5+CD8+ T cell abundance. Tumors with high density of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells possessed potential sensitivity to immunotherapy and EGFR-targeted therapy. CXCR5+CD8+ T cells provide a new potential biomarker as well as a therapeutic target in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuren Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Vetterlein MW, Witjes JA, Loriot Y, Giannarini G, Albersen M, Ribal MJ, Rouprêt M. Cutting-edge Management of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in 2020 and a Glimpse into the Future. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 3:789-801. [PMID: 32553706 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This case-based discussion describes the clinical course of a 63-yr-old patient who presented with gross hematuria and was diagnosed with a muscle-invasive bladder cancer at transurethral resection. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced tumor, and the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by open radical cystectomy with standard pelvic lymph node dissection. In a step-by-step fashion, we elaborate on diagnostic and therapeutic treatment options from two different vantage points: (1) guideline-adherent treatment with the state-of-the-art standard of care, and (2) a glimpse into the future discussing the evidence of potential additional or alternative approaches based on recent scientific advances. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this case-based discussion, we follow the clinical course of a patient with advanced bladder cancer and elaborate how the state-of-the-art treatment looks like in 2020, based on the best available evidence. This is compared with potential future treatment strategies, which may change and alternate our understanding of optimal bladder cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte W Vetterlein
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Giannarini
- Urology Unit, Academic Medical Center "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J Ribal
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5 Predictive ONCO-URO, AP-HP, Urology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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29
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Wang Z, Zhou Q, Zeng H, Zhang H, Liu Z, Huang Q, Xiong Y, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Xu L, Dai B, Liu L, Guo J, Xu J. Tumor-infiltrating IL-17A + cells determine favorable prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapeutic response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1747332. [PMID: 32313725 PMCID: PMC7153847 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1747332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-17A+ cells remains controversial among various cancer types. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IL-17A+ cells on tumor immune contexture and clinical outcome in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In this study, we enrolled 141 patients from Zhongshan Hospital, 118 patients from Shanghai Cancer Center and 403 patients from TCGA cohort. In vitro studies were conducted in 32 freshly resected tumors. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis. The results suggested that patients with high levels of IL-17A+ cells had prolonged overall survival and recurrence-free survival (HR = 0.268, P < .001; and HR = 0.433, P < .001). Moreover, these patients tended to be at lower risk of death and recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .012 and P = .004). An increased number of IL-17A+ cells correlated with the infiltration of several anti-tumor immune cells into tumors. In addition, IL-17A+ cells had an influence on the recruitment, proliferation, and activation of CD8+ cells, and were positively associated with the expression of several anti-tumor effector cytokines. In conclusion, tumor-infiltrating IL17A+ cells were correlated with an elevated anti-tumor immunity in MIBC. Besides, high infiltration of IL17A+ cells can predict benefit from ACT for MIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuren Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Zhou Q, Wang Z, Zeng H, Zhang H, Liu Z, Huang Q, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu L, Dai B, Guo J, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xu J. Identification and validation of poor prognosis immunoevasive subtype of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with tumor-infiltrating podoplanin + cell abundance. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1747333. [PMID: 33457092 PMCID: PMC7759386 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1747333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of chemo- or immuno-therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients remains contentious. Podoplanin is newly identified as an immune checkpoint which intrigues us to explore the clinical significance and immunoregulatory role of tumor-infiltrating podoplanin+ cells (PDPN+ cells) in MIBC. A retrospective analysis of 259 MIBC patients from Zhongshan Hospital (n = 141) and Shanghai Cancer Center (n = 118) was conducted. A total of 406 MIBC patients from TCGA database were enrolled to investigate the relationship between PDPN and molecular characterization. We found that tumor-infiltrating PDPN+ cell abundance indicated an inferior overall survival and recurrence-free survival. pT2 MIBC patients with PDPN+ cell low infiltration could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). Increased PDPN+ cell infiltration was associated with diminished GZMB and TNF-α expression while correlated with expanded PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 expression and tumor-promoting regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage infiltration. Tumors with high PDPN mRNA expression mainly presented luminal-infiltrated and basal-squamous subtypes (2017 TCGA classification) or stroma-rich and Ba/Sq subtypes (consensus classification). Elevated PDPN mRNA expression was associated with less FGFR3 activation signature and more T-cell-inflamed signature and EGFR activation signature. In conclusion, tumor-infiltrating PDPN+ cells could be applied as an independent prognosticator for clinical outcome and a predictive biomarker for suboptimal ACT responsiveness, which was also associated with immunosuppressive contexture infiltration. Intratumoral PDPN expression had a correlation with MIBC molecular classification and therapy-related signatures. The novel immune checkpoint PDPN should be considered as a possible immunotherapeutic target for MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuren Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Qiu H, Hu X, He C, Yu B, Li Y, Li J. Identification and Validation of an Individualized Prognostic Signature of Bladder Cancer Based on Seven Immune Related Genes. Front Genet 2020; 11:12. [PMID: 32117435 PMCID: PMC7013035 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been no report of prognostic signature based on immune-related genes (IRGs). This study aimed to develop an IRG-based prognostic signature that could stratify patients with bladder cancer (BLCA). METHODS RNA-seq data along with clinical information on BLCA were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus (GEO). Based on TCGA dataset, differentially expressed IRGs were identified via Wilcoxon test. Among these genes, prognostic IRGs were identified using univariate Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, we split TCGA dataset into the training (n = 284) and test datasets (n = 119). Based on the training dataset, we built a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized Cox proportional hazards regression model with multiple prognostic IRGs. It was validated in the training dataset, test dataset, and external dataset GSE13507 (n = 165). Additionally, we accessed the six types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells from Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) website and analyzed the difference between risk groups. Further, we constructed and validated a nomogram to tailor treatment for patients with BLCA. RESULTS A set of 47 prognostic IRGs was identified. LASSO regression and identified seven BLCA-specific prognostic IRGs, i.e., RBP7, PDGFRA, AHNAK, OAS1, RAC3, EDNRA, and SH3BP2. We developed an IRG-based prognostic signature that stratify BLCA patients into two subgroups with statistically different survival outcomes [hazard ratio (HR) = 10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.6-19, P < 0.001]. The ROC curve analysis showed acceptable discrimination with AUCs of 0.711, 0.754, and 0.772 at 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up respectively. The predictive performance was validated in the train set, test set, and external dataset GSE13507. Besides, the increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cells in the high-risk group (as defined by the signature) indicated chronic inflammation may reduce the survival chances of BLCA patients. The nomogram demonstrated to be clinically-relevant and effective with accurate prediction and positive net benefit. CONCLUSION The present immune-related signature can effectively classify BLCA patients into high-risk and low-risk groups in terms of survival rate, which may help select high-risk BLCA patients for more intensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaide Qiu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorong Hu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Yu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Kobayashi M, Katayama H, Fahrmann JF, Hanash SM. Development of autoantibody signatures for common cancers. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Zeng H, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Qi Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Zhang P, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Dai B, Guo J, Xu L, Zhang W, Xu J. Intratumoral IL22-producing cells define immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer with poor prognosis and superior nivolumab responses. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:542-552. [PMID: 31584197 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous researches have identified immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) characterized with immune cells infiltration patterns. Our study explored the clinical significance, immunoregulatory role and therapeutic value of intratumoral IL22-producing cells in MIBC. Two hundred and fifty-nine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded MIBC samples and 83 freshly resected MIBC tissues and 391 TCGA MIBC samples were retrospectively evaluated. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were applied to identify immune cell infiltration and functional status. In vitro intervention studies were to test the therapeutic and predictive potential of IL22+ cells. Our data revealed patients with high IL22+ cells infiltration suffered poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in both training and validation cohorts. Only pT2 patients of combined cohort with low IL22+ cells infiltration gained survival benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) significantly. Besides, immune contexture featured with increased pro-tumor cells and immunosuppressive cytokines was identified in patients with high IL22+ cells density. The expression pattern of exhausted and effector markers in CD8+ T cells from high IL22+ cells subgroup indicated their dysfunctional status. Importantly, nivolumab showed tumor-killing efficacy in tumors with high IL22+ cells infiltration, and immunosuppressive contexture with CD8+ T cells exhaustion was abrogated in tumors treated with anti-IL22 antibody. In summary, IL22+ cells infiltration determined immunosuppressive contexture with CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Tumor-infiltrating IL22+ cells could be used as an independent marker to predict prognosis and ACT responses. IL22+ cells infiltration possessed the potential to be a favorable predictor for nivolumab application and IL22 blockade could be a novel therapeutic strategy in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Role of Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells in Tumor Immunity. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2592419. [PMID: 31662750 PMCID: PMC6778893 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2592419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies on elucidating the role of lymphocytes in tumor immunity predominantly focused on T cells. However, the role of B cells in tumor immunity has increasingly received better attention in recent studies. The B cells that infiltrate tumor tissues are called tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs). It is found that TIBs play a multifaceted dual role in regulating tumor immunity rather than just tumor inhibition or promotion. In this article, latest research advances focusing on the relationship between TIBs and tumor complexity are reviewed, and light is shed on some novel ideas for exploiting TIBs as a possible tumor biomarker and potential therapeutic target against tumors.
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35
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Wahlin S, Nodin B, Leandersson K, Boman K, Jirström K. Clinical impact of T cells, B cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in muscle invasive bladder cancer: a comparative study of transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1644108. [PMID: 31646091 PMCID: PMC6791444 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1644108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy has improved survival but there is an urgent unmet need to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers to stratify patients who will benefit from treatment. This study aimed to examine the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in MIBC, with particular reference to the clinical outcome and the potential modifying effect of NAC. To this end, the expression of CD8+ and FoxP3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, PD-1+ and PD-L1+ immune cells and PD-L1+ tumor cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays with paired transurethral resection (TURB) specimens, cystectomy specimens and lymph node metastases from 145 patients, 65 of whom had received NAC. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were applied to assess the impact of investigated cell subsets on time to recurrence (TTR). In cystectomy specimens, high infiltration of the investigated immune cell populations, but not PD-L1+ tumor cells, were independently associated with a prolonged TTR, whereas in TURB specimens, this association was only seen for CD8+ lymphocytes. An additive beneficial prognostic effect of NAC was seen for the majority of the cell subsets but there was no significant interaction between any immune marker and NAC in relation to TTR. Furthermore, no differences in cell densities prior to NAC treatment were observed between complete and non-complete responders, or pre- and posttreatment in non-complete responders. In conclusion, immune cell infiltration provides important prognostic information in both pre- and postsurgical samples of MIBC, independently of NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wahlin
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karolina Boman
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund Sweden
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